Mumichina yakaoma yehurumende yeAmerica, dare redare rehurumende rine nzvimbo ine simba rakasiyana nerakamanikidzirwa namaune. Apo Congress inonyora mitemo uye Purezidhendi anoimanikidza, kunowira kumatare ehurumende kuti adudzire izvo mitemo iyoyo inoreva uye kana vachizvibata nomutemo mukuru wenyika: Bumbiro remitemo. Iri simba redare redare redare, rakasimbiswa muchiratidzo [[FLT:] [] [Marbury v. Madison , anoita kuti matare ehurumende aonesei zvinokosha pamamwe mapazi. Kunzwisisa simba rakananga neganhuriro dzematare aya kunokosha kunzwisisa kuti United States inozvitonga sei. Iwo haasati ari chisarudzo chisarudzo chigaro chenhau chapagaro chapachivanze chehurumende yeAmerican.

Tsika Yebumbiro reMitemo yeDare Rinodzora

Chikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. chinosimbisa bazu rokutonga rehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Mukubva kwamaune kubva kugadziriro yeBritain, vaFramers vakagadzira mutongi akazvimirira paHurumende nedare. Vatongi veFederal vanopiwa upenyu hwese "kutsigira Mugariro wakanaka" uye mipiro yavo yemitemo haigoni kuderedzwa apo vanoramba vari munzvimbo. Iyi dziviriro yezvivako yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira vatongi pakutsiva kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti vaigona kuita zvisarudzo zvisina rusaruro zvakavakirwa pamutemo namaidi, pasina kutya kudzorwa kwePresssion kana kuti Purezidhendi.

Mu [[FOLT:0] Mutungamiriri weMasangano Nhaka. 78, Alexander Hamilton akarondedzera zvakakurumbira dare se "bazu remhuka" nemhaka yokuti rine "simba kana kuti rutongeso, asi runongova zvaro. ” Hamilton akataura kuti mutongi aizova nesimba duku rokukuvadza maruramiro ezvamatongerwe enyika eBumbiro remitemo. Kunyange zvakadaro, akairangarirawo nenzira yakananga iyoyi yakabvumira vatongi kushandisa simba rine simba rokurangarira dare nerokurega kuita zviito. Pasina simba iri, Bumbiro remitemo raizova zvaro, kupfurikidza nezvikarakadzo zvamatongero. Gadziro rezvamatongerwe enyika rakarambawo zvaro.

Kuumbwa Kweruramisiro: Muitiro Wamatatu

Gadziriro yedare rehurumende yakaumbwa sedare ravafundisi rakajeka, rakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuhwirudzurwa kwakakwana nokusachinjika mukududzirwa kwomutemo womubatanidzwa. Inoshanda nematare ehurumende ose anotonga pasi, matare apakati, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro pamugumo. Ichi chimiro chinovimbisa kuti mhaka dzinosarudzwa nenzira ine nhevedzano uye kuti zvikanganiso zvinogona kururamiswa.

Matare Oruwa eU.S.: Chiverengero Chokutonga

Kune maruwa 94 edare rehurumende muUnited States nendima dzaro, rimwe nerimwe rine Dare roruwa reU.S. Aya ndiwo mabhiza anoshanda edare rehurumende, apo mhaka dzinotongwa, matare edare anogara, uye maidi anozivikanwa. matare eruwa anobata mhaka dzehurumende, kupara mhosva dzavagari vemo dzinomuka mumutemo wehurumende, uye mhatsa yenhau umo mapoka anobva kunyika dzakasiyana. Mutongi mumwe woruwa anotungamirira, akabata kutonga, anotonga pamitoro, uye anotarisira matare. Zvisarudzo zvavo, izvo zvinobatanidza kuwana maidi nokushandisa mutemo, zvinogona kukwidzwa senhau yenhau yomutemo yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yorudzi.

Matare Okukwirira eU.S.: Dare Rematunhu

Matare edare 13 edare (11 matunhu eruwa, D.C. nharaunda, uye Federal Frigiramu) zvinobatira sechekero yokutanga pamitongo yedare roruwa. Haarangariri kana kuti kunzwa ufakazi hutsva. Panzvimbo pezvo, mabhodhi evatongi vatatu anohwirudzura chinyorwa chokutonga kuti aone kana mhosho dzepamutemo dzakaitika nokuti dzinobvumira kugadziriswa kana kuti kutongwa kutsva. matare eruwa anowanzonzi "shoko rechikashati" nokuda kwemhosva dzakawanda dzehurumende, sezvo Dare Rapamusorosoro rinonzwa bedzi chikamu chiduku chezvikumbiro. D.C. dunhu rinopesvedzera zvikuru nemhaka yokuti rinobata vhosvurusaru hwenhau dzinobatanidza masangano ehurumende uye mutemo wokutarisira. Paapokakakakakakakakakaka ku "chikamu kachikamuka, kachika kakaka, kanowanzo kuMuteverwa kuDare Guru.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa reUnited States

Sezvo dare rechisarudzo chokupedzisira, Dare Gurusa rinonzwa zvikumbiro zvinobva kumatare edunhu ndokutaura matare makurusa (pane mibvunzo yehurumende). Rinodzora chiteshi charo chimene, richipa mhesano yecertiorari kunenge 100 -50 yenhau 7 000 + inokumbirwa kuhwirudzura gore rimwe nerimwe. Chisarudzo charo chinogadza muenzaniso unobatira rudzi rwose, chichipedza zvikamu zvakadzika zvikuru mukududzira pakati pematare akaderera. Dare Gurusa idiro yokupedzisira yerevo yeBumbiro remitemo.

Matare Ehurumende Anokosha

Kupfuura matare eChikamu III, Congress yakaita matare chaiwo kuti abate mativi akati omutemo. Aya anosanganisira Dare reMitero reU.S. Dare reZvikumbiro reVeteranis Rinotaura, uye Dare reZvikumbiro reUnited States reZvikumbiro zveAutod Forces. Muenzaniso mukuru zvikuru iFern Inter Surveillance Court (FASC), inoshanda zvikurukuru muchivande kuhwirutsira zvikumbiro zvehurumende nokuda kwezvibvumiro zvekuchengeteko zvorudzi. matare aya chaiwo anobvumirawo kubvunza unyanzvi hwakadzamakuru asi anomutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro pokuvakwa kwamashoko. Anoita mavhoti enhau ayo aizokurira matare makuru.

Mitemo Yenhema: Izvo Matare Ehurumende Anogona Uye Asingagoni Kunzwa

Chiremera chematare ehurumende hachina kuganhurirwa. Uku kutonga kwadzo kunorondedzerwa nokusanosungirirwa neBumbiro reMitemo nemirau yehurumende. Dare rehurumende harigoni kungonzwa nhau ipi neipi yarinowana rinofadza; rinofanira kuva necharinopa chiremera chakananga. Iyi ganhuriro inokosha kunheyo yehurumende yakaganhurirwa.

Mibvunzo Yemabharani Nedzidziso Dzakasiyana - siyana

Dare reFederal rine simba rapakuvamba pamusoro penhau "kudzosa pasi peiyi Bumbiro reMitemo, Mitemo yeUnited States, uye Treates dzinoitwa". Idzodzi dzinozivikanwa sedzosero yenhau dzehurumende. Dzinonzwawo mhaka pakati pavagari vemo venyika dzakasiana------phaa uko chitsama chemhindu chinopfuura $75 000, inozivikanwa sedzokudzora. Ikoku kunovimbisa kusatora rutivi kwenzvimbo yenzvimbo kunze kwemasangano enyika, kuchidzivisa fungira ingaitika mudare rehurumende umo boka rimwe riri chinzvimbo chapamberi chinodikanwa chapamusha.

Dzidziso Dzinoruramisa

Ganhuriro yakakomba pasimba rokutonga rehurumende chinodikanwa chokuti mhaka dzinofanira kuva “dzakarurama. ” Iri shoko reamburera rinobatanidza dzidziso dzinoverengeka dzakasiana idzo dzinodzivisa matare kubudisa mirangariro yokutonga kana kuti kudzongonyedza munhau dzinosiiwa zviri nani kumapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika.

  • Kumira: Mupurisa anofanira kuva akatambura kongiri, kuvadziko chaiyo kana kuti iri pedyo, kwete kufungidzira. Kuvadziko inofanira kuva inorondwa zvikuru kumufambiro womukwiridziri uye sezvingabvira inodzoreswa nechisarudzo chedare chakanaka.
  • [[FOL:0] Mhosva: Kuvadziko inofanira kuva yakaitika kana kuti kuva yaswedera pedyo nokukurumidza; dare harigoni kutonga pakuvadziko yomunguva yemberi inofungidzira ingasatongoitika.
  • Kukakavadzana: Kunofanira kuva "live" mumuitiro wose wekupokana. Kana nhau yacho ichipedzwa kana kuti migariro ichichinja kuitira kuti dare risagona kugoverazve nyaradzo inobudirira, mhaka inova inova inoderera uye inobviswa.
  • Chirango pamusoro peMirangariro yeAdvisory: matare eFederal anogona bedzi kusarudza mhaka chaidzoidzo negakava. Haagoni kupa mifungo yetsamba kana kuti mirau pamibvunzo yapamutemo inofungidzirwa. Ikoku kunomanikidza mutongi kushanda mukati menzvimbo yekakavadzano dzinoshanda, dzakakotsekana.

Dzidziso Yemibvunzo Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Mune chimwe chiito chokuzvidzora, matare ehurumende akakudziridza dzidziso yenhau yezvamatongerwe enyika. Iyi dzidziso inotsigira kuti dzimwe nhau dzakati dzakapinzwa mubumbiro remitemo kumapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika (Conrer kana kuti Purezidhendi) uye naizvozvo hadzina kururamisirwa. Mienzaniso inobatanidza denho kumufambiro womumwe muitiro, kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo remitemo renyika, uye, mudzimwe rondedzero, pamutemo. Mhaka ye Baker v. Carr[FLT:] [1962]) yakatanga kuedza kwazvino uno kwokuziva mubvunzo wezvamatongerwe enyika, kana paine kuzvipira kwamashoko kwe "madhemoni anodzorwa mumutemo" kuimwe chinyorwa chebazu.

Simba Rokuhwirudzura Ruramisiro Muchishandiso

Simba rokuhwirudzura dare ibwe rekona rechiremera chedare redare rehurumende. Rinobvumira matare kushatisa zviito kupfurikidza neCongress, Purezidhendi, uye hurumende dzehurumende dzinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Iri simba rinoshandiswa muchinoitika chiri chose icho chinoda dare kududzira Bumbiro remitemo kana kuti mutemo wehurumende.

Kuhwirudzura Mitemo Yehurumende Nehurumende

Kubva Marbury kusvikira zvino, Dare Rapamusoro-soro rakarova mazana ehurumende, hurumende, uye mitemo yomunzvimbomo. Iri simba rinovimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru vemitemo havagoni kudzora maruramiro emitemo. Mu [[FLT:] Brown v. [1954] [Chourt], Dare rakarova nyika nenzvimbo muzvikoro, rinodzosa "kufanana" nedzidziso ye [[FLT]] P [FLT].. [FLT] [FF:6]]

Kuhwirudzura Zviito Zvechiremera

Dare rinobatirawo senzvero yakakomba pabazu romukuru mukuru. Mu Presitortown HETH & Tube Co. v. Sayer (1952), Dare rakaganhurira Purezidhendi Truman kuedza kubata zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea, kusimbisa kuti simba raPrezidhendi harina kukwaniseka uye rinofanira kumira kubva kumutemo wehurumende kana kuti Bumbiro reMitemo pacharo. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, matare akahwirudzura mirayiridzo yavakuru vakuru pakutama, muganhu wemhoteredzo, uye chengeteko, kazhinji kazhinji anodzivisa zviito zvinopfuura chiremera chemitemo. Dare gurusa reDare mu United States v. Nikon[FFFF] [3] [3] [7]

Kudzivirira Kusunungurwa Kwemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Matare ehurumende anowanzova utiziro hwokupedzisira nokuda kwavanhu vanodenha hurumende. Bill of Rights ne 14th Amendment inopiwa revo yavo inoshanda kupfurikidza nedudziro yedare. Nhau dzenyika dzakafanana ne Gideon v. Wainright (kururamira kuzano), Mardav v. Arizona [kudzivirira mukurwisana norwumwe), uye [FLT] OGROFELT] bvu lg . [FFFF:5] [FLT] [[FLT] .[FLT] [proct:] [madf] [ex] [mart] [magect] [magess] (kurongeta-ex] matare okudzosa zita revitina pamutemo.

Mitemo Yesangano Pasimba Rokutonga

Pasinei zvapo nechiremera chawo chikuru, matare ehurumende anoshanda muganhuriro dzinokosha dzinoadzivisa kuva mutongi wamambo.

Kunyengera Kwenyeredzi Nengozi

Nheyo yapamberi pe inorevesa decis (kurega chisarudzo chichimira) inosunda matare kutevera mirau isati yatonga. Ikoku kusimudzira dzikamo, kufanodekara, uye kupfuurira mumutemo. Kupfuudzira muenzaniso kushoma uye kunoda ruramiso chaiyo, zvakadai sokuchinja mumigariro yeidi kana kuti kuziva kuti chisarudzo chapamberi chakanga chiri chakashata." Sokutaura kwemhaka kwaichimbova, "nhau zhinjisanokosha zvikuru kuti mutemo ugadziriswe kupfuura kuti kugadzikidzwe." dzidziso inoganhurira mano omutongi okuita chisarudzo chomunhu oga.

Kuganhurirwa Kwemhinduro

Matare ehurumende anogona kupa rutongeso, mirairo, asi anoshaiwa simba razvimirira rokuzvimanikidzira. Anofanira kuvimba nebazu guru kuti aite zvirevo zvaro. Irworwu muganhu mukuru pachiremera chavo. Kana Purezidhendi kana kuti gavhuna wehurumende achipa murairo wedare, dare rakaganhurira rugwaro rwakananga kupfuura kuzvidza varwi nokukumbira U.S. Marshals Service (chikamu chebazu rechiremera) kuita chiito. Uku kuvimba ne "simba romunondo" icherekedzo huru padare redare.

Kuongorora Kunoitwa Nedare Nevatungamiriri

Bumbiro reMitemo rinogovera maturusi akawanda kuti mapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika aongorore dare redare redare. Musangano unogona kuchinja udzori hwedare repamusorosoro, kuchinja nhamba yavatongi padare rakati, kukarakadza kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo kuti risarudze mitemo chaiyo, uye kubvisa vatongi vehurumende nokuda kwe "Crimes neMisdemeator" Purezidhea anogona kunzvera matare nesimba rokusashandiswa kwedare, achivimbisa kuti matare anozadzwa nevanhu vanogoverana uzivi hwake hwepamutemo. Izvi zvinovimbisa kuti vatongi havagoni kubviswa chose chose chose pachido chavanhu, kunyange munguva refu.

Chisakiso Chomunhu: Kugadzwa uye Uzivi Hwokutonga

Nemhaka yokuti vatongi vehurumende vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu, muitiro wokuasarudza ndichimwe chezviito zvinoparira zvikurusa icho Purezidhendi anogona kuita.Inovimbisa kuti dare rinoratidzira, kusvikira kumwero wakati, mipimo yezvamatongerwe enyika yevhota, kunyange zvazvo ine nguva yakanonoka zvikuru.

Kunyorwa uye Kusimbiswa Kwakaitwa

Vamirine vanonyandurwa neDare reDare reDare reDare reVadia uye vanofanira kuwina vhoti huru muDare rakazara. Uyu muitiro wave unodzorwa zvikuru mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, nokunzverwa kukuru kwouzivi hwedare, manyoro ekare, uye basa rapamutemo. Mapango acho akakwirira nemhaka yokuti kugadzwa kumwe kunogona kuumba nhungamiro yomutemo nokuda kwechizvarwa kana kuti kupfuura. Muitiro inzvero yakakomba yedemocracy pasimba rejantiary.

Kutsvaka Nheyo Dzokududzira

Vatongi vanouya neuzivi hwakasiana - siana kubhenji hunoumba nzira yavanosarudza nayo nhau. Vazivi vemitemo vanotsvaka kutsanangura Bumbiro reMitemo rakavakirwa parevo yaro yapakuvamba yavanhu panguva yarakatenderwa. vanodavira kuti zvinyorwa zvinonangidzira ngwariro zvishoma parugwaro rwechinyakare, vachisimbisa kuti vatongi havafaniri kuedza kurangarira chinangwa chomutemo. Vamwe vanogamuchira bumbiro remitemo yemitemo [[[FLT:]], vachisimbisa kuti nheyo dzemitemo dzinofanira kufambira mberi kwazvo nechinjo. Uku kusvoka kwouzivi hunotungamirira kumiuyo yakasiana zvikuru muzvinoitika, kubva mukubvisa mimba kukodzero dzokudzora simba.

Revo Isingaperi Yematare Ehurumende MuSosaiti Yazvino Uno

Nhasi, matare ehurumende ari pakati penharo dzenyika dzinokakavadzana zvikurusa dzinoda kutendwa kupfurikidza nekodzero dzokuvhota nokubvisa mimba kusvikira kusimba guru rehurumende, murairo wemhoteredzo, uye chengeteko yenyika. Kuwedzera kwegadziriro yokugadza kwakatungamirira kudare rakakurumbira kuvazhinji sehondo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Pasinei zvapo neiyi dzvinyiriro, dzvinyiriro dzapamutemo uye simba rematare ehurumende zvinotsamira pakuomerera kwazvo kunheyo dzapamutemo pamusoro pezvisarudzo. Matare anofanirawo kurwisana nedenho dzazvino uno idzo maFramers aisagona kuva aitarisira. Masangano avanhu, ruzivo rwezvokugadzira zvinhu, kuzivisa mashoko, uye hondo yenyika yose inosimudzira mibvunzo yemitemo yemitemo yapamutemo inomutsa mibvunzo mitsva inoda kushandiswa kwemazana amakore. Kukwanisa kwehurumende kuwirirana nokuchinja mutemo unotonga kwemitemo yehurumende kuti irambe kutevetevedzerwe mutemo unotoko.

Simba rematare ehurumende rinotyisa asi rakanatswa. Vanogona kurova mitemo, kumisa zviito zvevakuru vakuru, uye kudzivirira maruramiro makuru. Bva, vanotsamira zvikurukuru pamamwe mapazu uye pachivimbo chavose kuti vatsigire mitemo yavo. Kunzwisisa iri dzikamo /simba rinotyisa rokutaura kuti mutemo chii, pamwe chete neganhuriro neganhuriro pasimba iroro. / zvinofumura chikonzero nei matare ehurumende ane mhaka huru kukuchengetwa kwechibvumirano chemitemo cheAmerica. Iwo, sokunzwisiswa kwaHamilton, muchengeti wezvipikirwa zveBumbiro remitemo, asingashandisi simba rechikwama kana kuti munondo, asi simba rinogara pakutonga.