Hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu igadziriro yehurumende umo masimba ehurumende akaganhurirwa nebumbiro remitemo, uye chiremera chehurumende chinotorwa kuvanhu. Ichi chimiro chokutonga chinobatanidza nheyo dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nemitemo, kuvimbisa kuti kodzero dzomunhu oga dzinodzivirirwa apo dzinobvumirwa nokuda kwemiitiro yavanhu mukuita zvisarudzo. Chirongwa chinotsvaka kudzikamisa dziviriro yekodzero dzoruzhinji nekodzero shomanene, kuumba nzanga yakatsiga uye yakarurama umo simba rehurumende rinotenderwa nokudzorwa.

Mavambo Ehurumende Inosarudzwa Nehurumende Inosarudzwa Nevanhu

Kunzwisisa nheyo idzi kunokosha kuti tinzwisise kuti chimiro ichi chehurumende chinoshanda sei uye nei chichiramba chiri muenzaniso mukuru wehurumende dzazvino uno.

Kutonga kwoMutemo

Mutemo unoreva kuti hapana munhu, kunyange mukuru mukuru wehurumende, anopfuura mutemo. Mitemo inoumbwa kupfurikidza nemiitiro yakagadzwa, inoshandiswa zvakaenzana kuvagari vose, uye inodzorwa nedare ramatongerwe enyika rakasununguka. nheyo iyi inodzivisa udzori hwokuzvitonga husingafungidziri uye inoparira kufanodeya kutaurwa, ichibvumira vanhu namabhizimisi kuronga zvinhu zvavo pasina kutya kukurumidza kudzorwa nehurumende.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Masimba ehurumende akakamurwa pakati pamapazu matatu akasiana: mutemo (unoita mitemo), mukuru mukuru (mitemo inotevedzerwa), uye dare. Iyi boka rinodzivisa bazu ripi neripi kusanyanyopa chiremera. Muenzaniso wakatanhamara, unopesvedzerwa naMontesquieu, unoisa bazi rimwe nerimwe basa guru rarinogona kuita, nokudaro richiparadzira simba mumasangano akawanda.

Makeja Nedzikamo

Mukuwedzera kuparadzana, bazi rimwe nerimwe rine mibato yokuganhurira masimba avamwe. Somuenzaniso, mukuru mukuru angapa mutemo weveto unopiwa nedare remitemo, asi mugadzi wemitemo anogona kukurira izvozvo nokubatana kukuru. Dare redare rinogona kuzivisa mitemo isiri yehurumende, asi vatongi vanogadzwa nemukuru wehurumende uye vanosimbiswa nedare rinotonga. Iyi ganhuriro inobatana ibatira pamwe nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzevanhu

Kodzero dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe nerusununguko zvinoiswa mubumbiro remitemo uye zvakadzivirirwa pakuputswa kwehurumende. Ikoku kunobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri maruramiro avagari vemo (ecopech, rudzidziso, gungano) namaruramiro ezvamatongerwe enyika (kushandira, kushandira nzvimbo). Ubati ushe hwehurumende hunovimbisa kuti kunyange voruzhinji vakasarudzwa nedemocracy havagoni kubvisa maruramiro makuru, nokudaro vachidzivirira vashomanene vasina dziviriro muudzvinyiriri hwevoruzhinji.

Basa Rebumbiro remitemo

Bumbiro remitemo rinobatira somutemo mukurusa wenyika muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.Iro rinoronga chimiro chehurumende, maruramiro avagari vemo, uye miitiro iyo mitemo inogadzirwa nokushandiswa nayo. Iri gwaro rinokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta nhevedzano nokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Mabumbiro emitemo anogona kunyorwa (seUnited States) kana kuti kusanyorwa kwapashomanene (somuUnited Kingdom, inotsamira pamirauriro, kokorodzano, uye mienzaniso yedare).

Zvikamu zveBumbiro Romutemo

Bumbiro remitemo rine mashoko akawanda rinowanzosanganisira zvinhu zvinokosha zvakawanda zvinoshanda pamwe chete kuti pave negadziriro inogara kwenguva refu yokutonga:

  • Kuwedzera: kunosuma bumbiro romutemo ndokutaura donzo raro, kazhinji kazhinji kuchikwidziridza vanhu samanyuko echiremera.
  • Bhiri yeKodzero: inoratidzira maruramiro anokosha nerusununguko zvavanhu, zvakadai sorusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, uye maruramiro kukutonga kwakarurama.
  • Hurumende Gadziriro: Udzame hwesangano namasimba esangano remitemo, zviremera, uye mapazu okutonga, kubatanidza kuumba kwawo, masimba, uye ganhuriro.
  • Muitiro wokuchinja: Tsananguro dzinogona kuitwa sei kubumbiro remitemo(*) nenzira inofananidzirwa kuraira mikurumbira mikuru kana kuti kokorodzano chaidzo kuva nechokwadi chokuti wirirano dzinoratidzira bvumirano huru panzvimbo pezvishuvo zvechinguvana.
  • Kuva mutsigiri waClaus: Kunosimbisa kuti bumbiro remitemo nemitemo zvinoitwa pasi pechiremera charo ndiwo mutemo wakakwirira zvikurusa wenyika, unosimbisa Hurumende ipi neipi inorwisana kana kuti mitemo yomunzvimbomo.

Kukura Kwenhau Youtongi Hunosarudzwa Nehurumende Hukuru

Murangariro wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu wakabuda mumazana amakore omufungo wezvamatongerwe enyika nerwisano. Greece yekare yakaedza hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga, asi pasina bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa kudzivirira maruramiro, kazhinji kazhinji yaiderera kuva kutonga kwenyongori. Roman Republic yakatanga bumbiro remitemo rakavhengana nechekero pakati peDare, masangano, uye magungano akakurumbira.

Hurumende yehurumende yazvino uno inosarudzwa navanhu yakajekeswa munhambo yeNjereso. Vazivi vakadai saJohn Locke vakatsigira kodzero dzomusikirwo nehurumende kupfurikidza nokubvuma, nepo Montesquieu akatsigira kuparadzana kwamasimba. ChiNgezi Bill of Rights ya 1689 yakaganhurirwa uye yakasimbisa ukuru hweparamende. Chinjo yeAmerica yakabudisa mutemo mukuru wokutanga wakanyorwa muna 1787, wateverwa neBill of Rights muna 1791. French’s Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)

Hondo Yenyika II yapera, nyika dzakawanda dzakatanga kudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu zvakajeka uye dzakatanga kutonga vanhu vachizvimirira. Nhasi, hurumende inosarudzwa nehurumende yegutsaruzhinji inoramba iri muenzaniso wehurumende dzakawanda dzenyika.

Kuongorora Nyaya: Mitemo yeCustoltic Democracy Mumuitiro

United States

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S., rakanyoreswa muna 1787, ibumbiro remitemo renyika rakanyorwa karesa. Rakatanga gadziriro yehurumende ine kuparadzaniswa kwakasimba kwemasimba negadziriro yecheki nedzikamo. Dare Gurusa rinoita hwirudzuro, simba rokuita mitemo inoputsa Bumbiro remitemo.

Germany

Pashure pezvinotyisa zvechiNazi, Basic Law yeGermany (Grundesetz) ya1949 yakatanga hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakasimba yebumbiro remitemo. Inoisa simbiso yakasimba pachiremera chomunhu sechisingadzoreki, inosimbisa gadziriro yeparamende yehurumende, uye inobatanidza "chikamu chemashoko echiito chetengi" chinodzivirira nheyo dzapakuvamba dzakadai sedemokratismendi, hurumende, uye mutemo wokutonga kuti zvisagadziriswa. Federal Constitution Council inoita basa rine simba mukushandisa maruramiro ekodzero nekuhwirutsira mutemo. Kubudirira kwepashure pehondo yeGermany kunoratidzira sei kubetsera nzanga yedemocracy kubva kumadota echiredhi.

India

Bumbiro reMitemo reIndia, rakagamuchirwa muna 1950, ibumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa renyika rehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nesangano rehurumende, nyika yenyika, uye gadziriro yakakwana yamaruramiro makuru (kubatanidza maruramiro emishonga yebumbiro remitemo). Dare Rapamusoro reIndia rine masimba makuru okunzvera. Pasinei zvapo nedenho dzakadai souori, rusaruro rwemapoka, uye kudzora kwezvamatongerwe enyika, India akachengeta utongi hwehurumende yedemocracy kwamakore anopfuura makumi manomwe, zvichiratidza kuti democracy yemitemo yehurumende inogona kubudirira murudzi rwakasiana - siana, rwuri kubudirira.

Kukosha Kwoutongi Hwose Mubasa Rebumbiro remitemo

Democracy chinhu chinokosha chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Inobvumira vagari vemo kutora rutivi mumuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika, kupesvedzera mitemo nemitemo zvinodzora upenyu hwavo. Uku kutora rutivi kunogona kuva nezvimiro zvakawanda, kubatanidza kuvhota, kuvhota, uye hurukuro yavose. Pasina utongi hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Bumbiro remitemo ringagona kuva chishandiso nokuda kwomutemo wehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende kana kuti yehurumende inodzorwa, sezvinooneka mune dzimwe nyika umo mabumbiro emitemo aripo asi makasununguka erusununguko rwavanhu aripo.

Marudzi Ehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Mukati megadziriro yebumbiro remitemo, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inogona kuoneka munzira dzakasiana - siana, kazhinji kazhinji ichibatanidza zvinhu zvinobva mumienzaniso yakasiana - siana:

  • Vagari vemo vanotora rutivi zvakananga mukuita zvisarudzo kupfurikidza nezviito, mapenduro, uye misangano yetaundi. Switzerland muenzaniso unozivikanwa zvikuru.
  • [ Kumirira Democracy:[ Vagari vakasarudzwa vamiriri kuti vaite zvisarudzo nokuda kwavo, icho chiri chimiro chakakurumbira zvikurusa munyika huru, dzazvino uno.
  • Dhipatimendi rePaparikiti: rinosimbisa kutora rutivi kwakafara mumiitiro yezvamatongerwe enyika nokuita zvisarudzo kupfuura sarudzo, zvakadai sokubvunza kwavose, kubvisa mabudiro, uye magungano avagari vemo.
  • Hurumende yeChose yeNyika Dzose: Rudzi runosimbisa zvakasimba kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzomunhu oga uye kudzorwa kwomutemo, kunowanzooneka muhurumende dzinosarudzwa nehurumende dzamatongerwe enyika dzokuMadokero.

Kuenzanisa Nemamwe Masangano

Democracy yeBumbiro reMitemo inosiana nezvimwe zvimiro zvinoverengeka zvehurumende. Muhurumende yamambo yakakwana, mambo anochengeta simba risina kudzorwa. Muhurumende ine chiremera chakashata, simba rinoiswa mumutungamiriri mumwe kana kuti mubato pasina kuzvidavirira kune revo. Kunyange mu "dhipatimende rinotonga pasina murairo webumbiro remitemo," rakadai segadziriro yakachena yehurumende pasina maruramiro, voruzhinji vanogona kudzvinyirira vashomanene. Democracy yebumbiro-mitemo inobatana nenzira yechienzi uchangamire hwakakurumbira neganhuriro pasimba, kuumba gadziriro yakatsigadzika zvikuru neyakarurama.

Mumwe musiano ndewe "hurumende youdzvinyiriri" kana kuti "masimba outongi hwakaipa" hurumende, umo bumbiro remitemo rinobvumira kuiswa kwechinguvana kwesimba mukati menjodzi. Nepo hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda dzinobatanidza gadziriro dzekurumidziro, denho ndeyokuva nechokwadi chokuti hadzishandisiswi zvisina kufanira kuputsa zvechigarire zvicherekedzo zvehurumende yedemocracy.

Basa Rokuhwirudzura

Kuhwirudzura dare ikokunangidzira hurumende inosarudzwa nehurumende. Irori rinobvumira matare kuhwirudzura mitemo nezviito zvokutungamirira nokuda kwebumbiro remitemo. Iri simba rinovimbisa kuti hurumende inoshanda mukati memiganhu yakatemwa nebumbiro remitemo. Mune mimwe miganhu (zvikurukuru, United States), dare rinoongorora kunoitwa nematarewo zvawo, nepo mune mimwe (g. Germany, France), matare epamutemo anozvisarudzira anobata nyaya dzakadaro. Kuongorora kunodzivirira kodzero dzehurumende, kunochengeta kuparadzana kwemasimba, uye kugovera nzira yokuti vagari vemo vapi vapi vapi vapi vapindurire kuti vakukwidze dare ravo, kunyange zvazvo mudzimwe matare, apo anotonga mitemo yavo vamene. Vatongi vanotonga kuti vasashandisa rugwaro rwemitemo uye mamiriro ezvinhu anoitwa nomunhu.

Zvinetso Kuhurumende Inosarudzwa Nehurumende Inosarudzwa Nevanhu

Kunyange zvazvo hurumende dzinosarudzwa nehurumende dzichiedza kutsigira mutemo uye kudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu, hadzina kuoma.

Tyisidziro Dzinowanzoitika

  • [[FLT: 0]] Utongi: Kukura kwavatungamiriri vanotsvaka kupa ngwariro kusimba ndokusekesa masangano ehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nokudenha dare rehurumende, zvinobudisa nhau, uye nzanga yavagari vemo. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Hungary neTurkey pasi pavatungamiriri vazvino.
  • Kushandisa zvisina kufanira simba nokuda kwemhindu yomunhu oga, uko kunogona kubvisa chivimbo chavanhu muhurumende ndokunetesa kutonga kwomutemo. Tsvaka repamusoro renzvimbo rinogona kuparira kusada kutendeseka nokurasika.
  • Kuparadzana kukuru pakati penzanga kunodzivisa batira pamwe nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, kuchitungamirira kumitengo yemitemo. Apo masangano anorangarirana setyisidziro dziripo, mipimo yebumbiro remitemo ingaputswa nokuda kwebetsero dzinodzorwa.
  • Dhiconformation: Kupararira kwamashoko enhema anogona kudzora murangariro wavanhu ndokusekesa miitiro yedemokrase. Maarukiramisi enzanga anowanzokudziridza zvinhu zvinonyandura nokutsausa, kubvisa hwaro hweidi hunodikanwa nokuda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.
  • Kusaenzana kwemitengo: Misiyano yakapararira mupfuma inogona kushandura kuva kusaenzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uko vapfumi vane pesvedzero isingaenzaniswi pamuitiro kupfurikidza nokupesvedzera, mipiro yenhimbe, uye kuva namanyuko enhau. Ikoku kunogona kusekesa nheyo yokuenzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kutsigira Nokudzivirira Utongi Hwose Hwokuburikidza neBumbiro Romutemo

Kuti tive nechokwadi chokurarama kwenguva refu uye utano hwehurumende dzinosarudzwa nehurumende dzinosarudzwa nebumbiro remitemo, zvinokosha kutsigira nokudzivirira mitemo yehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu uye miitiro.

Mazano Okusimudzira

  • Tdzidziso: Kudzidzisa vagari vemo pamusoro pekodzero dzavo nemitoro mukati mehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kubatanidza kuti hurumende inoshanda sei, ukoshi hwoutongi hwomutemo, uye unyanzvi hwokufunga. Dzidzo yeCBICO inofanira kuvamba nokukurumidza ndokupfuurira muupenyu hwose.
  • Kutora rutivi: Kukurudzira kutora rutivi kwevagari vemo kupfurikidza nokuvhota, kuva mubati ushe, kubatanidzwa kwenzanga, uye kunyange kumhanya nokuda kwebasa. Kuderedza mhinganidzo kukutora rutivi. Kwakadai sokunyoresa kwokuvhota kwokuzviitira, kuvhota kwapakuvamba, uye nzvimbo dzokuvhotera dzinowanika.
  • Ubhadharo hwemari: Vanoita kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vazvidavirire nokuda kwezviito zvavo nezvisarudzo zvapachena, zvinobudisa nhau zvakazvimirira, uye masangano anotarisira akasimba akadai seombudsmen uye masangano anoshora uori.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mitediyan Literacy: Kusimudzira kufunga kwokutsoropodza nokupanikira kumanyuko amashoko, kudzidzisa vagari vemo nzira yokuziva nayo mashoko, uye kutsigira mapepanhau akanaka akazvimirira. Kusanosarudzwa kunokosha nokuda kwoutano hwedemocracy.
  • Kusimbisa Institutions: Kudzivirira kuzvimirira kwematare, masangano akasarudzwa, uye mitumbi yamaruramiro avanhu kubva mukudzongonyedzwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kusimbisa aya masangano ane zvitengo zvakakwana nokuvimbwa navanhu vose.
  • Cross-Ideological Dialogue: Kugadzira nzvimbo nokuda kwekurukurirano yokuremekedza mumapoka ezvematongerwe enyika, zvakadai semabumbiro okuzvidira enzvimbo nenzvimbo dzevagari vemo, kuderedza kubatana kwenyika ndokuwana nzvimbo dzakaenzana.

mhedziso

Democracy yeBumbiro reMitemo yeHurumende inomirira gadziriro inokosha yokutonga inodzikamisa kuda kwavanhu nedziviriro yekodzero dzavo. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa nheyo dzayo, kuziva zvinetso zvayo, uye kutora rutivi nokushingaira mumuitiro wehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, vagari vemo vanogona kubetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti iyi tsika inoramba yakasimba uye ichibudirira nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvinouya. Utano hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hunotsamira kwete bedzi parugwaro rwayo rwakanyorwa asi patsika dzokuremekedza mutemo, kodzero, uye tsika dzamatongerwe enyika anouda. Sezvo mufungi wezvamatongerwe enyika weFrance Benjamin Confericro akacherekedza, kubudirira kwehurumende yakasununguka kunotsamira pakungwarira nguva dzose uye kuva mugari wemo vogaridziri. Munhambo yokukwira kwehurumende inodzorwa kwoutongi ushe hwehurumende yehurumende inodzoro, inowiriranazve kumipimo yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yese inotonga hurumende inotoko inokosha zvikuru kupfuura nakare.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, rangarira zviwiro zvinotevera: National Constitution Center inogovera zvivakiso zvikuru paU.S. Constitution; Encyclopædia Britannica inobudisa mishumo pamusoro pemiitiro yedemocracy yehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji inopa rondedzero pfupiso yakajeka; uye [[FLT:]] International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Consolation [ inobudisa mishumo yenyika yose pamusoro pemiitiro yedemocracy negadziriro yebumbiro remitemo.