Kupindirana Kunoita Kutonga kweAmerica Nemagakava Ehurumende

United States yakavakirwa patsika yamasimba akakamuraniswa, asi mitsetse iri pakati pechiremera chomunzvimbomo, chehurumende, nechehurumende haiwanzojekeswa. Apo iyi mwero yehurumende inoramba, muuyo unogona kuva hondo dzapamutemo, muitiro, kana kuti kunyange chinjo yetsika yakatanhamara. Kunzwisisa uku kurwisana kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti muitiro wavose unoshanda sei chaizvoizvo.

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinosimbisa gadziriro yehurumende yehurumende umo hurumende yenyika ine masimba anorongwa, nepo nyika dzichichengeta chiremera chakafara pasi peTenth Amendment. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, dzakaumbwa nehurumende, dzinowedzera rumwe rutivi rwekuoma. Ichi chimiro chinoparira kubatana nokunyanduka namaune, asi apo rwisano dzinowedzera, miuyo inobva muhoro dzeguta kuenda kuDare Rapamusorosoro.

Mavambo Ebumbiro Remitemo Rerwisano Yehurumende

Federalism muUnited States haisati iri dare rakarongwa rakatsvinda. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa masimba chaiwo kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende − akadai sokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, kuumba mari, uye kuitisa nhau dzokumwe (pamberi pokuchengetera mamwe masimba ose kunyika. Asi nhau dzazvino uno, kubva kumira miraudzo yemhoteredzo kusvikira kuutano hwavanhu vose, dzinotapura zvose zviri zviviri chiremera chehurumende nehurumende.

Mutambo Wokuzvitutumadza waClaus uye Kusunungurwa

Chikamu VI cheBumbiro reMitemo chinosimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende ndiwo mutemo mukurusa wenyika, zvinoreva mitemo yehurumende inorwisana nemirairo yehurumende kana kuti Bumbiro reMitemo haishandi. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rakatanga dzidziso yakajeka yekusunungurwa. Kudzvinyirirwa [ kunoitika apo Congress inotaura zvakananga vavariro yayo yokubvisa mutemo wenyika. yakabvisa jambwa [ kunomuka apo mutemo wehurumende unova wakazara zvokuti hausati uchisiya nzvimbo nokuda kwemitemo, kana kuti apo mutemo unorwisana zvakananga nezvinodikanwa zvomubatanidzwa.

Somuenzaniso, Consitution Annoteved[[FLT: 1] inotsanangura kuti mutemo wehurumende wokupinda munyika unowanzoedza kuisa zvirango zvokuwedzera pavatami vasina kunyorwa. Bva nyika dzinopfuurira kuisa mitemo muiyi nhandare, kuchitungamirira kukudzokororwa kunodzokororwazve.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi uye Simba Remapurisa Ehurumende

Hurumende yeTenth Amendment inochengeterwa nyika dzose dzisina masimba anopiwa kuhurumende yehurumende.Izvozvi zvinosanganisira simba rakafara ramapurisa(8) chiremera chokudzivirira utano, chengeteko, uye garikano yavagari vemo. Nyika nenharaunda dzinoshandisa simba iri kudzora chinhu chiri chose kubva kumitemo yokuvaka kusvikira kumiitiro yebhizimisi yomunzvimbomo. Apo masangano ehurumende anoedza kuisa chiremera munzvimbo idzi dzegamuchidzanwa, kurwisana kunowanzotevera.

Kunonyanya Kukonzerwa Nokuchinja Kwehurumende

Nepo nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzichigovera gadziriro yacho, kakavadzano dzinoshanda dzinomuka mumanyuko anoverengeka anodzokororwa.

Chiremera Chomutemo Nemhosva

Kusabvumirana pamusoro pemwero wehurumende ine maruramiro okuita chiito panhau yakapiwa ndiwo manyuko akananga zvikurusa erwisano. Somuenzaniso, mukati medenda reCOVID-19, madhipatimendi akawanda outano omunzvimbomo akapa mirayiro kana kuti mirairo yokuvhara bhizimisi. Dzimwe hurumende dzakaedza kubvisa izvi zviito zvomunzvimbomo, dzichitaura kuti chiremera choutano chavose chinogara pamwero wehurumende. Muzvimwe zviitiko, dzinozvigadza vamene ganhuriro dzinorwisana nenhungamiro yehurumende inobva kuCenters for Disease Control and Prevention.

Kuedza Kuvhiya Mitemo uye Kuedza

Nyika nenharaunda kazhinji kazhinji zvinobatira semarabhoritari emitemo, kuedza nemitoo yakasiana zvikuru nomuitiro wehurumende. Apo kuedza uku kunobonderana nomutemo womubatanidzwa, kusagadzikana hakudzivisiki. Muenzaniso wakatanhamara ndiko kunyoreswa kwapamutemo kwembanje kwehurumende, kunopesana zvakananga neRwiyo yeGuant Professived Substances Act. Pasinei zvapo neiyi rwisano yapamutemo, hurumende yehurumende yakaramba zvikuru kumanikidza mutemo womubatanidzwa mumashoko ayo akanyoresa pamutemo, kuparira chibvumirano chisina kusununguka.

Kutsigira Kushandisa Nheyo Dzokushandisa

Mipiro yehurumende inowanzouya nemigariro iyo nyika dzine simba nenharaunda zvinobudirira zvinowirirana nomuitiro wehurumende.Izvi zvinoparira kusawirirana apo hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinodavira kuti migariro yacho inorema zvikuru kana kuti inodzongonyedza kuzvimirira kwadzo. Somuenzaniso, hurumende yehurumende yakashandisa mari yemotokari kudzvinyirira nyika kuti dzikudziridze zera rokunwa shomanene kusvikira ku 21. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, gakava pamusoro pemirayiro isingabvumirwi nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinofanira kubhadhara nokuda kwehw(w)

Kusawirirana Kwematongerwe Enyika Netsika

Kurwisana kwakawanda kwehurumende kwakabva mumisiyano mikuru yezvamatongerwe enyika neyetsika. Nzvimbo dzeUrban kazhinji kazhinji dzine mitemo yakasununguka zvikuru panhau dzakadai sedzinochengetwa dzokupinda munyika nemitemo yemhoteredzo, nepo nharaunda dzomumaruwa nedzimba dzehurumende dzingava nemirangariro yetsika yakasiana--shaikwa. Apo hurumende dzomunzvimbomo nehurumende dzinodzorwa namapati akasiyana, rwisano pamusoro pokuparadzwa kwemitemo yomunzvimbomo dzinova dzakakurumbira. Mitemo yakashandisa nenzira inowedzera mitemo yokubvisa miuyo yomunzvimbomo, kubhadhara mari yezororo inoripwanya, uye matanho anodzivisa kusarura ganda.

Fundo Yenhau Yerwisano Yehurumende

Nhoroondo yehurumende yeUnited States inhau yerwisano.

Kubviswa Kworuwa rweChikoro Nekumanikidzwa Kushanda

Pashure pechisarudzo cheDare Gurusa ra1954 mu Brown v. Board of Education, maruwa mazhinji ezvikoro omunzvimbomo muSouth akaramba kubatana. Hurumende dzakaita mitemo yokudzivisa mirairo yedare rehurumende, uye rwisano pakati pemasangano ehurumende, vakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye vashori vomunzvimbomo vakava vanozivikanwa zvikuru. Chisarudzo chaDwight Eisenhower kuLittle Rock, Arkansam, muna 1957 kumanikidzira decial paCentral High School inosara iri imwe yemie yemie yemiedzo inoshamisa zvikurusa yokudzivisa kurwisana nehurumende. Bonderano pakupedzisira yakasimbisa ukurumbiso rwomutemo womunzvimbomo pamusoro pehurumende nemitemo yomunzvimbomo.

Kunyoreswa Kwemitemo uye Mutemo Wehurumende

Chifo cha 1996, nhamba inokura yenyika dzakanyoresa pamutemo mishonga kana kuti mbanje, pasinei zvapo nokurongwa kwayo sechirongwa chaMabasa chaidzorwa nomutemo wehurumende. Rwisano yacho yakadzorwa kupfurikidza nemirairo yebazu yavakuru vakuru, yakadai seCole Memorie pasi poutarisiri hweOma, iyo yakarairidza vachuchisi vehurumende kubvisa miraudzo yehurumende muhurumende negadziriro dzokutsiva dzinosimba. Zvisinei, kupokanidzana kwapamutemo kunopfuurira. Mabhizimisi ari munyika dzepamutemo anogona kutarisana nokupinzwa nehurumende, uye mabhangi anozekakava anotya kuvabatira nemhaka yemari yomubatanidzwa wemari inodzorwa. Uku kuoma kupfuurira kuratidzira kuti kupfuurira kweRovhati yehurumende kungaita sei kusavimbwa kusingavimbwa kwavagari vemo nemabasa ezvinzvimbo zvehurumende.

Maguta Anochenesa Nokutama - tama

Dzimwe hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzakashandisa miitiro inoganhurira batira pamwe yadzo nezviremera zvehurumende zvokupinda munyika. Iyi inonzi nzvimbo tsvene inoramba kuti mapurisa omunzvimbomo haafaniri kuiswa mugadziriro yokushanda kwehurumende, sezvo inogona kusekesa chivimbo chenzanga. Hurumende yehurumende yakaita chiito kupfurikidza nokutyisidzira kupa mari uye kupfurikidza nokuisa mhaka kudenha iyi miraudzo yomunzvimbomo. Nhau yacho yakasvika yasvikazve matare, nenhau dzakafanana ne City of Chicago v. Barr[FLT]

Kudzorwa Kwemhoteredzo Nechiremera Chehurumende

Mutemo wemhoteredzo inzvimbo yakaorera nokuda kwerwisano dzapakati pehurumende. Cease Air Act ne Clean Water Act inogadza mipimo yehurumende asi inobvumira nyika kuti dzishandise zvirongwa zvadzo. Apo nyika dzakafanana neCalifornia dzinogadza mipimo yokubudisa zvinhu zvinodzongonyedza kupfuura hurumende yehurumende, dzakaita kudaro pasi pechinopa muganhu weNdeve yeMbango. Zvisinei, dare reTrump rakaedza kubvisa California museve wemuspirir kugadza mitemo yaro inobudisa muswe, inotungamirira kuhondo yepamutemo. Dare gurusa rinoyerawo mumitengo yesimba renyika pasi pePreact yePreact yeMutemu yeMubatanidzwa weProvi yeProteins muzviitiko zvakafanana ne [FLT:] SAcrettet v[FFF1].

Utano Hwavose uye COVID-19 Pandemic

Hurumende yakaparira zvirango zvekurumidziro zvisati zvamboitika muhurumende. Nhungamiro yeFederal pamavhaisi, uye majekiseni kazhinji kazhinji zvaipesana kana kuti kukurumidza kuchinja. Hurumende dzakabudisa mirairo yadzo dzimene yekurumidziro, pane dzimwe nguva inorwisana nezviteshi zvomunzvimbomo. Muhurumende dzinoverengeka, magavhuna akaedza kubvisa masangano outano omunzvimbomo echiremera chawo kana kuti kurambidza kuraira kwokuvhara muzvikoro. Magweta pamusoro pomugariro wesimba rehurumende, kusunungurwa kworudzidziso, uye chiremera chamasangano ehurumende kuraira zvigadziko nokuda kwavashandi navafambi zvinozadza matare.

Basa Rebazu Rokutonga Mukupedza Kupopotedzana

Matare ndiwo anokonzera kurwisana kwehurumende.

Kuhwirudzura Kwokutonga Sechisarudzo Chokushandisa Mitoo Inorwisana

Simba rehwirudzuro yokutonga rinobvumira matare ehurumende kushayisa simba mamiriro ezvinhu nemitemo yomunzvimbomo inorwisana neBumbiro remitemo kana kuti mirau yehurumende. Mu Arizona v. United States (2012), Dare Gurusa rakarega gadziriro dzinoverengeka dzomutemo wokuchengetedza vagari vemo weArizona, S.B. 1070, nemhaka yokuti dzakasunungurwa nomutemo wehurumende. Chisarudzo chakasimbisa kuti kunyoreswa kwokutama mutoro mukuru, asi chakasiya bviro yebatira pamwe yehurumende munzira dzakaganhurirwa.

Chinokosha Kutanga Kutanga Kutanga

Nemhaka dzakati dzeDare Gurusa dzakarondedzera miganhu yechiremera chehurumende:

  • Mcloch v. Maryland (1819) yakasimbisa kuti mutemo womubatanidzwa mukurusa uye kuti nyika hadzigoni kubhadhara zvishandiso zvomubatanidzwa.
  • [[FLT] New York v. United States (1992 akadavira kuti Congress haigoni kuraira masangano ehurumende kugadza kana kuti kuita kuti gadziriro dzehurumende dzitevedzerwe.
  • [FLT]Printz v. United States (1997) yatambanudzira nheyo inorwisana nemirairo kuvakuru vakuru vakuru, ichirova mutemo wehurumende unoda kuti vatongi vomunzvimbomo vasarudze mamiriro ezvinhu ekare.
  • [FLT]Foderation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202) akatsigira murairo womunhu oga weChirango cheCare Cable Act sesimba reMutero asi rakaganhurirwa reMisangano yokunyima mari yeMedicaid kubva kunyika dzinoramba kukudza purogiramu.

Ganhuriro Dzokutonga

Matare haagoni kupedza gakava riri rose rehurumende. Kumwe kukakavadzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika panzvimbo pakwo pamutemo, uye vatongi kazhinji kazhinji vanozviisa pasi pamapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika panhau dzehurumende. Mukuwedzera, nhanho inononoka yegadziriro inoreva kuti rwisano dzinogona kupfuurira kwamakore pamberi pechisarudzo chokupedzisira. Mukati menguva iyoyo, hurumende dzingashanda mumugariro wokusava nechokwadi kwapamutemo, uye vagari vemo vanotakura ndyiko.

Kumanikidzwa Kudzora uye Kudzora Vanhu

Kana hurumende dzomunharaunda, dzehurumende, uye dzehurumende dzehurumende dzakarwisana, migumisiro yacho inokanganisa mashandisirwe emitemo uye mabatirwo anoita hurumende vagari vemo.

Kuparadzaniswa Kwemitemo Nokusachinja

Kurwisana kwehurumende kunowanzotungamirira kumitemo mizhinji munyika dzakawanda.

Kutadza Kutaura Nematombo Kunokonzerwa Nokuchinja Kwezvinhu

Hondo dzapamutemo dzinopedza mari yomutero nezviwanikwa zvehurumende. Magweta ehurumende anoronga nguva dzose kupomera masangano ehurumende, uye hurumende dzomunzvimbomo pane dzimwe nguva dzinopedza mamirioni achidzivirira mirau yavo. izvi zvinhu zvaigona kutungamirirwa neimwe nzira kudzidzo, gadziriro, kana kuti utano hwavanhu. Ndyiko yerwisano inogona kuva inorema zvikuru nokuda kwehurumende duku dzomunzvimbomo dzine ganhuriro dzakaganhurirwa.

Kuparara Kwechivimbo Chevanhu Vose

Kurwisana kusingachinji pakati pemitezo yehurumende kunogona kuderedza chivimbo chavanhu mugadziriro yose. Apo vagari vemo vanoona guta ravo richizvidza hurumende, kana kuti hurumende ichirwisana nehurumende yehurumende, vangagumisa kuti hurumende haishandi zvakanaka. Ikoku ndokwechokwadi zvikurukuru apo rwisano dzinova dzinopararira zvikuru uye dzinoziviswa kupfurikidza nokuzivisa. Kuvimba mumwero yose yehurumende kwakaderera mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, uye kurwisana kwehurumende kungaparira kombamiro iyoyo.

Kuvandudza Nokuedza

Kurutivi rwakanaka, rwisano inogona kuita kuti muitiro uve mutsva. Hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo zvinosundira miganhu kazhinji kazhinji zvinotanga mitoo mitsva iyo gare gare inopesvedzera muitiro wehurumende. Somuenzaniso, kuedza kwenzvimbo yeinishuwarenzi youtano newedzero yeMedicaid zvakaziva kugadzirwa kweAffordible Care Act. Kuoma pakati pekubatanidza kwehurumende nokuedza kwomunzvimbomo rutivi rwourongwa hwehurumende, uye kurwisana rutivi rwomuzvarirwo rwesimba iroro.

Kuchinja Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nechibvumirano

Munguva yekuchinja kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kurwisana kwehurumende kwazova chishandiso chehondo dzinoparadza. Nyika dzinodzorwa nebato rimwe dzingadzivisa nokushingaira miitiro yebato rinopesana. Ikoku kunogona kuparira kudzoreka kwemibato: hurumende yehurumende inoshandisa simba rayo rokushandisa nechiremera chokudzora kumanikidza kuzviisa pasi, nepo hurumende dzichipindura nokukwikwidza matare nokudzivisa mitemo. Muuyo igadziriro yokudzora iri kuwedzera kuva inodzora panzvimbo pokubatira pamwe.

Mugumisiro: Kusarudza Kushanda KweFederalism

Kupesana pakati pehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, dzehurumende, uye dzehurumende dzehurumende hadzisi zviratidzo zvegadziriro yakaputsika; izvo zviri zvomuzvarirwo kuukuru hweAmerica. Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadzira noune zviremera zvinodzorwa uye rinoedza simba. Apo kusawirirana kunomuka, zvinoedza miganhu yechiremera uye zvinomanikidzira mwero yose yehurumende kudzivirira nzvimbo dzazvo. matare, matare emitemo, uye vakuru vakuru vose vanoita mabasa mukupedza idzi rwisano, asi hapana muitiro mumwe unogona kupedza kupesana kwacho.

Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi, kufunda idzi mhatsa kunopa purojekiti mukushanda kunoita simba muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakaoma. Kusawirirana pakati pezvigaro zvomunzvimbomo nehumwe urudzi, pakati pekuedza kwehurumende nemipimo yehurumende, hakusi chimwe chinhu chokupedzisa kamwe uye zvose. Ndiro muitiro unopfuurira wekurukurirano, kupfuudza, uye kuchinjika. Sezvo nhau itsva dzinobuda `kuchinja kwouchenjeri kuchinjika kwemamiriro okunze. Mibvunzo mimwe cheteyo ichaonekazve: Ndiani? Uye chii chinoitika apo dzinopesana? Mhinduro dzichapfuurira kuumba kudzora vaAmerica nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvinouya.

nokuda kwokuravazve, ona [[FT: 1] Dare rokunzvera reSangano pamusoro pomubatanidzwa wekusunungurwa, uye nzvera yefishi yeArizona v. United States.