Chitanga: Basa Rikuru Remapoka Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Mukutonga

Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika haasati achingovawo zvake michina yokusarudza; iwo masero anobatanidza pakati pavagari vemo nehurumende. Munenge muinenge hurumende yeruzhinji iri yose, mapati anoronga simba rezvamatongerwe enyika, fariro dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye anobatira semotokari huru dzokushandura zvisarudzo zvavose mugadziriro yavose. Kunzwisisa kuti chimiro chamasangano chinodzora sei chinokosha nokuda kwomugari upi noupi anoda kunzwisisa simba rokuita zvisarudzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika, kubva pakuiswa kwomutemo wetsika kusvikira kukugadzwa kwavatongi namabasa ezuva nezuva amasangano ehurumende.

Nyaya ino inoputsa mabasa makuru emabato ezvamatongerwe enyika, inotsanangura nzira dzakasiana - siana dzadzinoshandisa nadzo pesvedzero pamusoro pokudzora, uye inonzvera zvose zviri zviviri tapuro dzazvo dzinobetsera nedzine zvinetso pagadziriro dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kutarisika Kwakadzama Zvikuru Kwematongerwe Enyika

Panzvimbo hurusa, mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika mapoka akarongwa avanhu vanogoverana zvitendero zvakafara zvezvamatongerwe enyika nevavariro uye vanoshanda pamwe chete kuwina sarudzo nokudzora mibatanidzwa yehurumende. Zvisinei, iyi rondedzero yakapfava inofukidza zvikuru kuoma. Zvikamu zvinhu zvitatu panguva imwe cheteyo: nhindi dzinobatanidza, basa rechisarudzo [[FLT:] ramanyuko] ravanosimudzira, uye [[FLT:]] musimba, iro rapamberi rinofanira kutsinhirana nedzvinyiriro dzokunze.

Mapati azvino uno chaizvoizvo ane zvinhu zvitatu zvinokosha:

  • Mubato muvhota: vavhoti vanowanzoziva kana kuti kutsigira pati, kunyange kana vasiri mitezo yetsika.
  • Sangano rebato: chivako chakarongwa kubatanidza matare orudzi, ganhuro romunzvimbomo, vashandi, uye vashandi vanobhadhara vanoronga uye vanochengeta gadziriro.
  • Batani muhurumende[[FLT: 1]: vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa — vaiti vemitemo, vakuru vakuru, uye pane dzimwe nguva vatongi — avo vane chiratidzo chebato uye vanoshanda kushandisa purogiramu yaro.

Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika akavapo zvinoshamisa mumazana maviri amakore apfuura. Munyika dzapakuvamba dzeUnited States neEurope, mapati aiwanzova mapoka echikwata chapamusoro. Nhasi, akaisvonaka, masangano anopinza mashoko ayo anoisa mari yakawanda mukunzvera, kunzvera, uye kunyora. Basa remasangano rakakurawo: nepo akambobatira zvikurukuru semotokari nokuda kwokunyoreswa nokuvhota, zvino anoumba mwero uri wose womuitiro wacho, kubva pakuronga kwemiitiro.

Mavambo Enhau Emapati Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika okutanga akabuda mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi18 semusikirwo wehurumende inomirira. MuUnited States, Federalists naDemocratic-Republicans vakaumbwa kumativi ezviono zvakasiyana zveBumbiro remitemo nesimba rehurumende. MuGreat Britain, Whigs neTories zvakaiswa mumativi eparamende. Nokufamba kwenguva, mapoka akava nyanzvi zvikuru, achigamuchira maplatifomu akanyorwa, akabata kokorodzano dzorudzi, uye kuvaka masangano echigarire. Kupararira kweboka ravanhu vazhinji muzana ramakore rechi 19 nerechi20 kunomanikidzira kuva vagari vemowo zvavo, kuchiparira kukwira kuboka guru ravapfumitezo richiripo nanhasi.

Nyanzvi dzechiNgezi dzakaita se Ricard S. Katz na [[FLT:] Peter Mair yakarondedzera rutivi rwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi rwemhindumupindu se “bato repati”: mapoka ava akavhengana zvikuru nehurumende, achitsamira pakuwana mari nehurumende zvinodzorwa nehurumende zvinobatanidza mamiriro enhau panzvimbo pemitezo youswa. Uku kuchinja kune mirangariro inokosha nokuda kwokudzora, sezvo mapoka angasadzikamisa kutsigiro pamusoro pokugamuchira kuvhotera.

Mabasa Emitambo Yematongerwe Enyika

Masangano ezvematongerwe enyika anoita mabasa anokosha anoverengeka anobatsira utongi hunosarudzwa nevanhu kuti hushande zvakanaka.

  1. Kunyora nokuisa mazita avada kutevedzerwa[[FL:1]]: Mapati anobatira savachengeti vegedhi, kudzosa nokusarudza vanhu vamwe navamwe kuti vabhadhare nokuda kwebasa. Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti vadaviri vane musimboti wakati wekwakarongeka, ruvimbiko, uye muitiro unodzorwa nechiratidzo chepati. Pasina mapati, brator ingazadzwa navaendi kudiswo kana kuti vadzokororwa, vhiti inovhiringidza.
  2. Kuronga sarudzo nokuunganidza vavhoti [[FLT: 1]: Maruwa anoisa pfuma yakawanda mukunyoresa kwomuvhoti, kuwana dhiraivha, uye gadziriro dzokuvhota dzapakuvamba. Anopawo donzo rakapfava nokuda kwavavhoti: kana muvhoti achida pfungwa yose yebato, kazhinji kazhinji anotsigira varo pasina kuda kunzvera mumwe nomumwe zvikuru.
  3. Kubatanidza nokusimudzira purogiramu dzemitemo: Mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika anogadzira zvikuva — kutaura kwakafara kwenheyo nemitemo — izvo zvinotungamirira zviito zvavakuru vakuru vawo vakasarudzwa. Maplatifomu aya anobetsera vavhoti kunzwisisa icho paboka rinomirira uye anopa murairo wechiito pashure pesarudzo.
  4. Kudzora kupfurikidza nokugovera chivako: Mumasangano omutemo, masangano anoronga utungamiriri (Mutungamiriri, Mutungamiriri wedare), zvigaro zvedare), kumanikidzira chirango chokuvhota (shapu), uye kutsinhiranisa kufambiswa kwemitemo. Mumapazu edare guru, boka rapurezidhendi kana kuti gurukota rinobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti boka rehurumende nehurumende yehurumende kuvavariro dzakagoveranwa.
  5. Kubatira sebatano pakati pehurumende nevoruzhinji: Mapati anoshanda semikoto yenzira mbiri. Anozivisa vagari pamusoro pezviito zvehurumende uye, panguva imwe cheteyo, vagari vomukoto vanoitira hanya kuvaiti vemitemo. Iri basa rinokosha zvikuru muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu huru, dzakaoma kunzwisisa umo musina mugari mumwe anogona kutevera nhau iri yose.

Mabasa aya makuru anoratidza chikonzero nei mapoka ari ose muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu: anopedza zvinetso zvechiito chakabatana, mashoko okusawirirana, uye kubatana uko kudai kwaizodzivisa hurumende.

Kupesvedzera Kunoita Mitambo Yezvamatongerwe Enyika: Murangariro Wakasiyana - siyana

Kunzwisisa mikoto iyi kunobatsira kutsanangura kuti nei vanhu vane simba kwazvo kunyange pavanenge vasipo.

Kupa Mitemo Mikuru

Chiremera chinooneka zvikurusa chamasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika chiri munhandare yemitemo. Apo boka rinoita kuti voruzhinji vave mudare rinotonga, rinogona kugadza zvirongwa, kudzora kunouya kuvhota, ndokuita mitemo inowirirana nechikuva charo. Mapati makuru kazhinji kazhinji anoshandisa chirango [[ — dzvinyiriro pamitezo yokuvhota nomutsetse webato — kuva nechokwadi chokuti chibudiso chemitemo chinowirirana. Mumasangano eparamende akafanana neUnited Kingdom kana kuti Canada, ichi chirango chakasimba zvikuru nemhaka yokuti mukuru mukuru mukuru webato uye anogona kuridza dare rapakuvamba kana chikarasikirwa nechivhotiso chinokosha. Mumasangano apurezidhendi akafanana neUnited States, chirango chinobvumira kuderera.

Mienzaniso yomutemo webato unobatanidza nhano huru seAffordble Care Act muU.S. (inopfuura chose chose pavhoti dzebato) uye mutemo weBrexit worumomo muU.K. (iyo yakaona hondo dzinotyisa dzomubato romukati). Muzvinoitika zvose zviri zviviri, mutemo wakaratidzira kwete zvido zvevota yemutori wenhau asi nharidzano dzemubatanidzwa webato rinodzora.

2. Mafungiro Anoita Vanhu Vakawanda

Mapepanhau anobudisa, anoshambadzira, uye anotaura kunoitwa nevatungamiriri vebato, mapato anoronga nhau nenzira dzinoita kuti nzvimbo dzavo dzive dzakanaka zvikuru. Izvi zvinooneka zvikurukuru munhimbe dzesarudzo, asi zvinoitikawo pakati pesarudzo. Somuenzaniso, boka ringawedzera nokufunganya pamusoro pokutama kana kuti kukwira kwemitengo kuti ritsigire mitemo yaro yaanoda.

Nzvero musayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika inoratidza kuti statina yechapupu chiratidzo chakasimba chenzira iyo vanhu vanorangarira nayo maidi. Kunyange apo vanogoverwa namaidi echokwadi, vanhu vanowanzodudzira mashoko munzira dzinofadza kubato ravo. Ichi chinoitika, chinozivikanwa se “kurangarira kwokunyandura,” chinoreva kuti mapato ane pesvedzero ine simba pahurukuro yavose. Vanogona kugadza mashoko ekurukurirano, kurondedzera chinokosha sechinetso, uye kuumba izvo zvinorangarirwa kuva zvinonzi zvakarurama.

Nokuda kwokupinda kukuru zvikuru mumasangano anopesvedzera sei murangariro wavanhu kupfurikidza nokunyora mashoko, ona basa rechokwadi rakanyorwa na Thomas E. Nelson navashandi biyako pa “tapuro dzinodzoka” (dzinowanika mumagazini edzidzo). Mumatoo, mapati anoisa mari yakawanda mukukura kwamashoko uye“ mhinduro yapakarepo” mabasa okudzivisa nhau dzinopikisa.

3. Kuziva Mutezo weHurumende

Kupfuura zvidimbu zvemitemo zviduku, masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anoumba nhungamiro yose yemitemo yehurumende. Apo boka rinowana udzori hwebazu guru, rinogona kushandisa mirayiridzo yavakuru vakuru, chinjo dzemitemo, uye kugadza kuti ifambisire purogiramu yaro yemitemo pasina kumirira mvumo yemitemo. Muhurumende dzinotonga dzakawanda, mubato rinodzora unodzorawo bhajeti, iyo iri chishandiso chimwe chine simba zvikurusa chokupesvedzera. Vatsigiridzo inona mari inodzivirirwa yedziviriro ichagovera mari mukuwirirana nako; uyo unosimbisa garikanoko yenzanga uchawedzera kutengwa kwoutano, dzidzo, uye imba.

Pesvedzero yemitemo yakadzika zvikurukuru munharaunda dzinogamuchira ngwariro yavose shomanene, zvakadai semiitiro yokutarisira, rudungwe rwemitemo, uye kuronga mitemo. Misangano inowanzoisa vakavimbika munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzebasa rehurumende kana kuti kugadzira masangano matsva anoratidzira zvokutanga zvavo. Nokufamba kwenguva, idzi chinjo dzinogona kuvhara zvido zvebato kunyange kana gare gare rikarasa simba.

4. Kurwisa Gungano Revarwi neRwanda

Mugadziriro dzakawanda dzezvamatongerwe enyika, mubato unodzora mukuru unogadzawo vatongi — zvikurukuru kumatare makuru. Uku kugadza kune miuyo inogarisa muhurumende. Somuenzaniso, muUnited States, kuumbwa kweDare Rapamusorosoro kwakaumbwa namakumi amakore okugadza kwevatongi, kuchitungamirira kuzvisarudzo zvikuru pamusoro pokubvisa pamuviri, maruramiro epfuti, uye mari yemibato inoratidza mirangariro yendangariro yokugadza purezidhendi.

Nenzira yakafanana, masangano anodzora kupfurikidza nokugadza basa nenzvimbo yokutanga yamasangano ehurumende, pamwe chete nokugadza vakuru vesangano. Vasingachinji vangasimbisa kubviswa kwemitemo nenzvero yemari, nepo boka rinofambira mberi ringaronga kudzivirira mhoteredzo. Izvi zvisarudzo zvehurumende zvinotapura zvakananga mashandisirwe emitemo uye mabasa anoitirwa.

5. Kuchinja Tsika Dzematongerwe Enyika Netsika Dzevanhu Vasina Kutsarukana

Mibato inoitawo rutivi mukuumba tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika — mitemo isina kunyorwa, mipimo, uye kariro zvinodzora mufambiro wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Basa Remapati Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Muzvisarudzo

Kusarudza inhandare yapakati apo mapoka anokwikwidzana nokuda kwesimba, uye basa rawo rinotambanukira kupfuura kungoisa zita papepa rokuvhota.

Kumanikidza Vanhu

Mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika anoisa mari yakawanda mukuunganidza nemhaka yokuti kuvhota kazhinji kazhinji kunosarudzwa mukuvhota kwapedyo. Mitoo inobatanidza kuvhara suo napaimba, mabhangi orunhare, zviyeuchidzo zvamashoko, uye kushambadza kwamakombiyuta kwakawedzera. MuUnited States, mapoka makuru maviri anopedza mazana amamirioni amadhora pakuvhota. Nharidzano haisati iri bedzi yokutsvaka vatsigiri vomunhu amene asiwo kupesvedzera kuvhota uye — muzvimwe zvinoitika — kudzvinyirira mapoka anorwisana namashoko akashata kupfurikidza nenhimbe kana kuti mitemo inodzivisa yeOVhoti yeOD.

Kugovera Chikamu chePlatform NechiCandidate

Zvikuva zvemapoka zvinobatira sechipfupiso cheizvo mubato unomirira. Zvinobetsera vavhoti kuita zvisarudzo pasina kufanira kunzvera nzvimbo dzomunhu ari wose anobhapatidzwa. Mubhadhari ari pasi pezita rebato anogarwa nhaka mukurumbira webato — nokuda kwezviri nani kana kuti zvakaipisisa — uye anogona kushandisa jasi iroro kuti akurukure zvokutanga zvavo. Somuenzaniso, mushandi weRepublicandian muU.S. achavimbwa chaizvoizvo kucheka mitero ndokusimudzira misika yakasununguka, nepo muteveri weDhemocratiod anokanirwa kutsigira mumbure mukuru zvikuru wokudzivirira nemitemo yemhoteredzo.

Mari Nenzvimbo Dzinochengeterwa Mari Nepfuma

Zvikamu zvinokwidzawo ndokupedza zvitsama zvikuru zvemari pakuvhota. Matare ebato reNational anofambisa zvinhu kumaruwa amakwikwi, anogovera vapi mazano okuvhota nokubudisa nhau, uye anoronga nhamburiko dzokushambadza. Iri basa rakakomba nemhaka yokuti rinobetsera kuderedza nzvimbo yokutamba munzvimbo dzakasiyana- siyana. Pasina kubatana kwebato, vanhu vakapfuma uye mapoka ezvidzidzo zvingava nepesvedzero isingaenzaniswi. Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kutsigira mubatanidzwa kunosundwa kumene nefariro dzomupi, uko kunogona kushatisa muitiro.

Tapuro Yemapoka Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Pakutonga: Nzvero Dzakadzikama

Mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika haana kunaka chose chose kana kuti akaipa chose chose; tapuro yawo inotsamira pamamiriro ezvinhu akapoteredza, utano hwomukati hwamapati, uye tsika huru yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Migumisiro Yakanaka

  • Chisarudzo nokumiririra: Mapati anopa vavhoti dzimwe nzira dzakajeka, achiita sarudzo dzine revo uye kumanikidza hurumende kudzivirira zvinyorwa zvadzo. Masangano mazhinji ezvikamu anobvumira mifungo yakasiana-- siyana (mutoo., mapoka eGreen, mapoka edzinza) kumiririrwa muhurumende.
  • [ Kutora rutivi kwezvamatongerwe enyika : Vazvipiri vanopinza vatsva, vanoita misangano, uye zvinoitika zvinopinza vagari vemo mumuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika. Iwo inzira huru nokuda kwavanhu vanoda kuva vanoshingaira zvikuru mune zvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Kuzvidavirira [[[FLT: 1]]: Mapati anorangarira hurumende ndokutsoropodza kundikano dzayo. Chishoro chakasimba chinobetsera kufumura ushati, kusakwanisa, kana kuti kundikano dzemiitiro, kubvumira vavhoti kuti vadzorere mubato unodzora pasarudzo inotevera.
  • Kuzivisa kuterama nenhevedzano[[FLT:]: Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakatsiga, mapati anobetsera kudzora kutsiviwa kwakarongwa kwesimba. Pashure pesarudzo, boka rinorasika rinobvuma uye rinoshanda sechishoro chakavimbika, nepo anokunda anotanga kudzora pasina masimba masimba kana kuti njodzi.

Tapuro Dzakashata

  • Kudzorwa nokuvharwa kwemvura [[FLT: 1]: Apo mapati anova anotsiva zvikuru, angaisa pakutanga rumwe rutivi pamusoro pokuwana nzvimbo inowirirana. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukuoma kwemitemo, kumisa kwehurumende, uye kusakwanisa kupedza zvinetso zvenhambo refu sechikwereti, zviteshi, kana kuti chinjo yemamiriro okunze.
  • Kudzorwa nokutsigirwa: Mune dzimwe nyika, mapoka anoshandisa udzori hwawo hwehurumende kutusa mapoka amabasa, zvibvumirano, kana kuti zvikomborero. Ikoku kunoderedza kukodzera kudzorwa kwapamutemo uye chivimbo chavanhu. Kunyange muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakapfuma, zvikanganiso zvemari zvebato zvinozivikanwa navose.
  • Chipopulism nechine simba rakawanda[[FLT: 1]: Mapati angagamuchira nzvimbo dzakanyanyisa kuunganidza nzvimbo yefashoni, kuchitungamirira kumuitiro unokuvadza vagari vemo vane mwero. Mapopulist anowanzodenha mirangariro yedemocracy, kudenha judiary, kana kuti mapoka maduku anopfuudza, anonetesa masangano edemocracy.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kurondwa kwavavhoti[[FLT: 1]: Apo mapati anova anonyanyonangidzirwa pamipimo yomukati kana kuti yokupa, vagariwo zvavo vanganzwa kuti itiro hanya dzavo dzinofuratirwa. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukudzima, kurasika, uye kuwedzera mumiitiro inorwisana negadziriro.

Mugumisiro: Kukudzwa Kusingaperi Kwemapati Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika haana kukwana zvikuru, asi anoramba ari anokosha kuhurumende yazvino uno. Anoramba ari nyore kusarudza kwakaoma nokuda kwavavhoti, anoronga nyongano yebasa remitemo nerokutungamirira, uye anogovera kuzvidavirira kunopfuurira kunoita kuti democracy ive yokuzviruramisa. Denho nokuda kwavagari vemo navachinji ndeyokusimbisa mabasa akanaka ebato nepokuresa kombamiro dzavo dzakaipa. Ikoku kunoreva kusimudzira Hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yomukati, kuganhurira pesvedzero yemari mune zvamatongerwe enyika, uye kukurudzira kurukurirano yezvikamu zvakasiana panhau umo kunokosha.

Mapati ndiwo anoitirwa vanhu vezvizvarwa.

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kuravazve, nzvero yamasayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika kufanana na [FLT: 0] L. Rosenblum (munyori we [FLT:]] Parutivi rwengirozi: Kuonga kweParties nePartishaship [[FLT:]]) uye [[FLT:] Paul Pierson[ [Umunyori we [[FLT]] [[FLT]] Regate Tweets[[FLT:]]) inopa nzwisiso yakadzanyura mumhindumupiki yemabato uye miuyo yawo yadzo. Kuwedzera, [FT]