Federal List Papers yakamira seimwe yerondedzero dzinodzorwa zvikurusa dzeUnited States Constitution, ichipa hwindo muvavariro yapakuvamba pamusoro pomutemo, nhevedzano, uye udzori. Yakanyorwa nenhau 85 dzakabudiswa pakati pa 1787 na 1788, aya manyoro akaitwa naAlexander Hamilton, James Maconson, uye John Jay pasi pechikamu chenyika che “Publium.” chinangwa chavo chapakareve chokunyengetedza vagari vemo veNew York, uye kupfuudza mativi ose eAmerica . (* uye kupfuudza muganhu weBumbiro remitemo itsva.) asi ukoshi hwavo hunopfuurira hunopfuura nguva iyoyo yepyezvematongerwe enyika. Mapapureji anona uzivi uye anokwanisa kusimbisa simba rehurumende nerusununguko, nokudzikamagariro neiyi nzira inoshandiswa nemitemo. Kutsvaka nzira iko yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo uye kugadziridza kugadziridzadzo dzose dziri mbiri dzemitemo.

Nhoroondo Yacho: Dambudziko Renyaya Dzinopesana

Kunzwisisa zvizere zvibvumikiso zviri muFederalist Papers, munhu anofanira kutanga anzwisisa utera uhwo Bumbiro reMitemo rakarongedzerwa kugadzirisa. Pashure pokuwana kuzvitonga neGreat Britain, nyika gumi nenhatu dzakamboshanda muNhevedzano dzeConfederation, mubatanidzwa wakasununguka wakapiwa simba duku kuhurumende. Zvikamu zvakabvumikisa kuva zvisina kukwana: Chirongwa chaMasangano chakanga chisina chiremera chemitero yemaruwa, kana kuti kudzora mauto ehurumende. Nyika dzakaita savatongi vanozvimirira, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kacho kumisa miganhuro yezvokutengeserana, kutsikirira miganhu yavo vamene, uye kukwikwidzana pamiganhuro yehurumende. Kupanduka kweShay muna 1786587 kwakaita kuti kuva nesimba rakakurumbira romubatanidzwa muMassachusetts yaioneka nenzira inorwadza zvikuru.

Apo Convention yeBumbiro reMitemo yakaungana muPhiladelphia muna 1787, nhume dzakagadzira gwaro iro rakabatanidza simba chairoiro pakati pehurumende nehurumende yenyika. Asi kusimbisa hakuna kuvimbiswa. Vashori, vanozivikanwa saAnti-Federalist, vakataura kuti Bumbiro reMitemo idzva raizotanga hurumende ine simba rine ngozi yaizoparadza nyika nokutsikirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga oga. Mapepa eFederalist akanyorwa mumhinduro yakananga kurutyo irworwo. Vakagovera pfundo rakajeka, pfundo norutivi rwechinhu chikuru chiri chose cheBumbiro reMitemo rinokarakadzwa, vachitsanangura chikonzero nei zvivako zvakananga zvamasimba, kunzvera nechiyero, tsinhirano yehurumende, judicarictic , yakasununguka yakasava bedzi yakakotsekana kuchengetedzwa kwomutemo nomutemo.

Chinangwa Chemapeji Anoongorora Kushanda Kwenyika

Pamavambo pazvo, rondedzero dzinovavarira kutsanangura nokudzivirira nheyo dzeBumbiro reMitemo senzira yakanakisisa yokugadza nayo hurumende inokwanisa kuisa mitemo zvinobudirira painenge ichiremekedza kodzero dzevanhu. Vanyori vacho vanotaura kunetseka kukuru kwakanga kwatambudza hurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende munhau yose: kuti ingachengeta sei nhevedzano pasina kuderera. Chigadzikiso chavo chaiva hurumende yenyika yehurumende yakaganhurirwa, inoronga masimba anoshanda pamwe chete nehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende dzine simba. Urongwa uhwu, vakapikisa, hwakakodzera nenzira yechienzi kudzivisa kuunganidzwa kwesimba mune imwe nzvimbo ipi neipi yehurumende apo vachiri kugovera chiremera chakasimba chinodikanwa kuchengeta rugare.

Federalist Papers inosimbisa kuti mutemo nenhevedzano hazvigoni kuwanwa nevavariro dzakanaka. Zvinoda zvivako zvinobatanidza fariro dzeavo vari musimba nezvakanaka zvavose. Sezvakanyorwa naJames Madison muFederalist No. 51, “Kuda kunofanira kuitwa kuti kukurira zvishuvo.” Kupfurikidza nokukamura simba pakati pomutemo, mukuru mukuru, uye mapazu edare, uye kupfurikidza nokukamurazve mutezo wemitemo kuva makamuri maviri, Bumbiro reMitemo rinovimbisa kuti hakuna pfundo rimwe ringadzora hurumende yose. Iyi ikoshi yesangano ikoshi yerusununguko runorairwa nehurumende inobvumira kuita chiito nenzira yakakomba asi kuri madikanwa kuita chiito nenzira yokuzvidira.

Kubva pakugadzirwa kwesangano, rondedzero dzacho dzinotaurawo nezvenheyo dzendangariro nedzenzanga. MuFederalist No. 49, Madison anotaura kuti ruremekedzo rwavanhu nokuda kweBumbiro remitemo rimene runoshanda sesimba rinodzikamisa. Kana mutemo mukuru waifanira kudzokororwa nguva dzose namagungano akakurumbira, hurumende yaizova isina kugadzikana uye isingadeyi kuvhunduswa. Nokuita kuti Bumbiro remitemo rive rakaoma kugadzirisa, vagadziri vanotsvaka kumisa tsika munheyo idzo dzingakunda zvido zvechigaro. Uyu murangariro murefu unokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa mutemo nenhevedzano zvinowirirana.

Misoro Yaikosha Yakabatana Nomutemo Nonhevedzano

Mapepa eFederalist anosimbisa misoro inoverengeka inoramba iri musimboti wemitemo yeAmerica nokutarisirwa kweruramisiro.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Zvichida nheyo hurusa yegadziriro yokuvaka ndiko kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba. Bumbiro reMitemo rinoparadzanisa hurumende yenyika kuva mapazi matatu akasiana: chibvumirano chemitemo (Conren), mukuru mukuru (Prezidenti), uye dare redare redare rehurumende. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinogoverwa gadziriro yakasiana yemibato uye rinoiswa kupfurikidza nemitoo yakasiana-----kushandiswa navanhu, inosarudzwa nehurumende, kana kuti yakagadzwa noupenyu hwakasiana. Uku kuparadzana kwakaitirwa kudzivisa munhu upi noupi kana kuti boka kuti rishandise masimba ose ehurumende. Sezvakatsanangura Hamilton muFederalist No. 78, judiary i “bazi remhuka” nemhaka yokuti harina udzori pamusoro pomunondo kana kuti chikwama. Chikwama ichi chinogona kubudisa rutongeso uye kutsamira pavashandi. Izvo zvinosimbisa kundikano kusashanda kwehurumende.

Nokuda kwomutemo nenhevedzano, kuparadzanisa kwamasimba kunoreva kuti hakuna chiremera chimwe chinogona zvose zviri zviviri kuita mitemo ndokuishandisa nenzira isina mufungo. Mubati wehurumende anofanira kupfuudza mitemo iyoyo zvakajeka; mutarisiri anofanira kuita kuti mitemo iyoyo ive inodzorwa nenzira isina rusarura; mutongi anofanira kuidudzira pasina rusaruro. Uku kurongwa kwokufamba - famba kunoparira mapfundo akawanda okuzvidavirira. Vagari vemo vane tarisiro kumaziza akasiyana - siyana kana mumwe akanganisa. Mutemo usina kururama unogona kudenhwa mudare; kutsiva kunogona kuongororwa nehwirudzurudzuro; murayiro wechiremera unopfuudza ganhuriro yamasimba masimba anogona kuparadzwa. Kuparadzanyadzwa nokudaro kunobatira sedziviriro mukurwisana nechiremera chinodzorwa zvikuru nenyonganiso.

Makeja Nedzikamo

Nepo kuparadzana kwamasimba kuchigovera mabasa akasiyana kubazu rimwe nerimwe, kunzvera nedzikamo zvinovimbisa kuti hakuna bazu rinogona kutonga mamwe. Purezidhendi anogona kudzora mutemo; Congress anogona kukurira ikoko nevhota yetatu mbiri. Dare rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi ndokuita kuti zvibvumirano zvive zvapamutemo. Imba inogona kuva vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza Purezidhendi, uye Dare rinotonga. Bata redare rinogona kuzivisa mitemo isina kurongwa kupfurikidza nesimba rehwirudzurudzuro yedare (simba iro Hamilton anodzivirira paurefufuru muFederation Crist List. 78.) uye Purezidhea anogadza vatongi, vanotungamirira kusimbirira. Zviremera izvi zvinobvumira kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe riva nero rinova neromo ripi.

Kubva pamurangariro womutemo nenhevedzano, kunzvera nokudzikamisa zvinodzivisa hurumende kuita nokukurumidza zvikuru kana kuti nenzira yakavanzika zvikuru. Mutemo unopfuura nomudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress, unopukunyuka giramu yapurezidhendiridheeri inobvira, uye gare gare wakapukunyuka nzvero yebumbiro remitemo mumatare yave ichiedzwa zvakasimba. Iyi nzira haisati ichivimbisa ruramisiro yakakwana.Nguva inodzivisa kuti mitemo igoda kuratidzira kurangarira kwakafara nokuremekedza ganhuriro yemitemo. Nzvero dzinopawo vazheve: kana rimwe bazi rikava rinotuka, mamwe pamutemo ane mutoo unoidzo kukumisa. Iyi ndiyo nzira inopesana yenhevedzano yemitemo yesimba resimba roumbi, apo simba rose rinobva kumanyuko rimwe uye kudzorwa. Chiono chaFederal chiono chinova chidzoresa chirongwa chakasimba, chinoitwa kupfurikidza nokuzvidzora kupfurikidza nesimba panzvimbo yakaenzana.

Chiremera Chehurumende Nebatano Yorudzi

Musoro mukuru weFederalist Papers ndidikanwo yehurumende yakasimba kuti ichengete rugare rwenyika uye kudzika mitemo yakafanana muhurumende. MuFederalst No. 23, Hamilton anotaura kuti masimba akapiwa kuhurumende yenyika anofanira kuva akabatana nezvinhu zvakaronzeswa kutarisirwa kwayo neyazvo, kudzivirira kwavose, kuchengetedzwa kworugare rwavose, uye kudzorwa kwezvokutengeserana. Kana hurumende yenyika isina simba rokukwidziridza mauto, levy mitero, kana kuti bhizimisi, ingadai isingagoni kupindura tyisidziro dzokunze kana kuti kupandukira kwomukati. Ruramisi yeMitemo yemitemo inodzo inodzorwa pasi peyamubatanidzwa. Pasi peyapayati inodzorwa pasi peyazvo, mutemo mukurusa wenyika, unochengeta mutemo unotonge uri pamusoro pavatongi vose, kunyange pakurwisana nomutemo. Iyi dare rinodzoro rinenge risati ratongedzerwa mutemo.

Zvisinei, vanyori veFederal list vakazivawo ngozi dzekunyanyoisa. Vakaronga gadziriro yehurumende umo hurumende yenyika inoshandisa bedzi masimba apo hurumende dzinochengeta udzori hwehurumende pazvinhu zvomunzvimbomo. Iri boka rinoderedza rwisano pakati pezviremera zvenyika nehurumende nepo richiva nechokwadi chokuti hurumende yepakati inogona kuita chiito nenzira yechigarire panhau dzeitiro renyika. Nokuda kwemutemo nenhevedzano, ikoku kunoreva kuti masangano emitemo ehurumende anotarisira mutemo akafanana seFBI nematare ehurumende anogona kukurukura utsotsi hwemitezo, ugandanga, uye kuputsa kwakakomba, nepo hurumende yomunzvimbomo inobata ruzhinjisakawanda yezuva kutsika, kuranganisa, kudzorwa kwemitemo yehurumende. Chirevo chapamutemo chehurumende chinogara chichidzorwa kupfurikidza nemitemo yehurumende.

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzevanhu Mubasa Repamutemo Rakarongwa

VaAntifererarist vakaraira mutemo wekodzero kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga kuhurumende itsva yehurumende. Nepo Federalists pakuvamba dzakataura kuti nhevedzano chaiyo yekodzero yakanga isati iri madikanwa (8) nemhaka yokuti Bumbiro reMitemo rimene rakaganhurira simba rehurumende kumasimba iwayo akapiwa(h) yakaregwa pakupedzisira, uye Bill of Rights yakawedzerwa muna 1791. Asi maPropatitest Papers akatova nerondedzero yakaisvonaka yedziviriro yekodzero dzavanhu. Muboka reFederalist No. 84, Hamilton anotaura kuti Bumbiro reMitesitation pacharamendero pacharo nemhaka yokuti rinogadza masimba akaganhurirwa. Somuenzaniso, Hurumende haipi maruramiro okuganhuri maruramiro okutonga. Somuenzaniso, haisipai dziviriro kuganhuridzwa kwakananga kwazvo. Kuwedzerazve, chimiro chehurumende chehurumende (masangano ezvo), kuyera muganhunisa maruramiro ehurumende (mubatanidzwa)

Nokuda kwomutemo weSikisi weSandment asi neidi rokuti vatongi vanozvitonga, vachuchisi vanozvidavirira, uye vatongi vanobatira soungwaru hwesimba rehurumende. Ruramisiro yehurumende yakaumbwa naJohn Marshall, inosimbisa zvisarudzo zveFirst Amendment, asiwo neidi rokuti Congress ine masimba akaganhurirwa uye inogona kupiwa mhosva kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo. Njere dzinonzi kodzero dzevatongi hadzigoni kupukunyuka muchibharo; vanoda chirongwa chehurumende chinodzivisa simba risingabvumirwi. Kunzwisisa uku kwakaumbwa namazana amakore emutemo weAmerica, kubva kusimbisa chisarudzo chejidia kuDare reSaround.

Kunetsa Mutemo Nonhevedzano Zvazvino Uno

Nheyo dzakarongwa muFederalist Papers dzinopfuurira kupesvedzera gadziriro dzemitemo dzeAmerica munzira huru. Mutemo webumbiro remitemo wazvino uno uno unovakirwa pagadziriro iyo rondedzero idzi dzakabetsera kutanga. Mirangariro yeDare Rapamusoro kazhinji kazhinji inodudza Dare reFederal List Peper senhungamiro dzine chiremera kukunzwisisa kwapakuvamba kweBumbiro reMitemo. Nepo Dare risingadzibati sedzinosunga, simba radzo rokunyengetedza rakakura zvikuru (zvikurukuru muzvinoitika zvinobatanidza kuparadzana masimba, hurumende, uye mwero wechiremera chikuru.)

Rimwe rerevo dzinokosha zvikurusa razvino uno rinoitira hanya dzikamo pakati pechengeteko nerusununguko rwavagari vemo. Mukunzvera kwa9/11, hurumende yehurumende yakakudza masimba ayo okunzvera nokupfiga kupfurikidza nomutemo seUSA PATRIOTT Act. Vatsoropodzi vazhinji vakarangarira kuti aya matanho akaputsa dziviriro yeGaramende yeChina yeFindment nepfari negadziriro yezvikamu zvapasi nokudzika kwendangariro. Vatsigiri vakapesana kuti chiremera chehurumende chakasimba chakanga chiri madikanwa kuchengeta chengeteko yorudzi. Gakavara rakaenzana nezvibvumikiso zvimene muFederalic Papers: kuti simba rehurumende renyika rinofanira kuva nerosei kuchengetedzwa, uye kuti mutsetse waro waro mukurusa? Hurumende inopa muganhu yehurumende inofanira kupindura kuti chiremera chakasimba chinofanira kusanoidzwa uye kuongororwa. [4]

Imwe nharaunda umo Federalist Papers inonzwa kuti inodikanwa mudzidziso yazvino uno ye [[FLT: 0] inoparira njodzi. Muchikamu chakakwirira, mutemo wehurumende unogona kukurira mutemo wehurumende apo Congress inorangarira kugara mumunda. Iyi inokosha nokuda kwenhungamiro inowirirana yezvokutengeserana, mipimo yemhoteredzo, kubuda, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzinoda kusachinjana kwerudzi. Somuenzaniso, Ceaoc Act inogadza mipimo yebumbiro renyika inodzo yezvokubudisa zvinhu isingagoni kuderera. Nenzira yakafanana, mutemo wehurumende yokuvakidzani unodzora nhamburiko dzokuzvimirira. Iyi inodzivisa basa remitemo yehurumende inorwisana yaizosekesa mutemo nechengeteka. Gasvo rinopa kururamisa kwapakuvamba nokuda kweiyi nzira yenyika inowirirana nomugariro wapamutemo unoda kuderera ukuru hwehurumende. Padare rehurumende rinodzivisa kudzorwa kwemitemo inodzorwa pakati pehurumende ino.

Dare rakazvimirira, rinotsigirwa zvakanaka naHamilton in Federal List No. 78, rinoramba riri rendi remitemo nenhevedzano. Vatongi veFederal vanochengeta mahofisi avo mukati momufambiro wakanaka (zvikurukurumidzi upenyu) uye mibhadharo yavo haigoni kuderedzwa apo vari muhofisi. Iyi dziviriro yakarongedzerwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti vatongi vakasununguka kusarudza nhau mukuwirirana nomutemo, pasina kutya kutsiva kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Uku kuzvitonga kunodenha kuchengetwa kwomutemo: apo mutongi anoraira hurumende kubudisa ufakazi, kana kuti kumisa murairo, mutemo usati uri mukuru, kuti unofanira kuteererwa. [[10][4] mumigariro yakakwirira yapasi peto:[5]

Uyezve, Dare reFederali Pepas rinosimbisa rasimbisa rasimbisazve kuti mitemo isina kujeka kana kuti inodzorwa nemhaka yokuti vanokundikana kupa chiziviso chakarurama kuvagari veAmerica uye kuisa mutemo wemitemo. Pfungwa yokuti mitemo inofanira kuva yavose, yavose, inokarirwa, uye inomanikidzirwa yakaenzana yakasimbiswa zvikuru muGuviko raMakoronga yaCENT [[FOUT]. Dare Rapamusoro rakaramba rakakomba rakaita kuti mitemo ishandukire kana kuti ishanduke nenzira yakakomba nemhaka yokuti inokundikana kupa murairo wakarurama kuvagari vemo uye kukoka mutemo unodzika mutemo. Nheyo inodzivirira yakaenzana, inobva ku 144th Amenuble Amend Revese, uyewo kurangarira kuitira hanya kuti vagari vemo vose vanofanira kubata zvakaenzana pamberi pomutemo. Kana hurumende ichifanira kutungamirira mutemo unodzorwa kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kupfurikidza nemitemo yavo.

Magakava Azvino Uno: Simba Renyika neUnited States

Nhasi, nharo pamusoro pomutemo nemitemo zvinopfuurira kuva nedare nemirairo. Nhau dzakadai sechinobvumirwa nomutemo, maguta anoyera, uye maruramiro okuvhota dzinobatanidza dzikamo yose pakati pechiremera chehurumende nehurumende. Somuenzaniso, hurumende dzakawanda dzakanyoresa nhandaro pasinei zvapo nokuramba kwayo kusiirwa kwapamutemo pasi pomutemo wehurumende. Department yeRuramisiti inoshandisa mutemo wokusabvumirana papamutemo. Izvozvi zvinoumba kusawirirana zvinoramba zvisina kupedzwa. Mitemo yehurumende inokarakadza kuti uchangamire hune kuedza nemitoo yakasiana-yakasiyana kururamisiro, asi hurumende yenyika inochengeta simba remitemo remitemo kuti itsigire mitemo yayo imene kana ichida. Ikoku kuparira tsvinyiro, nesimba iro vatangi vai vanokarira kuti miganhuro yesimba renyika imwe chete igokwikwidzanwa. Gavi reFederalson Paperson rinogovera kurukurirano yedare remitemo rehurumende rinogoverawo yegaro yegaro yekurukurirano.

Nenzira yakafanana, kurukurirano pamusoro pe “mutemo nenhevedzano” mumashoko akapoteredza okuchinja kwemapurisa inotapura misoro yechekeso nedzikamo. Kukumbira kuzvidavirira kwamapurisa kazhinji kazhinji kunonangidzira pakudikanwa kwokutarisira kwokuzvimirira, makamera, uye miuyo yapamutemo nokuda kwokusazvibata. Iyi mipimo ishandiso yazvino uno yenheyo yeFederalist kuti simba rinofanira kuongororwa kudzivisa kubatwa zvisina kufanira. Dzidziso yeDare rePurmente yeCalemment yokudzivirira kukuvadzwa kwavakakwa nekodzero dzehurumende, iyo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vama vapatoro vanoshorwa sevanoderedza kunzvera ikoko. Hurumende uye masangano ehurumende zvinorwisana zvinorwisana zvinogadziridza dzika muganhuro pakati pokudzika mutemo nekodzero dzinobudirira. Federalist Paperts inotiyeuchidza kuti zvose zviri zviviri zvinokosha: dzidziso yekodzero dzenzanga, uye nzanga isina kodzero yokuchengeta maruramiro apamutemo. Chinetsoro chavanhu chino chakaenzana kutsika kutsika gadziriro iyo yose iri yose iri kuchengetedza.

Mugumisiro: Kutsungirira Kunaka Kwemapepa Akarongwa Nevanhu

Mapepa eFederalist anoramba ari nhungamiro inokosha kukuedza kweAmerica muhurumende. Anotsanangura chikonzero nei mutemo nenhevedzano zvisingadi mitemo bedzi, asi chivako chakasanorongwa chesangano chinoparadzira, chinoparadzanisa, uye chinonzvera simba. Anodzidzisa kuti kurondwa kwenhevedzano hakutongofaniri kubvumirwa kunyangarika rusununguko, uye kuti rusununguko runogona bedzi kubudirira mukati megadziriro yomutemo wakatsiga, unodeya kuzivikanwa. Nhau dzinopawo chiKristu chaichoicho: dzinobvuma kuti vanhu havasi ngirozi, uye kuti gadziriro ipi neipi yehurumende inofanira kugadzirirwa kubata negwinyiriro, idikano, uye kusakosha kwavakuru vakuru.

Munguva dzedu timene dzinokakavadzana, Federalist Papers inogovera murangariro unokosha. Inotiyeuchidza kuti mutemo hausati uchingozviitika woga(iwo unoda vagari vemo vanongwarira, matare akazvimirira, uye vakasarudzwa vakuru vakuru vanoremekedza ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Gakava pamusoro pesimba rehurumende, chiremera chavakuru vakuru, uye maruramiro avanhu avo Vavambi avo vari kubatanidzwa vachiri kubuda. Kupfurikidza nokudzokera kumashoko aPublius, tinogona kunzwisisa mufungo wapakuvamba uyo unoshanda tsika dzedu dzapamutemo ndokuita rutongeso rwakawanda rwakachenjera pamusoro penzira yokuchengeta nayo mutemo nenhevedzano muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri.

Kuravazve, mashoko akazara eFederal Literal Papers anowanika muRaibhurari yeCongress pa https:/guides.lov.gov/federalist-pepa/pepa rakazara norugwaro[. National Constitution Center inopa nhungamiro inowirirana pa [[FLT:] HTTP: A Read’s Guifftitution.org/inct-constitution/constitution [. Nokuda kwokupinda zvakadzika zvikuru mumashoko enhau, ona [[FLT:]] Mapepa: A Read Read’Aird Read’s Guide [FLD5] kupfurikidza naJohn Patrick, kana kuti kunzvera kwapakuvamba.[3]