Mavambo Enheyo Inogutsa

Mifungo mishomanene inova pakati pehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica se kutsauraniswa kwechechi nehurumende. Yakavakirwa muFirst Amendment kuBumbiro remitemo reU.S., iyi nheyo inovimbisa kuti hurumende inoramba isina rutivi munhau dzorudzidziso() kudzivirira zvose zviri zviviri rusununguko rworudzidziso nehurumende yenyika. Kunyange zvazvo kazhinji kazhinji yakaitiranwa nharo, kuparadza machechi nehurumende kwakaumba U.S. nhau, mutemo, uye upenyu hwenzanga munzira huru. Kunzwisisa chikonzero nei kunobetsera kutsanangura chikonzero nei ichiri chinhu chikuru chokuzivikanwa neAmerica.

Bva pfungwa yacho haina kutangwa zvizere muna 1789. Midzi yayo inodzokera shure kunhambo inodzorwa nehurumende, apo vagari vazhinji vakatiza machechi eEurope nehondo dzorudzidziso. Roger Williams, muvambi weRhode Island muna 1636, akatanga nyika isina chechi yapamutemo uye yakagamuchira vanhu vezvitendero zvose. Iye akanyora nezve “mapango okuparadzaniswa” pakati pebindu rechechi nerenje renyika. Gare gare, Thomas Jefferson akashandisa nokufananidzira kwakakurumbira mutsamba yaakanyorera Danbury Baptists, kuvavimbisa kuti kutangira rusvingo rweChechi nehurumende." Mutsetse waJefferson hauna kuoneka mubumbiro remitemo yemitemo yehurumende.

Mugariro Webumbiro reMitemo Nemitemo

Mapikicha Maviri eFirimendeji Yokutanga

[ Amendment yekutanga inozivisa: “Ichi hachisati chichizoita mutemo pamusoro pokutangwa kworudzidziso, kana kuti kurambidza kushandiswa kwarwo kwapachena.” Ichi chine zvitsama zviviri zvinotsoropodza:

  • Kuzivisa Claus[[FLT: 1]: Hurumende haigoni kugadza rudzidziso rwapamutemo, kufarira rumwe kutenda kupfuura rumwe, kana kuti kutsigira rudzidziso runowanzova. Iyi ndima inodzivisa kubhadhara mutero kutsigira mari yemasangano orudzidziso uye inochengeta zvikoro zvavose, madare, uye zvivako zvehurumende kusimudzira mashoko orudzidziso.
  • Free Exess Claus: Vanhu vakasununguka kushandisa rudzidziso rwavo(kana kuti rudzidziso) pasina dzongonyedzo yehurumende. Ikoku kunodzivirira zvitendero zviduku nezvisingatendi zvisati zviri pamutemo, kuchiita kuti hana isamanikidzirwa nehurumende.

Dare Repamusorosoro rakaashandisa kuhurumende nehurumende dzomunharaunda kupfurikidza neKineth Amendment, kureva kuti hapana mwero wehurumende ungaputsa iyi dziviriro.

Mhaka Hurusa dzeDare

Pamazana maviri emakore, matare akachinja miganhu yechechi nehurumende.

  • son v. Board of Education (1947)[FLT: Dare rakatonga kuti kugadzwa kwaClaus kunoshanda kunyika uye kwakatsigira mutemo weNew Jersey unobvumira kudzorerwa kwebhazi kuzvikoro zvedzidzo, asi Mutongi Hugo Black’s revomhos anosimbisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo “idzo yokuti Hurumende ive isingatori rutivi muukama hwayo namapoka ezvitendero navatendi vasingatendi.]
  • Engel v. Vitale (1962) Dare rakarova munyengetero wapamutemo muzvikoro zvavose, kunyange kana vadzidzi vaigona kusarudza. munyengetero wehurumende, ruramisiro inova, inoputsa Kugadzwa kwaClaus kupfurikidza nokumanikidzira chiito chapamutemo chorudzidziso.
  • Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971][[FLT:]: kugadza “kuedza kweLimon” kusarudza kana mutemo uchiputsa Chivako chaClaus: unofanira kuva nechinangwa chenyika, unofanira kuva nedonzo rokutanga kana kuti kurambidza rudzidziso, uye haufaniri kuita hurumende yakanyanyisa isingadiwi norudzidziso. Kunyange zvazvo kuedza kwacho kwachinjwa, kunoramba kuri chitemeso.
  • [FLT][FOL:1] . Bremeton School District [202]]: Dare rakatonga kuti munyengetero wapachivande wemurovedzi wenhabvu wechikoro wapachivande pamunda waidzivirirwa muhurukuro yeFree Exect Classias, chero bedzi usina kumanikidzwa kana kuti rutivi rwebasa rechikoro chepamutemo.

Chikonzero Nei Kuparadzana Kwechechi Nehurumende Kuchikosha

Pfungwa yacho haisi chinhuwo zvacho chaingoitika chete, asi ine zvainobatsira chaizvo nzanga yakasiyana - siyana, inosarudzwa nevanhu.

1. Inodzivirira Rusununguko Rworudzidziso Nokuda Kwomunhu Wose

Kana hurumende ikasapinda muchitendero, vanhu vanogona kunamata, kuchinja zvitendero, kana kuti kusadavira pasina kutya kurangwa kana kuti kusarura.

2. Inova nechokwadi chokuti Mutemo Wacho Wava Kurapa Kwakaenzana

Hapana kutenda kunowana kusunungurwa chaiko kwemitero, kutenderwa kwapamutemo, kana kuti kuwana kwechinzvimbo chakasarudzwa kupfuma yavose.Mitemo inoshanda zvakaenzana kuvagari vose.

3. Inochengetedza Utongi Hwenyika Nokuda Kwenzanga Yetsika

America ndeimwe yenyika dzakasiana zvikurusa murudzidziso munyika. Inopfuura 70% yavakuru inozivikanwa nokutenda, asi yasara inobatanidza vasingatendi kuvapo kwaMwari, vazivikanzveri, uye vatsigiri vemagamuchidzanwa asiri eWestern. Mitemo yenyika (jeresa) yakavakirwa pahwaro, ufakazi, uye maruramiro enyika yose (zvinobvumira vanhu nemirangariro yenyika yakasiana - siana kugara pamwe chete mugadziriro yehurumende imwe. Seizvo Vavambi vakanzwisisa, vachivhenganisa mutemo wevagari vemo nedzidziso yorudzidziso zvinoparira kupesana nokusagadzikana.

4. Inoderedza Kurwisana Kworudzidziso Nerwisano Dzinoitwa Novagari Vemo

Kuvambira paHondo Yamakore Makumi Matatu muEurope kusvikira pamasimba masimba amasekete azvino uno munzvimbo iri yose, nhau inoratidza kuti rudzidziso rwehurumende rwakashata kazhinji kazhinji runotungamirira kuchitambudzo nokuteurwa kweropa.

5. Rinotsigira Chiono Chomuvambi Chehurumende Ine Dzinoganhurirwa

Vamiriri vakapesvedzerwa zvikuru navafungi vokuvhenekerwa saJohn Locke, uyo akataura kuti hurumende yevagari vemo haina simba pamusoro poruponeso rwemweya. James Madison, muvaki mukuru weBumbiro Romutemo, akanyora kuti “Rudzidziso ipapo rwomunhu ari wose runofanira kusiiwa kupwiswa nehana zvomunhu ari wose.” Nokudaro kuparadzana kunosimbisa musengwa mukuru weAmerica kuhurumende norusununguko rwomunhu oga oga.

6. Kunosimbisa Zvirongwa Zvechitendero

Nenzira inosetsa, kuparadzana kungabetsera kukurira rudzidziso. apo chechi, masinagoge, mamisism, uye tembere zvinotsamira patsigiro yokuzvidira panzvimbo pokumanikidzwa nehurumende, zvakasununguka kusimudzira nzanga dzechokwadi ndokutaura nenzira yechokwadi kusimba. Munyika dzine machechi akagadzwa, masangano orudzidziso kazhinji kazhinji anova anopesvedzera uye anorasikirwa nesimba romudzimu.

7. Rinotsigira Sayenzi, Dzidzo, uye Mitemo Yavose Yakavakirwa Pauchapupu

Hurumende yenyika inobvumira zvikoro zvavose kudzidzisa bvumirano yesayenzi − yakadai semhindumupindu nechinjo zvorudzidziso. Zvisarudzo zvemitemo pautano hwavanhu vose, mirau yemari, uye ruramisiro youtsotsi zvinogona kuiswa mumashoko anonyadzisira panzvimbo pedzidziso yorudzidziso. Ikoku hakurevi kuti kutenda kunobviswa mukurukurirano yavose; vanhu vokutenda vangapikisana nemipimo yavo.

Kusanzwisisana Kunozivikanwa Nezvako Pamusoro Pechechi ■ Kuparadzana Kwenyika

Kujekesa pfungwa idzi dzisina kururama kunokosha kuti pave nokukakavadzana kwechokwadi pasinei nenhau yadzo refu yepamutemo, nheyo yacho inowanzotaurwa zvisiri izvo.

  • Haurambidzi rudzidziso muupenyu hwavose. Vanhu vamwe navamwe vanoramba vakasununguka kunyengetera, kupfeka zvipfeko zvorudzidziso, ratidziro, uye kuumba mapoka orudzidziso. Kuparadza kunorambidza bedzi hurumende kuva pamutemo kana kuti kuda rudzidziso. Mudzidzi anganyengetera chinyararire muchikoro; mukuru mukuru mukuru wavose anganamata paSvondo; dare reguta ringazarura musangano waro nenhambo yokunyarara /*
  • Haisi inorwisana norudzidziso. Nheyo inodzivirira vatendi navasingatendi zvakafanana. Vatendi, vaJudha, vaMuslim, vaKristu, uye vaSikh vanobetserwa zvakaenzana apo hurumende inoramba isina kutora rutivi. Seizvo Justice Robert Jackson akanyora, “Zuva apo nyika ino ino inorega kuva yakasununguka nokuda kworudzidziso, icharega kuva yakasununguka nokuda kworudzidziso.”
  • Hakudikanirwi kubvisa zviratidzo zvose zvorudzidziso panzvimbo yavose. Matare anosianisa pakati peratidziro dzorudzidziso dzapachivande (dzinodzivirirwa) neratidziro dzehurumende. Muchinjikwa unoiswa pachirangaridzo chehondo ungabvumirwa kana une revo yenhau; muchinjikwa wakamiswa nehurumende padare redare hausi.
  • Haidzivisi manzwi orudzidziso kutora rutivi mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Vatungamiriri vorudzidziso navagari vemo vangatsigira mitemo yakavakirwa pakutenda kwavo (kungofanana navagari venyika vangadaro. Mutsetse unochinjirwa apo hurumende inogamuchira mufungo wesekete sechikonzero chapamutemo chomutemo, kana kuti apo inobetsera nomutoo usingadzivisiki rimwe boka rorudzidziso.

Zvirongwa Zvenyika Zvedivi Zvokwedi Zvokweparadzana

Zvikoro Zvavose

Zvichida hapana nzvimbo apo kuparadzana kunooneka zvikuru (napane dzimwe dzidzo dzinokwikwidzana zvikuru). Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaramba richirangarira kuti zvikoro zvavose, samasangano ehurumende, hazvigoni kutungamirira vadzidzi mumunyengetero kana kuti kurava Bhaibheri kwokuzvipira. Zvisinei, vadzidzi vanganyengetera vari voga, vangaumba makirabhu orudzidziso (pamberi peMazare eAct), uye kutaura zvitendero zvavo mumigove. Vavariro ndeyokuchengeta mhoteredzo yokudzidza isina kwayakarerekera uko vana vamararamire ose vanonzwa vachigamuchirwa.

Mari yeHurumende Nemasangano Orudzidziso

Kutangwa kwaClaus kunowanzoita kuti hurumende ipe mari yakananga yokunamata kana kuti mirayiridzo. Asi masangano echitendero .‘‘anogona kubhadhara mutero (89) mari yemabasa enyika (seanopa zvokudya vasina misha kana kuti anopa kushaikwa kwedoro) kupfurikidza nemari isingashandisirwi kutendeutsa. Iyi “Chisarudzo chomutsa” chinotsigirwa neDare, chinobvumira mapoka orudzidziso kubatira voruzhinji pasina kuronga chechi nehurumende.

Vimbiso Yokusawirirana uye “Mupasi paMwari”

Chipikirwa cheRelance chinobatanidza mashoko okuti “pasi paMwari,” awedzerwa neCongress muna 1954. Matare akarangarira kuti chipikirwa ibumbiro remitemo nemhaka yokuti itsika inosarudzwa navanhu, kwete yorudzidziso, kurovedza muviri, uye nemhaka yokuti vadzidzi vangasarudza. Kunyange zvakadaro, chitsama chacho chinoramba chiri mhatsa, uye vamwe vanochiona sokuputswa kwokusatora rutivi chakakomba. Zvinetso zvizhinjisa zvemitemo zvakakundikana, asi kurukurirano yacho inopfuurira kuedza miganhu.

Kusunungurwa Kworudzidziso Mumitemo Yakarovedzeka

Free Execle Claus pane dzimwe nguva inoda nzvimbo nokuda kwemiitiro yorudzidziso inorwisana nemitemo yenyika. Somuenzaniso, Religious Freedom Reduction Act (1993) nemitemo yenyika yakafanana inobvumira kusunungurwa apo hurumende ine fariro inomanikidzira uye inoshandisa mitoo mishoma inoganhurira. Bva matare anoganhurirawo kuregererwa apo angakuvadza mativi echitatu (somuenzaniso, achibvumira mugadziri wemishonga kuramba kuparira kudzivisa kubereka kungava kunopesana nekodzero yomurwere kuutano. Kudzikamisa rusununguko rworudzidziso nemimwe maruramiro idenho inopfuurira.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Zvokuparadzana

Vamwe vatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika vakaitira kubvumwa kukuru kwehurumende kwenhaka yorudzidziso yorudzi rwacho.

Ruzivo rwezvinhu uye zvinobudisa nhau zvinoomesawo zvinhu. Vakuru vakuru vehurumende vangashandisa nhau dzavo vamene kutaura mirangariro yorudzidziso, vachimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pemashoko. Uye sezvo nzanga inova yakasiana zvikuru, musiyano pakati pokugara kunogamuchirika netendero isina kuvimbika unova wakajeka. Dare rinopfuurira kurwisana nenhau idzi, kazhinji kazhinji richisvika mhedziso dzakasiana zvichitsamira pamaidi.

Mapepanhau anoratidza kuti vanhu vakawanda vokuAmerica vanokoshesa kuparadzana kwechechi muruwa, kunyange sezvavanopesana pazvinonyanya kudiwa.

Mugumo: Chengeteko Yehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu uye Rusununguko

Kuparadzaniswa kwechechi nehurumende hakusati kuri pfungwa yapamutemo bedzi, inongova dziviriro nokuda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nerusununguko. Kupfurikidza nokuchengeta kusatora rutivi kwehurumende munhau dzorudzidziso, inodzivirira kusaenzana, inodzivirira rusununguko rwakapikirwa muFirst Amendment. Munyika yakasiana seUnited States, iyi nheyo inovimbisa kuti hurumende inobatira vanhu vose nenzira yakarurama, pasinei zvapo nezvitendero zvavo.

Sezvo Dare Gurusa navanogadzira mitemo vachinatsa miganhu, vagari vangaita zvakanaka kuyeuka uchenjeri hwavavatangi: rudzidziso runobudirira zvikurusa apo rusina udzori hwehurumende, uye hurumende inotonga zvakanakisisa apo nyika inoramba isingatori rutivi panhau dzehana. Nokuda kwaavo vanoda kunzvera nhau yachozve, Cornell Legical Information Institute inogovera kunzvera kwakakwana kweFirst Amendment jurisprude. [[FLT:] Pew Research Center inopa mashoko anokosha pamusoro pezviverengero zvapa mirangariro yorudzidziso. Uye nokuda kwomurangariro wenhau, [FLT]

Kuparadzaniswa kwechechi nehurumende kwakashanda sechinhu chikuru chokutonga kweAmerica kweanopfuura mazana maviri emakore.