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Kunzwisisa Hwaro Hwoubati Ubati Ushe Hworuzhinji hweAmerica

United States Constitution inomira serimwe ramagwaro emitemo anopesvedzera zvikurusa uye anogarisa munhau yomunhu. Irori rinoshamisa iri rakatungamirira repabhuriki yeAmerica kwaanopfuura mazana maviri amakore, kupukunyuka hondo yavagari vemo, chinjo yezvemari, chinjo yeruzivo rwemiitiro yenzanga, uye chinjo huru yenzanga. Nokuda kwomugari ari wose, kunzwisisa Bumbiro remitemo hakusi hako kungova muitiro wedzidzo chete, izivo inokosha iyo inopa vanhu simba rokutora rutivi nenzira ine revoka rehurumende, kudzivirira maruramiro avo, uye kurangarira kuti hurumende ive inozvidavirira.

Bumbiro reMitemo rinosimbisa kuvaka kwepamutemo kunokosha kunorondedzera kushanda kunoita hurumende yeUnited States, kuzivisa masimba neganhuriro zvechiremera chehurumende, uye kuisa maruramiro makuru nerusununguko izvo vaAmerica vanokoshesa. kunomirira chibvumirano chenzanga pakati pehurumende navadzorwi, gwaro benyu rinowirirana nokutsiga, uye testamende kupfungwa yokuchinja kuti hurumende yapamutemo inowana simba rayo mukubvumira kwavanhu.

Munguva yokupesana mune zvematongerwe enyika, mashoko asina kururama, uye kuchinja kwenzanga nokukurumidza, kurava nokunyora kwebumbiro remitemo hakuna kumbova kunokosha zvikuru. Vagari vanonzwisisa Bumbiro remitemo vakashongedzerwa zviri nani kuyera kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, vanoziva apo kodzero dzavo dzinotyisidzirwa, vanotora rutivi nenzira inobudirira muhurukuro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Iyi nhungamiro yakakwana inonzvera zvinhu zvinokosha zveBumbiro remitemo iro muAmerica ari wose anofanira kuziva, kubva pamavambo ayo enhau kusvikira kubasa rayo rinopfuurira munzanga yazvino uno.

Nheyo Yenhau Nokusikwa Kwebumbiro Remitemo

Kubva Pakuchinja Ndokuva Gungano Rebumbiro remitemo

Bumbiro reMitemo harina kubuda muchinhu chisiri chinhu. Rakaberekwa mukuchinja kukuru uye denho dzinoshanda dzokutonga rudzi rutsva. Pashure pokuzivisa kuzvimirira kubva kuBritain muna 1776, nyika gumi nenhatu dzeAmerica dzakabatana pakuvamba muNhevedzo dzeConfederation, chibvumirano chakasununguka chakaumba hurumende ine simba duku ine masimba akaganhurirwa. Hurumende imwe neimwe yakaramba ine uchangamire hunokosha, uye hurumende yenyika yakanga isina chiremera chekudzora mitero yevy, kutengeserana, kana kuti kudzikamisa zvisarudzo zvayo nenzira inobudirira.

Pakasvika pakati pama1780, kusakwanisa kweZvikamu zveConfederation kwazova pachena zvikuru. Hurumende yenyika yakarwisana nechikwereti chinokwira, kukakavadzana kwezvokutengeserana kwenyika, zvinetso zvemiitiro yokumwe, uye kusagadzikana kwemhuri kwakaratidzirwa naShays’s Region muMassachusetts. Idzi njodzi dzakapwisa vatungamiriri vazhinji veAmerica kuti gadziriro yehurumende yakasimba zvikuru yakanga iri madikanwa kuchengetedza mubatanidzwa uye kuva nechokwadi chokupukunyuka kwenzvero yeRepublic.

Muna May 1787, nhume dzakaungana dzichibva kunyika gumi nembiri muPhiladelphia nokuda kweyakava inozivikanwa seConstitution. Pakutanga yaishandwa nokudzosazve The Articles of Confederation, nhume panzvimbo pezvo dzakatanga basa rine gwinyiro rokuumba gadziriro itsva chose chose yehurumende. Muchirimo chaimhanya zvikuru, nhume dzine makumi mashanu neshanu dzakabatanidzwa mukurukurirano huru, kukurukura, uye kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, pakupedzisira vachibudisa gwaro iro richava Gwaro reUnited States.

Chiono Chavapfumi Nepesvedzero Zvavaitarira

Varume vakaronga Bumbiro reMitemo vaishandisa magamuchidzanwa oungwaru akasiyana - siyana nezvinoitika zvinoshanda. Vakapesvedzerwa navazivi veNjereso vakadai saJohn Locke, avo vakajekesa rondedzero dzekodzero dzomusikirwo nebvumirano yenzanga; Montesquieu, uyo akatsigira paradzano yamasimba ehurumende; uye vazivi vehurumende dzekare vaisimbisa kunaka kwehurumende yehurumende yakavhengana. Vaiumba vakadzidzawo muzvinoitika zvavo vamene nehurumende, magamuchidzanwa ebumbiro remitemo reBritain, uye kubudirira nokundikano dzeZvikamu zveConfederation.

Vagadziri vakatsvaka kuumba hurumende yakanga yakasimba zvakakwana kuti ishande nenzira inobudirira asi yakamanikidzirwa zvakakwana kudzivisa udzvinyiriri. Vakaziva kuti simba rakasimba rakapa ngozi kurusununguko, bva vakanzwisisawo kuti kukamukana kwakanyanyisa kwaigona kutungamirira kunyongano nokusashanda. Mhinduro yavo yakanga iri gadziriro yakaoma yemasimba akakamukana, zviremera zvinowirirana, uye kunzvera kwesangano uko kwaizomanikidza batira pamwe apo kusingadzorwi neboka ripi kana kuti bazi ripi.

Donzo Rinokosha Nezvinangwa zveBumbiro Romutemo

Sumo: Kududza Basa

Bumbiro reMitemo rinovamba nokutaura kune simba kwedonzo kunozivikanwa sesumo: “Isu Vanhu veUnited States, muRwisano yokuumba Union, kugadza Ruramisiro, kudzivirira kwemhuri, kugovera dziviriro yavose, kutsigira Welfare, uye kuchengetedza Zvikomborero Zvorusununguko kwatiri timene nePendeko redu, kugadza ndokutanga iyi Bumbiro remitemo nokuda kweUnited States of America.

Aya mashoko okuzarura anopfuura kubudirira kwetsika, anojekesa nharidzano huru idzo Bumbiro reMitemo rakarongedzerwa kuita.

Donzo rimwe nerimwe rakataurwa musumo rinoratidzira itiro hanya chaidzo nevavariro dzechizvarwa chakagadzwa. Kuumba "Mubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru" kwakakurukura kukamukana noutera hwegadziriro yebvumirano. Kugadza ruramisiro nokuvimbisa rugare rwemhuri kupindurwa kufunganyo pamusoro pokusateerera mutemo nenyongano yomukati. Kugovera nokuda kwedziviriro yavose kwakaziva kudikanwa kwechengeteko yenyika munyika ine ngozi. Kusimudzira garikano yose inobvumwa mutoro wehurumende nokuda kwezvakanaka zvavose. Uye kuwana zvikomborero zvorusununguko kwakaratidzira nharidzano yokupedzisira yokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvino.

Kuronga Basa Rokuronga Kutonga

Kupfuura nheyo dzayo dzouzivi, Bumbiro reMitemo rinobatira donzo rinoshanda rokugadza chimiro nemabasa ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Rinoumba mapazu matatu akasiana--shaikwa(wlegislative, mukuru mukuru, uye mutongi(adzo), anorondedzera masimba awo akasiyana, mitoro, uye ukama. Rinogadza miitiro yokuita mitemo, kugadza vakuru vakuru vakuru, uye kururamisa Bumbiro remitemo rimene. Rinoumba ukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende, richidudza masimba ari pamwero mumwe nomumwe wehurumende uye anogoveranwa.

Kuumbwa uku kunogovera kufanofanosarudzwa, kutsiga, uye kuva pamutemo kumabasa ehurumende. Vagari nevakuru vakuru vanoziva kuti miitiroi inofanira kuteverwa, masimbai anogona kushandiswa, uye kuti miganhui inoshanda. Uku kujeka kunobetsera kudzivisa kutonga kwokusazvidira uye kunovimbisa kuti zviito zvehurumende zvive pachiremera chebumbiro remitemo panzvimbo pesimba kana kuti mirangariro yomunhu oga.

Nheyo Dzemitemo Dzinotevedzerwa Nemitemo Yemitemo Inoumba Hurumende yeAmerica

Uchangamire Hwakakurumbira: Hunotumwa Navanhu

uchangamire hwakakurumbira inheyo inotsamira pamitemo yose yebumbiro remitemo. Inotaura kuti chiremera chehurumende chapamutemo chinobva kuvanhu, avo vanobvuma kudzorwa uye vanochengeta simba rokupedzisira rokuchinja kana kuti kuparadza hurumende yavo. Iyi nheyo inooneka mugadziriro dzakasiana - siana dzebumbiro remitemo, kubatanidza sarudzo dzenguva dzose, masangano anomirira, uye muitiro unobvumira vanhu kugadziridza mutemo wavo mukuru.

Murangariro wouchangamire hwakakurumbira unosianisa tsika yebumbiro remitemo yeAmerica nehurumende dzehurumende dzinodzora umo simba rinoyerera kubva pamusoro. MuUnited States, vakuru vakuru vehurumende vabatiri voruzhinji, kwete vanatenzi varo. Vanoshandisa chiremera chinogona kubviswa kupfurikidza nemiitiro yokusarudza. Iyi nheyo inopa simba vagari vemo uye inoisa misengwa () mutoro wokugara uchiziva, kutora rutivi muupenyu hwehurumende, uye kuita kuti vamiririri vazviito vazvipire.

Kuparadzana Kwesimba: Kuparadza Chiremera Chehurumende

Bumbiro reMitemo rinokamuranisa hurumende yehurumende kuva mapazi matatu akasiyana, rimwe nerimwe rine masimba aro rimene nemitoro. Bazu remitemo, rinoumbwa neImba yavamiriri neDare, rinogadzira mitemo. Bazu guru, rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi, rinomanikidzira mitemo negadziriro zvokumwe. Bazu rokutonga, rinotungamirirwa neDare Rapamusorosoro, rinodudzira mitemo uye rinopedza nharo pamusoro perevo yaro nokushandiswa.

Uku kuparadzana kwamasimba kunobatira madonzo akawanda. Kunodzivisa kuiswa kwapachiremera uko kungagona kutungamirira kuudzvinyiriri. Kunoparira kuparira kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rikudziridze unyanzvi munzvimbo yaro chaiyo. Kunosimudzira kupfurikidza nokuda batira pamwe pakati pamasangano akasiyana - siyana ane mirangariro yakasiana- siyana. Uye kunopa mipimo mizhinji yokuwana nokuda kwavagari vemo kuti vapedze zvisarudzo zvehurumende.

Kungotaura kuti mapazi akaparadzana hakukwani.

Makeja Nedzikamo: Kudzivisa Kurwisana Nemakwikwi Esangano

Nzvero nedzikamo zvinonongedzera kugadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo idzo dzinobvumira bazu rimwe nerimwe rehurumende kuganhurira masimba amapazu. Iyi gadziriro inoparira nhevedzano huru umo kushuva kunokurira gwinyiro, kuchidzivisa bazu ripi neripi kudzora mamwe. Seizvo James Madison akatsanangura muFederalist No. 51, "Chido chinofanira kuitwa kukurira chinzvimbo."

Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadza nzvero dzakananga nedzikamo. Congress inogona kupfuudza mitemo, asi Purezidhendi anogona kuidzosa, uye Congress anogona kudzora nevoruzhinji vaviri ne 3. Purezidhendi anoraira vatongi vehurumende navakuru vakuru vakuru, asi Dare rinofanira kuzvisimbisa. Zvikamu zvedare zvinogona kuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvevakuru vakuru zvisina kubatana, asi Congress anogona kuronga mitemo yemitemo ndokudzora matare ehurumende. Purezidhendi anoraira mauto, asi Congress anozivisa hondo nemari yakafanira. Iyi mienzaniso mishomanene bedzi yegadziriro yemitezo yemitemo inopesana inoitwa mugadziriro yose yemitemo.

Iyi gadziriro pane dzimwe nguva inoita vhiringidziko nerokurongedza, sezvo mapazi akasiana - siana anodzorwa namapoka akasiana - siana kana kuti mapoka anorwisa kufambisira mberi mativi anokwikwidza. Zvisinei, uku kupesana chinhu, kwete chipukanana. Vagadziri varongi varongedze gadziriro kuita kuti chiito chehurumende chive chakaoma, vachida bvumirano huru nefungidziro pamberi pokugona kuitika. Ikoku kunodzivirira pakusakurumidza, kusafunga, kana kuti zviito zvoudzvinyiriri apo zvichibvumira chiito chiri madikanwa kana chichiripo.

Kushanda Munzvimbo Dzakasiyana: Kudzikamisa Simba Renyika Nehurumende

Federalism inonongedzera kumukano wesimba pakati pehurumende yorudzi nehurumende dzehurumende. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa masimba akati akaverengwa kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende, anochengeta mamwe masimba kunyika, uye anosimbisa nharaunda dzesimba rimwe chetero apo mwero yose iri miviri yehurumende inogona kuita chiito. Uku kuparadzaniswa kwakananga kwamasimba kunosvitsa paradzano yakananga pakati pamapazu matatu.

Hurumende yehurumende ine masimba ari madikanwa nokuda kweitiro hanya dzorudzi: kudzora kutengeserana kwepakati penyika nekunze, kuitisa ukama hwokumwe, kugovera dziviriro yorudzi, kuumba mari, uye kugadza mitemo yakafanana yokuita kuti zvinhu zvive nomuzvarirwo nokubhuroka.

Federalism inoshanda mabasa anoverengeka anokosha. Inobvumira kuedza miitiro, seizvo hurumende dzinogona kuedza nzira dzakasiana kuzvinetso zvinozivikanwa navose, kuvamba "masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu" ayo anoedza misiano mitsva isati yapararira munyika. Inofukidza mhatsa dzomunharaunda, inobvumira nzanga dzakasiana-----phatiki kutevera miitiro yadzo inoratidzira mipimo yayo chaiyo nemigariro. Inogovera mwero mizhinji yokupinda nokuda kwokutora rutivi rwavagari vemo nenzvimbo dzakawanda dzesimba dzinogona kunzvera kunyengera. Uye inobetsera kudzivisa udzvinyiriri kupfurikidza nokuvimbisa kuti hakuna hurumende imwe inodzora mativi ose oupenyu hwavagari vemo.

Dzikamo pakati pesimba rehurumende nerehurumende yakachinja munhau yose yeAmerica, kazhinji kazhinji ichiva nechokuita nechiremera chehurumende chikuru zvikuru, zvikurukuru pashure peHondo yeChivility uye mukati menhambo yeNew Deal.

Hurumende Yakaganhurirwa: Kudzvinyirira Simba Kupfurikidza Nokutora

Bumbiro reMitemo rinoumba hurumende yamasimba akaganhurirwa, akatemwa. Kusafanana neParamende yeBritain, iyo ine chiremera chapamutemo chokutonga panhau ipi neipi, hurumende yehurumende inogona bedzi kushandisa masimba akapiwa zvakananga neBumbiro reMitemo. Iyi nheyo yamasimba anodudzwa inoreva kuti chiito chehurumende chinofanira kururamiswa kupfurikidza nenongedzero kugadziriro chaiyo yebumbiro remitemo inobvumidza chiito ichocho.

Pfungwa yehurumende yakaganhurirwa inoratidza kuitira hanya kwehurumende kukunda uye kuzvipira kwavo kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga. Nokumanikidza zvinogona kuitwa nehurumende, Bumbiro reMitemo rinochengeta rusununguko rwomunhu oga apo vanhu vanogona kuita zvisarudzo zvavo vamene pasina kudzorwa nehurumende. Iyi nheyo inowana ratidzirwo kwete bedzi munhevedzano yamasimba ehurumende asiwo muBill of Rightss uye dzimwe gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinodzivisa zvakajeka zviito zvakati zvehurumende.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga: Matare Savatarisiri Vebumbiro Remitemo

Kunyange zvazvo isina kutaurwa zvakajeka murugwaro rweBumbiro reMitemo, nheyo yehwirudzuro yedare (8) simba rematare rokushatisa mitemo nezviito zvavakuru vakuru zvinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo(*) zvazova chinhu chinokosha chehurumende yeAmerica inowirirana nebumbiro remitemo. Dare Gurusa rakasimbisa simba iri munhau 1803 Marbury v. Madison, ichirangarira kuti Bumbiro remitemo mutemo mukurusa uye kuti matare anofanira kurishandisa pakusarudza mhaka, izvo zvinoda hazvo kusarudza kana mimwe mitemo ichiwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo.

Kuhwirudzura rutongeso kunobatira senzvero yakakomba pasimba guru routongi, kudzivirira maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo negadziriro dzourongwa kunyange apo zvinorwisana nezvinodikanwa zvakakurumbira kana kuti kuzvidavirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunovimbisa kuti mativi makuru echinguvana haagoni kuputsa nheyo dzapakuvamba kana kuti kutsika maruramiro maduku. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kuhwirudzura kwokutonga kunomutsa mibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro poune hudzori hwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende (hwuno sei kusingasarudzirwa noupenyu kunopfuura zvisarudzo zvavamiriri vakasarudzwa?)

Kuumbwa kweHurumende Inotonga Nyika Yakabatana

Bhuku Romutemo: Congress

Chikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo chinogadza Dare remitemo sebazu romutemo, chine makamuri maviri: Imba yavamiririri neDare. Ichi chivako chamabhimeral chinoratidzira Kubvumirana Kukuru paBumbiro reMitemo, iro rakadzikamisa fariro dzenyika huru neduku kupfurikidza nokugovera ratidziro yakaenzana muImba uye mufananidzo muDare.

Imba yavamiriri inoumbwa nemitezo 435 yakavakirwa pachiverengero chavagari vemo, nemitezo imwe neimwe inomirira ruwa rwedare mukati mehurumende yavo. Vamiriri vanobatira mashoko amakore maviri, vachiita kuti Imba ive nzvimbo inogamuchira zvakananga zvikurusa kumurangariro wakakurumbira. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa chiremera paImba, kubatanidza chiremera chokuvamba zvikwereti zvemari uye kutanga zviito zvokunyoresa mukurwisana navakuru vakuru vehurumende.

Dare rine mitezo 100, nehurumende imwe neimwe inosarudza vatenzi vaviri pasinei zvapo nechiverengero chavagari vemo. Pakutanga, masangano ehurumende akasarudza vatendi vehurumende, asi Seventeenth Amendment, yakatenderwa muna 1913, yakaitwa sarudzo yakakurumbira yakananga. Vasarudzo vanobatira mipimo yegore rechitanhatu, nedare rimwe rechitatu redare rinokwidzwa nokuda kwokusarudza makore maviri ari ose. Iyi tsika inodzedzereka inogovera kupfuurira uye inodzivirira vamiriri kubva padzvinyiriro pfupi yezvamatongerwe enyika. Dare rine masimba akatanhamara, kubatanidza kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi, uye kuisa mibatanidzwa yedare, uye kudzosera.

Congress inoshandisa simba romutemo(* chiremera chokuita mitemo. Chikamu I, Chikamu 8 chinoronga masimba chaiwo omubatanidzwa, kubatanidza simba rokutera nokushandisa nokuda kwegarikano yose, kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika nekwedzimwe nyika, mari, kutanga mahofisi epositi, kupa zvivakiso zvekodzero nekodzero, kuzivisa hondo, kusimudza nokutsigira mauto, uye kuita mitemo yose "inodikanwa neyakafanira" yokuita masimba ayo anorongwa. Iri Rimato neIta Clause rave rakaturikirwa zvikuru, richibvumira Hurumende kuchinjika kukuru mukusarudza nzira yokuita nayo zvinangwa zvayo zvemitemo.

Bazu Rine Chiremera: Mutungamiriri

Chikamu II chinosimbisa bazu guru, rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi weUnited States. Mutungamiriri anobatira somusoro wehurumende, mukuru wehurumende, uye mutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo. Chibvumirano cheBumbiro reMitemo chinoti "Simba roukuru" muPurezidhendi, chibvumikiso chakadudzirwa kubatanidza zvose zviri zviviri chiremera chokuita kuti mitemo ipfuure namasimba okuberekwa anodikanwa nokuda kwemabasa oukurukota.

Purezidhendi anosarudzwa kupfurikidza neElectoral College system, umo hurumende imwe neimwe inowana vhoti dzakaenzana nemifananidzo yayo yose yedare. Uyu mutoo wesarudzo usina kunanga unoratidzira chishuvo chavasarudzi chokudzikamisa chiwirirano chezvisarudzo zvakakurumbira nechisarudzo chechisarudzo chechisarudzo uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti nyika dzine vanhu vashoma dzinova nepesvedzero ine revo inowirirana mukusarudzwa kwapurezidhendi. Mapurezidhendi anobatira mashoko amakore mana uye, kutevera Amakumi maviri eSacond Amend Amend Remend Remplice seswotion inotenderwa muna 1951, anoganhurirwa kumashoko maviri.

Masimba aPurezidhendi anobatanidza kuita nokusimbisa mitemo yehurumende, kugadza vatongi vehurumende navakuru vakuru (nesimbiso yeDare), kutaurirana (pamusoro pedare rokuvaka), kubatira somutungamiriri mukuru weuto, kupa ruregerero nokuda kwemhosva dzehurumende, uye kubvumira mutemo unopfuudzwa neDare. Purezidhendi anoitawo basa rinokosha mukuumba purogiramu yemitemo, kuronga mitemo uye kushandisa kuoneka kwehofisi kupesvedzera murangariro wavose nechiito chokuronga.

Mutungamiriri wenyika iye zvino ari kutarisira sangano guru remasangano ehurumende, madhipatimendi, uye mahofisi anoshandisa mamiriyoni evanhu uye anotungamirira mapurogiramu akaoma kunzwisisa.

Bazu Rokutonga: Madare Anotonga

Chikamu III chinosimbisa bazu rokutonga, rakaumbwa neDare rapamusoro namatare akaderera akadaro seanoita Congress. Vatongi veFederal vanogadzwa naPrezidhendi nesimbiso yeDare ndokubatira mukati me "Mufambiro Wakanaka," izvo zvinoreva nenzira inobudirira kusatevedzerwa nokubviswa kwoupenyu nokuda kwomufambiro usina kururama. Uku kuzvimirira kunodzivirira vatongi padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye kunovabvumira kuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa pamutemo panzvimbo pomufungo wakakurumbira kana kuti maruramiro ezvamatongerwe enyika.

Simba rokutonga rinotambanukira kumhaka dzinomuka muBumbiro reMitemo, mitemo yehurumende, uye zvibvumirano, pamwe chete nenhau dzakati dzakavakirwa pabato vanobatanidzwa (zvakadai segakava pakati pehurumende kana kuti nhau dzinobatanidza nhume dzokumwe). matare eFederal anopedza gakava kupfurikidza nokushandisa mutemo kumaidi, kududzira mirau negadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo, uye kuvamba nheyo dzomutemo dzinozivikanwa navose munharaunda dzehurumende.

Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rinogara pamusoro pedare redare rehurumende, rine zvose zviri zviviri chiremera chapakuvamba panhau dzakati uye chiremera chokuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvematare ehurumende akaderera nematare ehurumende pamibvunzo yehurumende. Simba reDare rokududzira nenzira yakajeka Bumbiro remitemo rinoriita rinopesvedzera zvikuru, sezvo zvisarudzo zvaro zvinobatanidza vamwe vatambi vose vehurumende uye zvinogona bedzi kushatiswa nemitemo kana kuti neDare rimene rinodzora zviitiko zvaro.

Vatongi vehurumende vanoita basa rinokosha mukudzivirira kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo, kupedza gakava pakati pamasangano ehurumende, kuvimbisa kutsanangurwa kwakafanana kwomutemo wehurumende, uye kuongorora zviito zvisina kurongwa nemapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika.

Bhuku Rekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Norusununguko

Mavambo Nokurevererwa Kwebhuku Ramaruramiro

Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba rakanga rine dziviriro shomanene dzakajeka nokuda kwamaruramiro omunhu oga, kusiiwa kwakaparira chishoro chikuru mukati mekurukurirano dzokuparadza. Anti-Fedalist yakataura kuti pasina mutezo wekodzero, hurumende itsva yehurumende ingatyisidzira rusununguko rwomunhu oga. Federalsts dzakapindura kuti maruramiro okuronga akanga asingadiwi nemhaka yokuti hurumende yaiva namasimba akaganhurirwa bedzi uye kuti kuronga dzimwe maruramiro kungareva kuti maruramiro asina kurondwa akavapo.

Kuchengetedzwa, Federal lists vakavimbisa kuwedzera mutongo wekodzero kupfurikidza negadziriro yokugadziridza. James Madison, pakutanga asina chokwadi nokudikanwa kwegadziridzo dzakadaro, akatungamirira muzvikarakadzo zvokunyora zvakatorwa mumabumbiro emitemo enyika uye rumbidzo dzekokorodzano. Congress yakatenderwa kugadziriswa kwegumi namaviri muna 1799, uye gumi yakasimbiswa nehurumende pakasvika 1791, achiva Bill of Rights.

Bill of Rights yakashanda pakuvamba bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende, kwete kuhurumende dzehurumende. Zvisinei, pashure peHondo yeChivili, Gemendment yeKineth Account Claus yakadudzirwa ku "chikamu cheRegly of Rights" zvinodzivirira zvizhinji, zvichiita kuti zvishande kuhurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomowo. Iyi dzidziso yakabatanidza yave iri chimwe chezvinoitika zvinokosha zvikurusa mumutemo wemitemo yeAmerica, ichitambanudza dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo rehurumende kuti richengetedze nyika pamwe chete nokuputsa maruramiro omutemo.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga: Kudzivirira Kutaura Nehana

Shanduro yeChitendero chaClaus inorambidza kugadza rudzidziso rwapamutemo (Chivako chaClaus) uye kudzivisa kushandiswa kwakasununguka kworudzidziso (Free Expression Claus).

Rusununguko rwokutaura runodzivirira maruramiro okutaura pfungwa nemirangariro pasina kuongororwa nehurumende kana kuti chirango. Iyi dziviriro inotambanukira kukutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kutaura kwounyanzvi, mufambiro wokufananidzira, uye kunyange mirangariro inogumbura kana kuti isina kukurumbira. Dare Gurusa rakaziva kuti gakava ravose rakasimba, kubatanidza kutsoropodzwa kwehurumende navakuru vakuru, rinokosha kukuita kuti uzvidzore. Zvisinei, mapoka akati okutaura akadai setyisidziro dzechokwadi, kunyandura kuchiito chokuda kusateerera mutemo, uye kushatiswa (h) kunowana dziviriro shomanene kana kuti kusatongodzivirirwa.

Rusununguko rwenhau runodzivirira zvinobudisa nhau pakunzverwa kwehurumende uye runogonesa vatori venhau kunzvera ndokushuma pamusoro penhau dzeitiro hanya yavose. Iyi dziviriro inobatira senzvero pasimba rehurumende uye inovimbisa kuti vagari vemo vanogamuchira mashoko anodikanwa nokuda kwokuzvidzora kwavo vamene vane ruzivo. Kubudisa rusununguko kunobatanidza dziviriro paganhuriro dzisati dzabudiswa uye pakurangwa nokuda kwokubudisa mashoko echokwadi pamusoro penhau dzeitiro hanya yavose.

Kodzero dzokuungana norugare uye dzokukumbira hurumende kuti ipedze kunyunyuta dzinodzivirira zviito zveboka uye kubatanidzwa mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Kuchinja Kechipiri: Kodzero Yokutakura Zvombo

Pesvetment yeChipiri inoti: “Aya Militia inosanodzorwa, achiva ari madikanwa kuchengetedzwa kweHurumende yakasununguka, maruramiro avanhu okuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo, haasati achizodziviswa. Kududzirwa kweiyi gadziridzo kwakakwikwidzwa zvikuru. Muna 2008, Dare Gurusa rakachengetwa muGwara reColumbia v. Heller kuti Second Amendment inodzivirira kodzero yomunhu oga yokuva nepfuti nokuda kwezvinangwa zvomutemo zvakadai sekodzero yokuzvitonga.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechina: Kudzivirirwa Pakutsvakurudza Kusina Upenzi

Chibvumirano cheChina chinodzivirira kunzverwa kusina mufungo nepfari, chichida kuti kuraira kutsigirwe nezvikonzero zvinobvira uye zvikurukuru kurondedzera nzvimbo dzinofanira kutsvakwa uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa.iyi dziviriro inodzivirira kuva voga nechengeteko pakuvhozhokera kwehurumende kwounyengeri. Kunoda kuti kuchengetwa kwomutemo kutonge kupiwa chiremera chokutonga pamberi pokunzvera nzvimbo dzapachivande kana kuti kutora vanhu kana kuti zvinhu, kuvimbisa kuti mutongi asina rutivi anoyera kana ruramiso yakakwana iripo.

Mutemo weGavhura wechina wazova wakaoma zvikuru sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runoita kuti pave nemano matsva okuongorora uye kariro itsva dzokuva woga. Matare akanetseka nemibvunzo pamusoro pokuongorora kwemagetsi, kuongorora foni dzeGPS, kuongorora serura, uye kuunganidzwa kwemashoko, achiedza kushandisa nheyo dzechigumi nenhamba gumi nesere kuzvinhu chaizvoizvo zvezana ramakore makumi maviri nezvishanu.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu: Kuitwa Kwakakodzera uye Kudzivirirwa Pakuzvishora

Gadziriro yeFinhla ine dziviriro dzinokosha dzinoverengeka nokuda kwavanhu vanopomerwa mhaka uye kuvaridzi vezvinhu. Inoda kupiwa mhaka kukuru nokuda kwemhaka dzakakomba dzedare rehurumende, inorambidza njodzi dzakapetwa kaviri (kana ukaedzwa kaviri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo), inodzivirira pakuzvimanikidza kuzviita, inovimbisa muitiro wakafanira womutemo pamberi pokurasikirwa noupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, uye inoda kubhadharwa bedzi apo hurumende inotora nzvimbo yapachivande nokuda kwokushandiswa navanhu vose.

Ropafadzo mukurwisana nokuzvituka, inowanzokumbirwa se "Kutora Chechishanu," inodzivirira vanhu pakumanikidzwa kuzvipupurira vamene mukuita utsotsi. Iyi dziviriro inoratidzira nheyo yokuti hurumende inofanira kubvumikisa mhaka yayo pasina kumanikidza mupomerwi kubatsira murovereri wavo vamene. Miranda yakakurumbira inofanira kupa nyevero pamberi pebvunzurudzo youdzori inobva muiyi Find Amendment.

Hurumende inonzi The Status Procession Claus inoda kuti itevere miitiro yakanaka isati yanyima vanhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu.

Kuchinja Kwechitanhatu: Kodzero Dzeakapomerwa

Dare Rechitanhatu Rekudzora rinovimbisa kodzero dzinoverengeka kuvanhu vanopomerwa mhosva: kodzero yokutongwa nokukurumidza uye neyavose, kodzero yedare rinobetsera vatongi risina rusaruro, kodzero yokuudzwa mhosva, kodzero yokutaura neZvapupu, kodzero yokumanikidzwa kuti vawane zvapupu zvakanaka, uye kodzero yokubatsira kupa zano.

Kodzero yezano inokosha zvikuru. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarangarira kuti vapomeri vanopomerwa mhaka vanofanira kupiwa magweta pandyiko dzehurumende mumhaka umo kuiswa mutorongo chirango chinobvira.Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti gadziriro yeruramisiro haisati ichizova gadziriro ine zvinhu zviviri umo vapfumi bedzi vanogamuchira mirau yakakwana yapamutemo.

Kuchinja Kwechisere: Kurambidzwa Kwechirango Choutsinye Nechisina Kuzivikanwa

Chirango Choutsinye Nechisiri Chomuzvarirwo chaClaus chakadudzirwa kurambidza kutambudzwa, zvirango zvoutsinye, uye zvirango zvisingaenzaniswi nemhosva yacho. Chave chiri chinhu chikuruwo panharo pamusoro pechirango cherufu, neDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa richitaura kuti chirango chorufu hachisati chiri chechinogaro chetsika asi kuti kushandisirwa kwacho kunofanira kusvitsa dziviriro dzakati dzomuzvarirwo uye hakugoni kuiswa nokuda kwemhosva dzakati kana kuti mapoka evatadzi.

Mitemo Yechina Neyechigumi: Yakakodzerwa Nekodzero Dzakachengetwa

Ninth Amendment inokurukura itiro hanya yeFederal Federal itiro hanya yokuti kuronga maruramiro kungadudzirwa kuramba kana kuti kubvisa dzimwe maruramiro anochengetwa navanhu.Inojekesa kuti kurongwa kwamaruramiro akati muBumbiro reMitemo hakurevi kuti dzimwe maruramiro haapo. Iyi tsigiro yakadudzwa setsigiro yokuziva maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo asina kurongwa akadai seakavanzika.

Kugadziridzwa uku kunoshanda sehwaro hwehurumende uye uchangamire hwehurumende, kunyange zvazvo mugumisiro wakwo unoshanda wakasiyana munhau yose zvichitsamira pakuti masimba ehurumende akakura sei akatsanangurwa.

Kuchinja Kwakatevera: Kuwedzera Kodzero Nokuvandudza Chirongwa

Kugadziridza Kuchinjira Kumwe: Kuchinja Ugari hweAmerica

Mitemo yegumi nemitatu, yegumi negumi nerechigumi nemiviri, yakasimbiswa mushure meHondo yevagari vemo, yakashandura zvikuru mutemo wemitemo yeAmerica. Hurumende yeHarth Amendment yakabvisa uranda nouranda hwokusazvidira muUnited States yose, pakupedzisira ichibvisa sangano rakanga rapikisa nheyo dzokutanga dzenyika yacho uye yakaita kuti pave nehondo yakanyanya kuteura ropa munhau yeAmerica.

Chinorambidza kuderedza ropafadzo kana kuti kudzivirira vagari vemo, kunyima munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti pfuma pasina mutemo wakakodzera, uye kurambidza munhu upi noupi kudzivirira mitemo.

Kudzivirira Claus kwave kuri nheyo yorugwaro inodenha mitemo yerusaruraganda nemiitiro. Yakanga iri chinhu chikuru kuchisarudzo cheDare rapamusorosoro muv. Board of Education, iyo yakazivisa kusarura chikoro kusingawirirani nehurumende, uye yakashandisirwa kukurira rusaruro runobva parudzi, vatano, mavambo orudzi, uye mamwe mavara. Dare reST Procession Claus rakadudzirwa kubatanidza Bill yekodzero dzinodzivirira pachiito chehurumende uye kudzivirira kodzero dzinokosha kubatanidza kuva wogaro, roorano, uye rudzi.

Pasinei zvapo neiyi dziviriro, vaAmerica veAfrica vakatarisana nokuparadzaniswa kwakarongwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera, mitero yokuvhota, uye masimba masimba kwerinodokusvika zana ramakore kutozosvikira sangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo neVoting Rights Act ya 1965 pakupedzisira raita kuti chipikirwa chokugadziridza chipikirwa chacho chive chechokwadi.

Kuwedzera Kubatanidzwa Kwemadhimoni

Kugadziridza kwakawanda kwakakudza maruramiro okuvhota nokutora rutivi kwehurumende. Seventeenth Amendment yakatanga sarudzo yakananga yavasandeta. I Amendement, yakasimbiswa muna 1920 pashure pamakumi amakore echiito chokunyoresa, yakarambidza kurambira maruramiro okuvhota pavatano, pakupedzisira kuchitambanudzira kuvhota kuvakadzi munyika yose. Kudzorwa kweMitemo yeChibvumirano yamakumi maviri neThitatu kwakapa vagari veRuwa rweColumbia maruramiro okuvhota vvumbiso. Gadziro reFota reFourth raibvisa mitero yokuvhotera muvhotaro yehurumende. Uye makumi maviri namatatu eSixth Refenso, raidzo dzakadzorwa muna 1971, rakaderera zera rechisere, richiziva kuti avo vakura zvakakwana kuiswa basa rehondo vanofanira kuva nekodzero yokuvhota.

Kudzikamisa Kunoumbwa uye Kududzirwa

Dzimwe gadziridzo dzakanatsa gadziriro yehurumende nemiitiro. Twelfth Amendment yakagadziridza Electoral College kuti idzivise zvinetso zvakamuka mukusarudza kwa1800. Twentieth Amendment yakachinja misi yamavambo emitemo yeconformation nepresidentiant, kubvisa nguva refu ye "dondanda". Gamendement yakaganhurirwa purezidhendi kumashoko maviri. Amakumi maviri-fi5th Amendment yakatanga miitiro yetepial profection nerence. Uye Mitezo yeChinear-Sventh Demendement, yakakarakadzwa pakuvamba muna 1789 asi isina kutenderwa kutozosvikira muna 1992, inorambidza mubhadharo weRepanyo yeRendero refu kubva mukushanda kusvikira pashure pokuvhota.

Kududzira Bumbiro reMitemo: Kutsunga Kunoita Kuti Zvinoreva Zvivepo

Kutanga Nokuomerera Kumitemo Kupenyu

Imwe yekurukurirano hurusa mumutemo webumbiro remitemo ine chokuita nokuti Bumbiro remitemo rinofanira kuturikirwa sei.Vatsigiri vemavambo vanotaura kuti gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinofanira kunzwisiswa mukuwirirana nerevo yadzo yapakuvamba — zvimwe vavariro yavagadziri kana kuti nzwisiso yavose yorugwaro panguva yokukwenesesa. Iyi nzira inosimbisa kuvimbika kuBumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa uye kuva pamutemo kwehurumende, vachiramba kuti vatongi vasina kurongwa havafaniri kuisa mipimo yavo vamene asi vanofanira kushandisa mutemo sezvawakanzwisiswa pakuvamba.

Vatsigiri vebumbiro remitemo vanotsinhira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinofanira kuturikirwa mukuwirirana nemigariro yapanguva ino, mipimo, uye nzwisiso. Vanoomerera kuti vagadziri vakanyorwa mumashoko akafara, anozivikanwa navose kubvumira chaizvoizvo kuchinjika munguva ino uye kuti kuomerera kwakakomba kunzwisiso dzezana ramakore gumi namasere kungaparira miuyo isina mufungo kana kuti isina kururama munzanga yazvino uno. Iyi nzira inosimbisa simba reBumbiro remitemo rokushanduka ndokuramba rakakodzera mumigariro inochinja.

Vatongi vakawanda nenyanzvi vanoshandisa nzira dzakawanda dzokududzira nadzo, kusanganisira mashoko, kunzwisisa kwepakutanga, muenzaniso, marongerwo, chinangwa, uye migumisiro inoshanda. Kurema kunopiwa pachinhu chimwe nechimwe kunosiyana zvichienderana nouzivi hwemuturikiri uye mubvunzo chaiwo webumbiro remitemo unotaurwa.

Basa Remberi

Dzidziso yokutarira nokutarira − chiLatin nokuda kwe "kumira kupfurikidza nezvinhu zvinosarudzwa""), inotsigira kuti matare anofanira kutevera zvaasati asarudza. Gadziriro dzinosimudzira dzikamo, kufanodeya kuenzana, uye kuenzana kupfurikidza nokubata nhau dzakafanana. Inoremekedzawo uchenjeri hwakaunganidzwa hwavatongi vekare uye inodzivisa nyongano yaizovapo kudai mubvunzo uri wose webumbiro remitemo wakanga usingachinjiki kukurangarirazve.

Zvisinei, muenzaniso hauna kudzorwa chose chose. Dare Gurusa rakakurira zvisarudzo zvaro zvapamberi apo rakapwiswa kuti vaisarudzwa nenzira yakaipa kana kuti vakava vasingashandwi. Mienzaniso yetsika inobatanidza Brown v. Board of Education preuling Plessy v. Ferguson kutendera kwedzinza, uye Obergefell v. Hodges as arruling Baker v. Kudzikwa kwaNelson kwezvirevo zvakafanana zveroorano youtere. Kupesana pakati pemsoro petsika nokururamisa zvikanganiso kunoramba kuri denho huru mutruudzo.

Bumbiro Remitemo Muupenyu HweAmerica Hwenguva Ino

Zvinetso Zvebumbiro Remitemo Muzera Renhamba

Bumbiro reMitemo rinotarisana nedenho itsva munguva yokuchinja kweruzivo rwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Kukurukurirana kwemaInternet, zvinobudisa mashoko, uye kuunganidzwa kwemashoko kwakapararira kunomutsa mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro pekuva woga, kutaura kwakasununguka, uye simba rehurumende. Kudzivirira kwechina kunoshanda sei pakuongorora kusina musoro pafoni, matombo, uye paInternet kutsvakwa kwenhau? Mitemo yeFirst Amendment inofanira sei kudzora zviteshinanwa zvenzanga zvenzanga zvemazuva ano zvinoshanda sezvirongwa zvemakambani ehurumende asi zviri zvemunhu oga?

Madare navaiti vemiitiro vanoparapatika kushandisa nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo kuidzi migariro mitsva. Vamwe vanotaura kuti nheyo dzavose dzeBumbiro reMitemo dzakapfava zvakakwana kugona kubvumiranisa chinjo yeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Vamwe vanotaura kuti kugadziridza kukuru kwebumbiro remitemo kuri madikanwa. Idzi nharo dzichaumba nguva yemberi yomutemo webumbiro remitemo nenzanga yeAmerica.

Nharo Dzinopfuurira Pamusoro Perevo yeBumbiro reMitemo

Nharo dzeContemporary reConfected dzinobatanidza mhatsa huru dzenhau. Mibvunzo pamusoro pesimba ravakuru vakuru (8) kubatanidza ukuru hwechiremera chapurezidhendi muchengeteko yenyika, kutama, uye migariro yengozi . Gakava reFederal rinoramba richipfuurira sezvo kurwisana kwehurumende uye hurumende inopesana pamusoro poutano, murairo wemhoteredzo, kuchengetwa kwezvokubuda munyika, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzemitemo. Ukuru hwekodzero dzekodzero dzomunhu oga, kubatanidza kodzero dzepfutipfuti, kodzero dzokubereka, uye kodzero dzeLGBTQ, zvinoparira gakava rakakura. Uye mibvunzo pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhotera, gegerryderinging, mari yezve, uye Electoral College inomutsa nhau dzinokosha pamusoro pomufananidzo wedemocracy neult.

Kukakavadzana uku kunoratidza kusabvumirana kwechokwadi pamusoro perevo yebumbiro remitemo, mipimo inokwikwidzana, uye zviono zvakasiyana - siyana zvenzanga yeAmerica.

Bumbiro Remitemo Nokuchinja Zvematongerwe Enyika

Munhambo yokuparadzaniswa kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika, Bumbiro reMitemo rinobatira zvose zviri zviviri sechinhu chimwe uye senzvimbo inokwikwidzana.

Kuchengeta hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kunoda kwete bedzi zvivako zvapamutemo zvamagamuchidzanwa asiwo mirau yemasanga, tsungiriro, uye kudisa kugamuchira kukundwa kwevhoti nezvisarudzo zvakashata zvapamutemo. Apo iyi miitiro inoparadzwa, system inova ine dziviriro kukudzokera kuhurumende yedemocracy. Kusimbisa gamuchidzanwa rebumbiro remitemo [“kuzvipira kwebumbiro remitemo nemiitiro, NW] kunokosha mukuchengeta hurumende yebumbiro remitemo.

Nei Kudzidza Kunoitwa Nebumbiro Remitemo Kuchikosha Kuvagari Vomunyika

Kupa Simba Kushanda Nezivo

Kunzwisisa Bumbiro Remitemo kunobatsira vagari vemo kuti vabudirire mukuita zvehurumende.Kudzidza kunoitwa nevanhu kunobatsira kuti vaongorore nyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika, kuziva kana kodzero dzavo dzichityisidzirwa, kuitisana nharo dzakajeka pamusoro pemitemo yavose, uye kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vazvidavirire.

Kunzwisisa kuti nei vagadziri vemabumbiro emitemo vachiongorora uye vachiisa miganhu yehurumende, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinoumba nharaunda kunobatsira vagari vemo kunzwisisa mabasa akakodzera ehurumende dzakasiyana - siyana uye zvikonzero zvemasangano emitemo zvingaita seanovhiringidza kana kuti seasingabatsiri.

Kudzivirira Kodzero Nerusununguko

Vagari havagoni kudzivirira maruramiro avo nenzira inobudirira kana vasingazivi kuti kodzero idzodzo ndedzipi. Kunyora nemitemo yeBumbiro reMitemo kunoita kuti vanhu vazive apo rusununguko rwavo rwuri kuputswa uye kuita chiito chakakodzera (zvingava kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kupiwa mhaka, kana kuti zvimwe mitoo. Kunobetsera vanhu kunzwisisa ganhuriro dzechiremera chehurumende nedziviriro dzinowanika apo hurumende inodarika ganhuriro idzodzo.

Uyezve, kudzivirira kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo hakungorevi kuti vanhu vadzivirire kodzero dzavo chete asi kuti vatsigire kodzero dzevamwe, kusanganisira dzavanopesana nadzo.

Kusimudzira Mutoro Wechakabatana

Hurumende yeBumbiro reMitemo inotsamira pakuva mugari wemo anoshingaira, achiziva. Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadzira gadziriro yokuzvitonga, asi kuti inoshanda bedzi apo vagari vemo vanoita mitoro yavo yehurumende: kuramba vachiziviswa pamusoro penhau dzavose, kutora rutivi mumatare anobetsera, kubatira pamatare edare, kuremekedza kodzero dzavamwe, uye kutsigira masangano ebumbiro remitemo nemitemo.

Kunyora nokunyora kwebumbiro remitemo kunosimudzira mutoro wehurumende kupfurikidza nokubetsera vagari vomunyika kunzwisisa basa ravo mugadziriro yebumbiro remitemo. Kunojekesa kuti hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hausi mutambo unocherechedzwa asi inoda kutora rutivi nokungwarira kunopfuurira. Kunosimbisa kuti kodzero dzinouya nemitoro uye kuti rusununguko runotsamira pakudisa kwevagari vemo kuita basa rakaoma rokuzvishandisa vamene.

Kuparadza Kubatana Kworudzi

Murudzi rwakasiana - siana rune miganhu mikuru yezvamatongerwe enyika, yetsika, uye yepfungwa, Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa donzo rimwe chetero.Iro rinogadza nheyo nemiitiro zvinogoverana izvo zvinokurira kukakavadzana kwakati kwemiitiro. Kurava nokunyora kunobetsera kusimudzira chinzwano chorudzi kupfurikidza nokusimbisa izvo vaAmerica vanogoverana kuhurumende yebumbiro remitemo, kutonga kwomutemo, kodzero yomunhu oga, uye kuzvitonga kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kunyange pakati pezvikamu zvekusabvumirana pamusoro pemitemo yakananga kana kuti rondedzero dzebumbiro remitemo.

Kunzwisisa Bumbiro reMitemo kunosimudzirawo kuonga tsika yemitemo yeAmerica uye kunetseka kuti zvizivikanwe sei. Kunobatanidza vagari vemo nenhau dzavo uye chirongwa chinopfuurira chokuvaka “Mubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru. ”

Zviwanikwa Zvokudzidza Zvakawanda Pamusoro Pebumbiro Remitemo

Nokuda kwavagari vanotsvaka kukudza zivo yavo yebumbiro-mitemo, zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvinowanika. National Archives inogovera kusvika kuBumbiro remitemo rapakuvamba nezvishandiso zvedzidzo zvakakura. Constitution Center yeNational Center [ muPhiladelphia] inopa zviratidziro zvokupa, mapurogiramu edzidzo, uye zvinhu zvepaIndaneti zvinonzvera nhau yebumbiro remitemo nenhau dzazvino uno. Mayunivhesiti mazhinji namasangano anopa makosi apachena paIndaneti pamusoro pomutemo wemitemo nehurumende yeAmerica.

Kurava manyuko makuru — kubatanidza Bumbiro reMitemo rimene, Federalist Papers, mirangariro yeDare Rapamusorosoro, uye magwaro enhau zvinobatanidza kubatanidzwa kwakananga nepfungwa dzebumbiro remitemo. Kunzvera mifungo yakasiana - siana pamibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo, kubva kuuzivi hwakasiana - siana kusvikira kurondedzero dzounyanzvi dzinokwikwidzana, kunobetsera kutanga nzwisiso inojeka yebumbiro remitemo. Uye kutora rutivi muupenyu hwehurumende , kubatanidzwa mukurukurirano dzemataundi, kuvhota, uye kuramba uchiziviswa pamusoro pezvinoitika zvazvino unoumba murairo unochinja zivo yebumbiro remitemo kubva murondedzero inoshanda.

Kupedzisa: Bumbiro Remitemo Sebasa Rinopfuurira

Bumbiro reMitemo harisi gwaro renhau kana kuti repamutemo rinoramba richiumba hurumende yeAmerica nenzanga mazana maviri emakore pashure pokusikwa kwayo. Tsungiriro yayo inoratidza uchenjeri hwemagadzirirwo ayo (8) kusanodzikamiswa kwemasimba, kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzinokosha, nzira dzokuchinja zvine rugare(/) uye kuedza kupfuurira kwezvizvarwa zvinotevedzana kutsanangura, kushandisa, uye pane dzimwe nguva kugadzirisa gadziriro dzayo dzokugadzirisa zvinetso zvitsva uye kuita zvakavimbiswa zvadzo zvizere.

Bumbiro reMitemo rakabvumikisa kuva rinochinjika nenzira inoshamisa, richibvumira chinjo huru munzanga yeAmerica, upfumi, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye uwandu hwevanhu uku richichengeta chimiro charo chinokosha nenheyo. Rakapukunyuka hondo yavagari vemo, kuderera kwemari, hondo dzenyika, uye kuchinja kukuru kwenzanga.

Kunzwisisa Bumbiro reMitemo kunokosha nokuda kwomugari weAmerica ari wose. Kunopa vanhu simba rokutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira muupenyu hwedemocracy, kudzivirira maruramiro avo nekodzero dzavamwe, kuita kuti hurumende izvidavirire, uye kubetsera kugadziriro inopfuurira yebumbiro remitemo rokuzvitonga. Kudzidza kupfurikidza nebumbiro remitemo hakusi zivo yedzidzo chete asi uchenjeri hunoshanda hunodikanwa kuti pave nehurumende yakasununguka uye kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu.

Vagadziri vakagadzira Bumbiro reMitemo nokuda kwedu timene neTsitsi," vachiziva kuti chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kuva voga vehurumende yebumbiro-mitemo ndokuichinjira kumigariro yavo apo chinoramba chakatendeka kunheyo dzaro dzinokosha. Mutoro iwoyo zvino unosvika kwatiri. Kupfurikidza nokudzidza pamusoro peBumbiro remitemo, kuva nemibvunzo yebumbiro-mitemo, kutora rutivi muupenyu hwehurumende, uye kutsigira masangano ebumbiro remitemo nemitemo, tinokudza nhaka yavagadziri ndokuita musengwa wedu wokuchengeta hurumende yebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi.

Bumbiro reMitemo rine chokuita nemhaka yokuti rinogadza gadziriro youpenyu hwedu tose savagari vemo vehurumende yakasununguka. Rinodzivirira kodzero dzedu, zvivako zvehurumende yedu, uye rinobatanidza zvishuvo zvedu zvakakwirira zvikurusa zveruramisiro, rusununguko, uye kuzvidzora. Muzera rekupesana kwezvamatongerwe enyika nechinjo nokukurumidza, Bumbiro reMitemo rinoramba riri nhaka yedu tose uye mutoro wedu wakagoverwa, (8a testament kusimba rinogara rehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye chiyeuchidzo chokuti basa rokuvaka "Mubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru" harisati ratongopedzwa.