Nheyo dzecheki nedzikamo dzinomira seimwe yedziviriro dzinokosha zvikurusa muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu ipi neipi. Haisi muitiro wouzivi asi chinodikanwa chakarongedzerwa kudzivisa kuiswa kwesimba musangano ripi neripi. Kupfurikidza nokukamura chiremera chehurumende pakati pamapazu akasiyana ndokupa nzira imwe neimwe yokudzivisa nayo mamwe, tsika inodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga uye inovimbisa kuti hapana bazi rimwe ringakwanisa kuita pasina kuzvidavirira. Nokuda kwavagari vemo, kunzwisisa kuti kunzvera uye kushanda kwemipimo zvinokosha sei kunokosha kuti vazive kuti kodzero dzavo dzinodzivirirwa sei uye kuti vanogona sei kubatanidzwa zvine revo nehurumende yavo.

Mapazi Matatu eHurumende

United States Constitution inogadza hurumende yamasimba akaparadzana, ichiparadzira chiremera mumapazu matatu akaenzana: Legislative, Gurukuro, uye Juji. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine mitoro yakasiana uye, nenzira yokutsoropodza, mano okuganhurira masimba avamwe. Uku kuparadzana hakune tsaona; kunoratidzira nyumwiro huru yavatangi yesimba rinodzorwa uye chitendero chavo chokuti gwinyiro inofanira kuitwa kuti rikurire gwinyiro. Bumbiro remitemo rinodzivisa namaune kupa bazi rimwe rakakwana ripi neripi basa rehurumende, panzvimbo pokuita zviremera zvinowirirana zvinoda batira pamwe nokubvumirana.

Kunzwisisa nzvero nedzikamo, munhu anofanira kutanga kunzwisisa mabasa makuru ebazu rimwe nerimwe. Magenstivate Bazu anoita mutemo, Guvi Rinodzora rinomanikidzira mutemo, uye Bazu reRusa raMakuru rinodudzira mutemo. Nepo iri boka rinoratidzika kuva rakananga, nyanzvi chaidzoidzo dzetsika iri mukuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rinoita basa ravamwe uye rinogona kudzorera shure mukurwisana navanyengeri.

Bazu Romutemo

Gweya reMitemo, rakaumbwa muChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo, rakaumbwa neBazu, sangano rebimeral rakakamurwa kuva Imba yavamiririri neDare. Dare rinonangidzira simba rokuita mitemo, mitero yepropati, kubvumira kudzora mari, uye kuzivisa hondo. Aya masimba makuru, asi haana kuganhurirwa. Vagadziri vacho vanoita nenzira yemaune Congress pabazu rokutanga, vachironga masimba avo pamberi peavo veGurukota kana kuti Jadicary, vachiratidza chitendero chokuti chinofanira kuva bazu gurusa rehurumende yeRepublican. Bva iwowo akaisawo muCongress congress imene nzverongedzero yomukati: Imba uye Dare vanofanira kubvumirana zvose zviri zviviri pamutemo pamberi pokugona kutumirwa kuna Purezidhendi.

Imba yavamiriri, nemitezo yayo yakasarudzwa makore maviri ari ose kubva kumaruwa anogoverwa navagari vemo, yakarongedzerwa kuva inogamuchira zvakananga kuvanhu. Dare, nehurumende imwe neimwe inomirirwa zvakaenzana navamiriri vaviri vanobatira mashoko amakore matanhatu, rakaitirwa kugovera dzikamo nokumirira fariro dzehurumende. Iri dare rebhiataral rimene chimiro chechekero nedzikamo, richida bvumirano yakafara muzvose zviri zviviri zvakakurumbira neyakavakirwa pahurumende. Hakuna mutemo unogona kupfuura pasina tendero yedzimba dzose dziri mbiri, iko mauto anobvumirana pane zvisina kufanira uye kuronga.

Kupfuura kuisa mutemo, Dare rine masimba anokosha okutarisira. Rinogona kunzvera zviito zvebazu ravakuru vakuru, magwaro echipasa nezvipupuriro, uye kumanikidza chipupuriro. Dare rine simba rokusimbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi, kubatanidza vanyori veCabinet, vatongi vehurumende, uye vatongi veDare Gurusa. Dare rinofanirawo kuwirirana nezvibvumirano zvedare zvine mbiri mbiri mbiri, kugovera chekichekedzo yemitemo pamusoro pekurukurirano dzehurumende. Imba ine simba rimwe rokuvamba kuisa kurukurirano nepo Dare rinosaidzira kutongwa. Masimba aya anovimbisa kuti Bhavi reSaunihedri reSadmi reSalviti reSalviti reSal Bhiti reSalvitis uye reReaucial trativet, kuchiita kuti pave necherekedzo yenhau yemite yemite yemite yetsika yedare rehurumende.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri

Bazu roMutevedzeri mukuru, rakaumbwa muChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo, rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi weUnited States, uyo anobatira vose vari vaviri somusoro wehurumende uye mukuru wehurumende. Basa guru raPurezidhendi nderokuputsa mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress nokutendeka. Ikoku kunobatanidza kugadza mitemo yehurumende, kutungamirira masangano ehurumende, kuraira mirau yavakuru, uye kutungamirira mirau yokumwe. Purezidhendi anoshandawo saMutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo, basa rinopa mutoro mukuru asi anokumbirawo kunzvera kwokungwarira kubva kuDare renyika.

Nzvero yaPurezidhendi ine simba zvikurusa paLegislative Branch iveto. Kana Congress yangopfuudza mutemo, Purezidhendi angauisai mumutemo kana kuti kudzosera kuCongress nokuramba. Aveto anogona bedzi kushaikwa nevoruzhinji vane mativi maviri matatu muzvose zviri zviviri Imba naDare, bhati rakakwirira rinoita kuti vaome kudzokera. Iri simba reHurumende rokutaurirana naPresidente uye mutemo webasa unogona kudzivirira batano yemamwe mapazu.

Bazu raVanopa Mitemo rinonzverawo Japa kupfurikidza nesimba rokugadza. Purezidhendi anonzvera vatongi vehurumende, kubatanidza vatongi veDare guru, vachipiwa rumbidzo. Ikoku kunopa Bazu raVane Simba mukuvambi mukuumba mutongi kwamakumi amakore. Mukuwedzera, Mutungamiriri ane simba rokupa kukanganwira nokudzosera mhaka dzehurumende, kunzvera patsika yedare inogona kururamisa kupfupika ruramisiro kana kuti kuratidza ngoni. Bazu reBazi rinodzoro rimene rinoongororwa nesimba reDare rokusatonga nokubvisa Purezidhendi, nebasa reDare rokusimbisa varongi, uye nechiremera chematare kuti ritsigire zviito zvedare zvokutonga izvo zvinogona kukunda muganhu womutemo kana kuti muganhu.

Bazu Rokutonga

Bhazi Rinotonga, rakatangwa muChikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo, rinotungamirirwa neDare gurusa uye rinobatanidza matare ehurumende akaderera akagadzirwa neCongress. Basa guru redare nderokududzira mutemo uye kusarudza kana mitemo nezviito zvavakuru vakuru zvichiwirirana neBumbiro remitemo. Iri simba, rinozivikanwa sehwirudzuro, rakasimbiswa mumhaka yechiratidzo Marbury v. Madison [1803] uye razova imwe yenzvero dzine simba zvikurusa mugadziriro yeAmerica. Apo dare rinodzosa mutemo kana kuti chiito choukuru sechigadziko.

Bhazi Rokutonga haritangi magariro paro roga; rinosarudza nhau uye magakava anounzwa pamberi paro. Basa iri risingashandi rinoreva kuti vatongi vanotsamira pamamwe mapazu kuti vaite kuti zvisarudzo zvavo zvitendwe. Purezidhendi namasangano anotungamirira vanofanira kushandisa matare, uye Congress inofanira kutsigira matare ndokugovera basa rawo. Vatongi vedare vanoongororwawo nomuitiro wokugadzwa: Vatongi vehurumende havapiwi mumitezo naPrezidhendi uye vanosimbiswa naVatemi, kureva kuti mapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika ane basa rakananga mukuumba bheji. Kupfuurirazve, Mitemo yemitemo inogona kukarakadza kugadziriswa kwemitemo kuti ishandurwe kududziro dzamatare, uye inogona kubvisawo vatongi vehurumende nokuda kwokusazvibata.

Simba rehwirudzuro yedare rinopa matare chiremera chikuru chokunzvera ose ari maviri mapazi eGagislative neAdministrative. Kupfurikidza nokuzivisa mutemo usiri pamutemo kana kuti chiito choukuru chisiri chapamutemo, mutongi anogona kuita kuti basa ramamwe mapazi rive repfupi. Zvisinei, matare anoshandisa simba iri nokungwarira, achitungamirirwa nenheyo dzokudzora nokuzviisa pasi pamapazu edare apo kunobvira. Kubatanidzwa pakati pesimba redare neganhuriro dzinoiswa paro namamwe mapazu kunosimbisa kuti hakuna bazi rimwe rinogona kudzora murairo.

Kuongorora Kwaunoita Nokudzikama Mumuitiro

Kunzwisisa kuti mashandiro anoita zvinhu izvi anobatsira sei vagari vemo kuona kuti zvinhu izvi zvinoshanda sei uye kunzwisisa kukosha kwazvinoita.

Nzvero dzinodzorwa paMutungamiriri. Congress inogona kukurira dare rapurezidhendi nevhoti yezvitatu zviviri mumakamuri ose ari maviri. Dare rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi uye kunyoresa zvibvumirano. Dare rinogona kubvisa Purezidhendi, Purezidhendi, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Congress anodzora bhajeti rehurumende uye anogona kushandisa simba rechikwama kutsigira kana kuti kutungamirira vakuru vakuru vakuru. Dare reCongressionational rinotungamirira kudzosa nokunzvera zviito zvebazu.

Nzvero dzePurezidhendi paMasimba. Purezidhendi anogona kupfuudza mari yapamberi naCongress. Purezidhendi anogona kudana kuti Congress ive purogiramu chaiyo. Purezidhendi anogona kupa mirairo yehurumende inotungamirira masangano anotungamirira mukusimbisa mitemo. Mutungamiriri wePrezidhendi anobatira saPrezidhendi weDare uye anoputsa vhoti. Purezidhendi anogona kukarakadza mutemo ndokupesvedzera chirongwa chemitemo kupfurikidza neHurumende yeUniyo uye dzimwe kurukurirano.

Nzvero dzedare paMasimba neChirevero. matare anogona kuzivisa mitemo isina kuwirirana kupfurikidza nenzvero yedare. matare anogona kukunda zviito zvehurumende zvinopfuura chiremera chemitemo kana kuti chebumbiro remitemo. Federal inonzvera mirau yesangano nokuda kwokuwirirana nemirau. Dare rapamusoro rinobatira somugadziriri wokupedzisira werevo yemitemo, kupedza gakava pakati pamapazu nepakati pehurumende yehurumende yehurumende nehurumende.

Mitemo inonzvera paJudia. Purezidhendi anoisa vatongi vehurumende, achiumba kunyorwa kwedare kwezvizvarwa. Purezidhendi, kupfurikidza neBato reRuramisiro, anotaura nzvimbo yehurumende mumhaka dzedare. Purezidhendi anogona kupa kanganwiro nebvumirano, izvo zvinogona kukunda nenzira inobudirira mitongo yedare. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kuramba kuita kuti zviratidzo zvakati zviitwe, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kuchigona kunyandura njodzi yemitemo.

Nzvero dzechiregitabheti pa Judia. Dare rinosimbisa kana kuti kuramba madare. Congress inogona kubvisa vatongi vehurumende. Congress inogona kuchinja chiremera chematare ehurumende, kubatanidza kuganhurira muganhu weDare reChikurusa. Congress inogona kukarakadza kugadziridza kushandura rondedzero dzedare. Congress inogona kuchinja nhamba yeruramisiro paDare rapamusorosoro, kunyange zvazvo simba iri risina kushandiswa chifo cha 1869.

Hapana bazi rinogona kuita chimwe chinhu risingafungi nezvezvingangoitwa nevamwe, kufungisisa, kubvumirana pane zvimwe, uye kuzvidavirira, zvichiita kuti kutonga kuve kwokungwarira zvikuru uye kusinganyanyi kuita chiito chokungoerekana waita kana kuti chokuzvidira.

Mavambo Echeki Nedzikamo Mumufungo Webumbiro remitemo

Murangariro wecheki nedzikamo hauna kuvamba navatangi veAmerica, asi vakainatsa nokuironga munzira idzo dzakapesvedzera utongi hunosarudzwa navanhu munyika yose. Midzi yegadziriro yacho inogona kurondwa kumufungo wekare wechiGiriki neRoma wezvamatongerwe enyika, umo hurumende yakavhengana yakaonekwa sedziviriro muudzvinyiriri. Roman Republic, neDare rayo, vamiriri, uye magungano akakurumbira, zvakagovera muenzaniso wapakuvamba wamasimba akaparadzana.

Muzana ramakore rechi18, muzivi weFrance Montesquieu akataura rondedzero yokuparadzana kwamasimba mubasa rake Mudzimu weMitemo (1748]). Akarangarira kuti rusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika runoda kuti chibvumirano, mutungamiriri, uye masimba okutonga zviitwe navanhu vakasiana kana kuti mitumbi. Pfungwa dzaMatime eAmerica dzakapesvedzera zvikuru vaVambi veAmerica, uyo akamududza kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji mukati meConvention yeBumbiro reMitemo yemitemo uye muFoperation. James Madison, zvikurukuru, akanyora pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvemitemo nechiyero mu [FLT:].[5]

Madison akatsanangura kuti kuparadzana kwamasimba oga hakuna kukwana; bazu rimwe nerimwe rinofanirawo kupiwa mutoo wokudzivisa nawo kupindira kwedzimwe nzvimbo. Mu Federalist Nhaka. 51, akanyora zvakakurumbira: "Kuda kunofanira kuitwa kuti kurwisa gwinyiro. Kufarira kwomunhu kunofanira kuva nechokuita nekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo renzvimbo. Iyi nzwisiso inosunda gadziriro yose yecherekedzo nedzikamo: kupfurikidza nokupa bazu rimwe nerimwe mukudzivirira masimba aro amene, Bumbiro remitemo rinovimbisa kuti hakuna bazu richapa chiremera charo nyore nyore kune mumwe.

Vavambi vakashandisawo ruzivo rwavo negadziriro yeBritain, uko Hurumende, Paramende, uye matare zvakanga zvatanga masimba anowirirana mumazana amakore. Vakaramba pfungwa yomukuru mumwe asi panzvimbo pezvo vakasika hurumende yemasimba akaganhurirwa, akatemwa. Mugariro weBumbiro remitemo unoratidzira kusavimba kukuru kwohunhu uye kuzvipira kudziviriro kusangano pakushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba. Iyi fandesheni youzivi inoramba iri madikanwa nhasi, sezvo vagari vemo vanofanira kuramba vakangwarira mukudzivirira nhevedzano yemitemo.

Kuongorora uye Kudzikama Nebasa Romugari Wemo

Makambani nedzikamo hazvisi zvinhu zvehurumende; zvinopawo vagari vemo simba rokuita kuti vazvidavirire muhurumende. Vagari vemo vanoziviswa ndivo vanonyatsoongorora simba rehurumende. Vatongi vanosarudza nhengo dzeCongress makore maviri oga oga uye Purezidhendi makore mana oga oga. Pachishandiswa bhokisi rebhorati, vagari vemo vanogona kubvisa vakuru vakuru vakuru vanodarika chiremera chavo kana kuti kukundikana kutsigira mabasa avo epamutemo. Mufungo wavose, unoratidzirwa kupfurikidza nezvinobudisa nhau, mapoka echikwata chehurumende, uye kuvimbisana, zvinogona kupesvedzera mapazi ose matatu.

Vagari vanogonawo kutora rutivi zvakananga mugadziriro yecheki nedzikamo kupfurikidza nokubatanidzwa nematare. Vagari vemo, mabhizimisi, uye masangano vanogona kudenha mitemo kana kuti zviito zvokutungamirira zvavanodavira kuti hazviwirirani nemitemo. Mitemo mitsva inoshandiswa zvikuru nedare kunzvera simba raro redare. Pavanounza nhau dzinoedza ganhuriro dzechiremera chehurumende, vanobetsera kurondedzera miganhu yesimba remitemo.

Hurumende nedzinoshandira dzinowedzera kumwe kuongorora nokudzikama.Thindermende yeTenth Remendment haina kupiwa hurumende yehurumende kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu.Federalisme pachayo chimiro chokunzvera pachiremera chine pakati, kubvumira hurumende kuedza mitemo yakasiana - siana uye kudzorera kudzoresa vatendi vehurumende. Vagari vemo vanogona kupinda pamwero yakawanda yehurumende, vachiumba mubatanidzwa mukuru wokuzvidavirira.

Kunzwisisa nzvero nedzikamo zvinobetserawo vagari vemo kuyera nharo dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Pakukurukura zviito zvapurezidhendi, mutemo wedare, kana kuti Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa, vagari vemo vanogona kunzvera kana mapazi akakodzera ari kushandisa mabasa awo akafanira uye kana bazi ripi neripi riri kudarika. Uku kurava nokunyora kwapamutemo kunokosha mukuchengetedza udzori hwehurumende yehurumende uye kudzivirira kuparadzwa kwedziviriro dzesangano.

Matambudziko uye Kuchinja Kwezvinhu Munguva Yazvino Uno

Gadziriro yenzvero nedzikamo dzinotarisana nedenho dzinopfuurira munguva yazvino uno. Kukura kwehurumende yokutarisira, kukura kwesimba revakuru vakuru, kuwedzera kwemapoka avanhu, uye kuoma kudzora kuri kuwedzera zvose zvakaedza gadziriro yepamutemo yapakuvamba. Kunzwisisa izvi denho kunobetsera kuyera kana tsika yacho ichishanda sezvinodakarirwa kana kuti kana chinjo dzichidikanwa.

Dare reBazu reBazu rakura zvikuru uye kuva nesimba chifo chamavambo. Sangano rehurumende zvino rinoshandisa mamirioni avanhu uye rinoshandisa chiremera chikuru chokutonga. Mirairo yechiremera, metabhuro, uye zviziviso zvazova zvakati kurumidza uye zvinosvika kure. Vamwe vanotaura kuti uku kukura kwakarerekera kudzikamiswa kwesimba kuMutungamiriri, nepo vamwe vachipikisa kuti Dare rakapa chiremera kumasangano munzira dzinonetesa basa raro routarisiri. matare pane dzimwe nguva akadzorera shure mukurwisana nemutevedzeri mukuru, sezvinoonekwa muzviitiko mukuganhurirwa kwemirano yechiremera kana kuti miraudzo yesangano.

Kuparadzana kwaivhiringidzawo kushanda kwechekedzo nedzikamo. Apo mumwe munhu anodzora zvose zviri zviviri White House neCongress, nzvero yemubatanidzwa pasimba revakuru vakuru ingaderera. Nenzira yakapesana, apo udzori hunokamuraniswa, girapbot inogona kuva yavose. Muitiro wekusimbisa wavatongi navarongi vakuru wazova unokakavara zvikuru, nokunonozeka kwakareba zvikuru uye kuvhota. VaFramers vakakarira rwisano yewractic controst ndokugadzira tsika yokushanda kunyange mumigariro yokusabvumirana, asi kubatana kwazvino uno kwakaedza aya masangano munzira itsva.

Pasinei zvapo neizvi zvinetso, kuongorora uye dzikamo zvakabvumikisa kuva zvakasimba. Dare repamusorosoro rinopfuurira kuhwirudzura mitemo nezviito zvevakuru vakuru. Congress inopfuurira kutungamirira, kufeyafeya, uye kudzosa. Mutungamiriri wehurumende aveto anoramba ari chishandiso chine simba, uye panhambo nenhambo Congress akaunganidza zvivhoti kuti adzore vatengi. Hurumende nematare ehurumende zvakadzorera shure mukurwisana nemutemedzeri wehurumende. Gadziriro yacho inochinja, kunyange kana isina kukwana, kuti itsive migariro.

mhedziso

Zvikamu nedzikamo inheyo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica. Kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa simba pakati pamapazu matatu akaenzana uye kupa nzira imwe neimwe yokudzivisa nayo mamwe, tsika inodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe, inodzivisa udzvinyiriri, uye inovimbisa kuti chiito chehurumende chinoratidzira bvumirano yakafara. Vagari vanonzwisisa kuti basa rekunzvera nokudzikamisa zvinogona sei kuyera zviri nani zvinoitika zvamatongerwe enyika, zvinoita kuti vatungamiriri vavo vazvidane, uye kudzivirira murayiro webumbiro remitemo panzvimbo inotemwa. Sangano haisati iri kuzviparadza vamene; inoda kutora rutivi ruzivo, kungwarira kwavagari vemo, uye kuzvipira kumutemo. Vagari vose vane basa rokuita mukuchengeta iyi dziviriro kwomutemo.