Mitoro yehurumende dzinoumba mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende dzeAmerica ehurumende, achiumba upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwemamiriyoni kupfurikidza nedzidzo, chengeteko yavose, utano, gadziriro, mhoteredzo, uye ruramisiro. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. richipa masimba akati kuhurumende yehurumende, Tenth Amendrament inochengeta mamwe masimba ose kunyika. Aya masimba haasati ari ekare; anoedzwa uye anorondedzerwa kupfurikidza nezvinoitika chaizvoizvo izvo zvinogadza muenzaniso wapamutemo uye zvinozivisa denho dzinoshanda dzehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera zvisarudzo zvedare renhau nezvinoitika zvinokosha, tinogona kuona kuti kutaura kwacho kunozadzika sei namabasa azvo anokosha.

Dzidzo Nezvikoro Zvavose

Dzidzo zvichida mutoro unooneka zvikurusa wehurumende dzehurumende. Nyika dzinodikanwa kugovera dzidzo yavose, kugadza mipimo yedzidzo, vadzidzisi vanotenderwa, uye kugovera mari. Ukuru hwebasa iri hwakaumbwa nenzira inoshamisa nenhau yeDare Gurusa ra 1954 Brown v. Board yeDzor [, iyo yakazivisa kuti rusarura dzinza muzvikoro zvehurumende rwakaputsa Externet Clause of the 1450th Amendment. Iyi chisarudzo chakamanikidzira nyika kubvisa de jureclic, kusimbisa basa redzidzo yakaenzana nokuda kwomwana ari wose. Nepo kutonga kwakanga kuri pfundo rokuchinja, kuitwa kwakasiana - siyana zvikuru munyika, kuchitungamirira kumakumi amakore ehondo dzinorenda reOct.

Kutsigira Kushandisa Zvikoro Nokuenzana

Hurumende dzinodzorawo kuti zvikoro zvehurumende zvinotsigirwa sei nemari, kazhinji kazhinji zvichitsamira zvikuru pamitero yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo. Iyi gadziriro yakadenhwa mu San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez [1773]. Hurumende dzinotonga kuti nzira yokutsigira nayo mari yeTexas yakaparira kusawirirana kukuru pakati pemaruwa akapfuma nearombo, kuputsa Budhession. Dare repamusoro redare rinotonga kuti dzidzo haisi maruramiro makuru pasi peBumbiro remitemo remitemo. Chisarukirechekunzecheche roruboshwe kuisa mari padzoro padzoro yavo vamene. Zvikamu zvizhinjisarudzi zvakatarisana nedziro yedare redzidzo yazvo. [[FLT:]

Mipimo Yegadziriro Nokuzvidavirira

Kupfuura mari, nyika dzinogadza mipimo yedzidzo nezvinodikanwa zvokuedza. No Child Lend Behind Act (2001) uye gare gare The All Students Receeds Act (2015) chiremera chakabva mumativi pamusoro pezviito zvokuzvidavirira. Somuenzaniso, matauriro akafanana naMassachusetts akagamuchira gadziriro dzakakomba idzo kazhinji kazhinji dzinopfuura avhareji yenyika, nepo vamwe vakatarisana netsoropodzo nokuda kwemipimo yokuderedza mipimo. Zviimo zvapachokwadi zvakadai se [FLT:] Horne v. Flres [2009] akanzvera kana purogiramu dzechiNgezi Language Learchiener dzidzo dzichigona kuva nezvinodikanwa zvinogoverwa nomutemo, kusimbisa basa rehurumende kuvimbisa kuti mitemo yedzidzo ibatire vadzidzi vose nenzira inobudirira. Kuoma kwendangariro kuripo pakati pehurumende uye kudzikamataro yehurumende inoita kuti nzvimbo ive iri yebasa.

Utano Hwavose Nechengeteko

Hurumende ndiwo mutsetse wakatanhamara woutano hwavanhu vose, kudzora zvirwere, kudzora kwechipatara, mabasa ezvokurapa, uye kutarisirwa kweinishuwarenzi youtano. Chisarudzo chechiratidzo Jaconson v. Massachusetts (05) inosimbisa simba remapurisa rehurumende rokuita kuti mitemo yokudzivirira inomanikidzirwa nokuda kwezvakanaka zvakafanana. Iye airamba Jacobson nhomba yenho yenhomba, achiipopotodza; Dare rapamusoro rakatsigira kodzero yehurumende yokuda kudzivirira, kudzikanisa kodzero youtano hwenzanga. Mhaka iyi inoramba iri pakati pemirayiro yemazuva ano pazvinodzivisa kuurayana, zvikurukuru mukati mepuko, apo hurumende dzinoshandisa mabhakitiji, majeko, uye majekise ezvo.

Kugadzirira Kwekurumidziro Nemhinduro Yengwavaira

Nyika dzine mutoro mukuru wokugadzirira nokupindura njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga uye njodzi dzoutano. Kupindura kune ngwavaira ku Hurricane Katrina muna 2005 kwakaratidza kukundikana kukuru mugadziriro dzemamiriro engozi enyika. Kudzorwa kweLouisiana kwenhano, kusakwanisa kubatana nesangano rehurumende, uye kukundwa kwepfuma yemo yakatungamirira kuzviuru zvenzufu nokutambura kukuru. Kupfuurira kunzvera ne [[FLT:] Government Accountrity Office [[ yakarumbidza kugadziriswa kukuru kwegadziriro dzenhau. Nhasi, kufanana neFlorida neTexas ine mhinduro dzinokurudzira njodzi, asi zvinoitika sePreat Puerto Rico (U. nyika inona mativi akaenzana nemitoro inoenderera mberi.]

Utano Hwemhoteredzo Nemhepo Yakachena

Hurumende dzinodzivirirawo utano hwavanhu kupfurikidza nemirau yemhoteredzo. Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency [2007], Dare Gurusa rakasarudza kuti EPA raiva nechiremera chokudzora magasi evhuvhuvhu pasi peEconmor Act, asi mhaka yakatangwa nehurumende inotsvaka kumanikidza basa renyika. Chisarudzo ichi chakasimbisa kodzero dzehurumende kukusvudzira masangano ehurumende nokuda kwokukundikana kudzivirira mhoteredzo. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neCalifornia, dzakapfuurira nokushandisa mipimo yadzoro yezvidzoreso. Dare reNhaviro dzemo dzemo dzemo dzemo. [FLT]

Zvekufambisa Nezvirongwa

Hurumende dzine uye dzinochengeta ruzhinji rwenzira dzenyika, migwagwa mikuru, mabhiriji, uye gadziriro dzokufambisa vanhu vose. Dzinodzorawo kutengeserana kwepasi, kubudisa maraise emotokari, uye kugadza mitemo yemotokari. Kubatanidza pakati pehurumende nehurumende muchokufambisa kwakaoma, sezvinoratidzirwa ne United States v. California[FLT][1] [19978]. Muchiitiko ichocho, Dare rapamusoro reCalifornia rakarova mutemo unorwisana nemitemo yenjanjiso yemumumumubatanidzwa, uchisimbisazve Suprey Clausleace. Zvisinei, rinochengeta chiremera chakafara pamusoro pemigwagwa yomunzvimbomo necho. Kuwa kwa [FLT] mugwagwa weMissippistster [F] 35] [FF] [FF3]

Kutsigira Zvirongwa Zvokuvaka

Hurumende dzinovimba nemitero yezvitoro zvehurumende, mitero yemotokari, uye mari yehurumende yokutsigira. American Recovement and Reinvestment Act ya2009] yaidururira mabhiriyoni mudanho rehurumende "shovel-agara", inokurudzira upfumi hwenzvimbo apo inogadzirisa migwagwa nebhuroko. [FLT:] [FLT] Indacrect and Jobs Act [201] (201) inoita mamwe mabhiriyoni 500 000 000 enyika kuti idzorese. Zvirongwa zvokuvaka , kutarisira zvivako zvakaparadzwa, uye kuvimbisa nokuhwirudzura mhoteredzo. Masumo akadai [FLD] FRAF]

Kuchinja Kworuzhinji Nokuchinja

Nyika dzinotarisirawo zviremera zvezvokufambisa zvavose − zvakadai seMTA kana kuti California yeNew York. Masangano aya anotarisana nedenho huru: gadziriro dzezvirongwa zvokukwegura, kuperevedza kwezvishandiso, uye mitoo inochinja vafambi. Nhenda yeCHOVID yakaparadza kufamba, inotungamirira kuhurumende purogiramu yemazambuko nemitoo mitsva yakaita semichina yemichina yemuNew York City yakarongwa. Manyika zvino ari kuedza nemotokari dzinoshanda, motokari dzemagetsi dzinodaidza michina, uye michina yemagetsi inodzorwa. Cali forfign quel Ral Authority Ral Officey muenzaniso unopesana wetsika yediviro yezvinzvimbo, uye mari inonono-pfumba iripo pamusoro pehondo dzemitemo. Zvisarudzo izvi zvinoratidzira zviitiko zvemitemo.

Kudzivirirwa Kwemhoteredzo

Mutemo wemhoteredzo mutoro unogoverwa nehurumende, asi masangano anowanzoshanda samarabhoritari ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kupfurikidza nokuisa mipimo yorumano. Chinoitika che Massachusetts v. EPA (2007), yadudzwa pakuvamba, akapa hurumende dzakamira kukwidza hurumende panhau dzemamiriro enzvimbo. Asi hurumende dzinoitawo chiito chakananga: dzinodzora kunaka kwemvura pasi poMutezo wemvura, dzinodzora tsvina ine ngozi, uye dzinochengetedza nyika dzavose. Hotting Acts Act (AFLT)[FFFFF:3] yakagadza zvisakiso zvamasimba okushatsa. Dzimwe nyika dzakaitawo rudzi rwetsika yerudzi.

Kumanikidzwa Nezvipfeko Zvevagari Vemo

Hurumende dzinoita kuti mitemo yemhoteredzo iitwe kupfurikidza namasangano akafanana neTexas Commission on Environmental Sceous kana kuti California Department of Pesticicide Regation. Zvisinei, kuchengetwa kunogona kuva kusina kufanira. Nhau ye Gwaltney yeSthfield v. Chesapeake Bay Foundation [[FLL:] [1987] [1987]) yakajekesa kuti vagari vemo vanogona kubvisa tsvinyiswo yemvura nokuda kwokuputsa mutemo wePitton, kunyange kana sangano rehurumende rikaramba kuita chiito. Iri "gweta rehurumende" rinochengeta kuzvidavirira. Imwe yetsika inokosha inhamburiko yebasa raparuzhinji [[FLT:] New York York Commissionsionsiontion’s , rinotsinhirana zviitiko zvekwaro pamusoro pezvakapoteredza zvehurumende.

Kushandiswa Kwenyika Nezviwanikwa

Nyika dzinodzora nyika dzavose mukati memiganho yadzo (dzinoisa nyika dzehurumende dzakafanana nepaki dzerudzi). Dzinodzorawo nyika yavanhu kushandiswa kupfurikidza nokuvaka nokuparadza mhoteredzo. Kutora rugwaro (8) apo murairo wehurumende unoparadza nenzira inobudirira ukoshi hwezvinhu (inotungamirira kukuita kuti irambe iripo. Mu Lucas v. South Carolinal Council [[FLLM]] [1992], Dare rapamusoro rakatonga kuti muridzi wevhu anofanira kuripirwa apo mutemo wehurumende unorambidza kushandiswa kwepfuma kwezvinhu zvose zvinobetsera. Iyi mhaka ino inomanikidzirwa kusano kuringa dziviriro nekodzero dzemhoteredzo. Magariro mazhinji akaita kupfurikidza nokuita "mabhangidzo okuchengetedza" kana kuti pave nekodzero dzokuita pasina kurambidza pamutemo.

Ruramisiro Yeutsotsi Nokuchengeteka Kwavanhu

Hurumende dzinotarisira gadziriro yeruramisiro youtsotsi: dzinogadza zvirango, madhipatimendi emapurisa, dzinotarisira majeri, uye dzinopa chirango. Nhau ye Furman v. Georgia [772] yakapedza chirango chorufu sepanguva iyeyo, ichiiwana kuva inobvumirwa nerapato. Yakatungamirira kurusamisiro yenyika yose uye pakupedzisira kuidzo dzoruwa uye pakupedzisira kukuita kuti dziparadze chirango cherufu chose chose chose, nepo mimwe mitemo yakahwirudzurwa kuti isvitse mipimo yemitemo yapamutemo. Greggv. [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [6] [6] chisarudzo chapamutemo, chinotungamirirwa, asi kutaura chifo chakapfuurira kutsinhirana nokuuraya. Sango 2025, zviratidzo zvisingawanzowanwanwa nezvinonzi zvinopfuurwa zviri pamutemo.

Kugadzirisa Zvirango

Gakava rouzivi pakati pechirango nokudzorerwa kumugariro wakanaka. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neTexas, dzakaisa zvikuru purogiramu dze "progress" dzokuderedza kutsiva, dzakadai se Trexas Reententation and Integition Services. Dzimwe, kufanana neCalifornia, dzakaderedza zviverengero zvetorongo kupfurikidza negadziriso redare ramatsotsi seProced 47, izvo zvakabatanidzazve mhaka dzakati kuti dzisina masimba masimba kubva kuhoshoo kuidzorwa. Mhaka ye Brown. Plata[FLT] [FLT] [3] [3] [20] inomanikidzirwa kuderedza migariro yayo yetorongo inodzorwa, kudzosa tarisiro yendangariro yezvoutano rwendangariro runoputsa iyi nhambo yenhau huru. Chino chakatanhamara chisatidzodzodzodzodzo hachi chisati chavanhu chinokwanisa kugovera migariro yemiteshidzodzodzodzo kuzivisa migariro yemitezo yemitezo inodzo, matare yazvinodzo

Kuchinja Kwemapurisa Nokuchengeteka Kwenzanga

Hurumende dzakagadzawo mipimo yokurovedza mutemo, kushandiswa kwesimba, uye kuzvidavirira. Kupondwa kwaGeorge Floyd muna 2020 kwakamutsa fungu rechinjo yamapurisa enzvimbo dzapamusoro, kubatanidza zvirambidzo panzvimbo dzinotsakatiswa, makamera echikwaniriso echikwata, uye kubviswa kwevakuru vakuru. Somuenzaniso, [[FLT]] Minnesota [[FLT] [1] [[FLT] yakapfura 50-a, mutemo wakanga wadzivirira zvinyorwa zvamapurisa. Zvisinei, kutaura kuti kugadziriswa nokuchengetedzwa kwapachena, kuwirirana kwakaonekwa mumhoshonga youtsotsi muna 20202020, uye [[FLT:] New York York [FLT] [F:] [FLT]]

Kubudirira Kwemari Nemasangano Enzanga

Kupfuura nzvimbo dzapakati, dzinotaura kuti anoita basa guru mukubudirira kwezvemari negarikano. Vanoshandisa inishuwarenzi yokushaya mabasa, vanogovera betsero yemari yechinguvana (TANF), uye vanodzora misika yebasa. Chinoitika che Dandridge v. Williams[[[FLT:]] [1970]) (1970) yakatsigira muitiro weMaryland wekubhadhara mari yemari yegamuro, pasinei zvapo nouwanduko hwemhuri, kusimbisa nyika inobetsera mukubetsera mwero. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, CHOVIID-19 yakawana mibayiro yemari yakawedzera, tarisiro yevana, uye kubvisa mitero. United States inokwezva mabhizimisi kupfurikidza nerovedzo yemitero yehondo pakati penyika, uko kubvumira upfumi (se FFFOLD [12],[5]) kugoveranwa kwehondo yakavimbisa kuti: [Madoko-4]

Kuchengeteka Kwevashandi Nemitemo Yevashandi

Nyika dzinogona kugamuchira gadziriro dzadzo dzimene dzekotsekano yebasa nedzeutano kana dzichisvitsa mipimo yehurumende (CAL/OSA muenzaniso mumwe). Dzakagadzawo mibairo mishomanene pamusoro pouriri hwehurumende (maruwa anenge 299 neD.C. zvino ine mubhadharo wakakwirira wakakwirira. Nhau ye Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transitan Authority [[[FLL:1]] [1985]) yakashandisa mitemo yehurumende inoripira vashandi, ichisimbisa kuti nyika dzinofanira kuwirirana nemipimo yebasa renyika. Bva nyika dzinochengeta simba rokupfuura mitemo yakarurama yebasa rakarurama, miraungano, uye kubhadhara mirayiro. Muitiro wehurumende kusipo inobhadharo mumarudzi akafanana neNew York, California uye Washington dzinoratidzira kuti itsika dzinodai migaroi migano yokushanda zvakanaka.

mhedziso

Mitoro yehurumende yakafara seizvo yakaita. Kuvambira pakirasi kusvikira kudare, kuvambira pakugadziridza bhiriji kusvikira kudziviriro kwehosha, mitemo ndiyo nzvimbo huru yedzonga America pakunouya kuupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Zviitiko chaizvoizvo zvakakurukurwa ` Brown v. . Board of Education, [[FLT]] Jacobusson v. [[FLT:] [FFFF]], [[FFFFFF:],[FFFF]], [[FFFFFFFF]] , sholot , "[4] sholost] Griguend School.[FLT] [[FLT]] , zvinoramba zviripopo kuti zvinetso zviri muinira , sezvo migariro yapamutemo yavose.