Kutanga: Basa Remapaki Akabatana Mumushandirapamwe Wemari

Political Action Committee (PACs) ndiimwe yemotokari dzinooneka zvikurusa nokuda kwokushandisa kwezvamatongerwe enyika muUnited States. Nepo kusununguka uku kwakabatanidzwa nePACI kunobatanidzwa nenzira yapamutemo nesangano revashandi, mubatanidzwa wemibato, zvinobatanidzwa paPACINUUP [ zvinoshanda pasina mutezo upi noupi, papatika, kana kuti kutsigira sangano. Uku kuzvimirira kunopa kwakafara kukwidziridza mari kubva muboka rakasiyana- siyana rezvipo uye kupedza mari padai, kushambadza, uye kusimudzira uswa. Kunzwisisa kuti zvisati zviri 76 CC zvinotsigirwa sei chaizvoizvo — uye kuti muvhenganiso yavapi vapi navapi vapi vapi vapi vemi vemipi vemipi — kunokosha nokuda kwepesvedzero chaiyo yepesvedzero yezvirongwa zveAmerica.

Nyaya yapakuvamba inotsinhira nenzira yakarurama kuti maPAC asina kubatanidzwa anosimudza mari kubva kuvose vari vaviri vapi navaduku, asi mufananidzo wacho wakapfuma zvikuru. Kugovera, zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa, uye zvisarudzo zvemipimo zvinosiana zvikuru zvichitsamira pakuti PAC inotsamira pamukana wezvipo zvishoma kana kuti pamipiro mishomanene. Mumakore kubvira paDare repamusorosoro Chibazisen United chisarudzo nokukwira kwePACIPUC, mutsaikuru pakati pe “maduku” uye“ mari inopa zvikuru. Iyi kurukurirano yakakurawo inodzika zvikuru. Iyi nhevedzano inodzika zvikuru mugadziriro yapamutemo, mabhangirwo emari, uye masangano akakwirira emari anochengeta mari ayo.

Chii chiri dare rePU, rinofambidzana? Pasi pomutemo wehurumende (52 U.S.C. 30101), PAC risiri dare rezvamatongerwe enyika risiri dare ripi neripi rinotenderwa, kwete dare rebato, uye risina kutangwa kana kuti kuchengetwa nesangano rebasa. Iro rinofanira kunyoresa neFederal Ecotion Commission (FEC) uye zvinyorwa zvenguva dzose. Vanogona kugamuchira mipiro inobva kuvanhu vamwe, vamwe vaPaC, uye — pasi pemigariro yakati — kubva kumasangano kana kuti mari yemari yomuteromubatanidzwa (yama96969 C, pacha, i.).

Basa Repamutemo: Migove Yokupa uye Kuwedzera Kwemapepa Ane Simba

Mapacs Egamuchidzanwa Asina Kukwana Nemiganhu ye $5 000

PCAC yamagamuchidzanwa isina kubatanidzwa (inowanzonzi “PAC”) inoganhurirwa zvikuru. Munhu angapa $5 000 pagore kuPAC; muganhu wakawanda wePACI ungapa $5 000 pagore pamwe chete. Iyi ganhuriro inoiswa nokuda kwokukwira kwemitengo makore maviri ari ose (sokuna 2025, muganhu i $5 000 pagore nokuda kwavanhu vamwe navamwe). Pane muganhu unosarira pamusoro pokuti munhu anogona kupa kuvaPACIC vose sei, asi pajiti ye‘‘PAC ’ inodzivisa mupi upi noupi kudzora mari yedare. Iyi igadziriro yakagadzirwa neFedera Ecracces Act Act (EC) ya1971) uye yakatevera.

Nemhaka yokuti denga repevhu rakati dererei, maPC anofanira kutsamira pamipiro miduku nemiduku yakawanda kuvaka midziyo yehondo ine revo. Somuenzaniso, PAC inoda kusimudza $50 000 (Z $5 000) mugore ichada mipiro inopfuura $5 000 pauremu hwe $5 000) — asi vapi vashomanene vanopa upa. Vapapa vakawanda zvikurusa vanogamuchira muswe murefu wezvipo pasi pe $200. FEC inorondedzera “mupi muduku” somunhu ane hwerengedzo yemipiro yedare mugore rekarenda. Mitengo inobva mu20222 000 inoratidza kuti muvhozhozhozhonga yegamuchidzanwa isingawi yePC yakagamuchirwa ne 40% yemari yayo duku inopa mukupa ($200 kana kuti pasi pe60) uye 60% kubva muupamhomwe hurusarusarusaru.

Mapapiki Anokosha: Hamuna Miganhu Yemupiro, Makamba Makuru

Mutambo wacho wakachinja zvikuru pashure pechisarudzo cheDare guru ra2010 mu [FLT: 0] Chisarudzo chinobvumira masangano namasangano kupedza zvitsama zvisina muganhu pamitengo yezvamatongerwe enyika yakazvimirira, uye D.C. Nhamba yeNhambo Speech] Iye zvino. .org v. FEC zvinotonga. Zvisarudzo izvi zvinobvumira masangano namasangano kupedza mari isingaganhurirwi pamitengo yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye zvinobereka paPACICss — zvinozivikanwa sematare anozvimirira. PaCC anogona kukwira nokushandisa zvitsamazarira zvisingaganhurirwi kubva kuvanhu, masangano, uye mamwe masangano, zvakagovera kusabatana nebato. Mune chiverengero chikuru chemari, chitsaruso chinosvika mamiriyoni 20%.

Iyi yakaparadzana pakati pemaPaC nePaC hombesa inokosha. Kukurukurwa kwenyaya yapakuvamba kwe “vapi vazhinji” kunofukidza zvose zviri zviviri, asi zvinhu chaizvoizvo zvapamutemo zvakasiana. PaCs yegamuchidzanwa haigoni kugamuchira mipiro yesangano yapamutemo isina kuganhurirwa; maPC makurusa anogona. Patinotaura pamusoro pe “PACs dzinobatanidzwa" nhasi, tinowanzoreva marudzi ose ari maviri, asi simba remari rinopesana zvikuru.

Kushandiswa Kuduku Kwemapepa Emari Nevashandi Vayo Vasina Kubatanidzwa

Magwarororosi Enjini: Mubatanidzwa Wemapepa ePlatforms uye Matsamba Akananga

Vapi vaduku — vanhu vanopa $200 kana kuti pasi pagore — iropa reropa rePACIS dzakawanda dzisingabatanidzwi, zvikurukuru avo vane ngwariro inofambira mberi kana kuti inoiswa mumugariro. Ava vapi vanosakurirwa kupfurikidza nezviteshi zvemitengo zvokuisa mari zvakadai seAct Blue neWin Red, izvo zvinogonesa PACIS kuita zviuru zvemitengo miduku nechepamusoro pevhu. Massvetates, mapurogiramu enzanga, uye manyoro 021to24nate anoderedza mupikidzani kuti atsigire chiito. Kudaidzwa kwechisaririra kwechine hanya kunogona kushandura mugari anoitira mupi anodzorwa kuva ane zviuru zve $5 (Z $5) mwedzi nomwedzi.

Synnie Sanders yakatanga nhimbe yapurezidhendi muna 2016, simba raBernie Sanders rakaratidzira simba ravapi vaduku, uye simba iroro rakapedzerwa muPCs seThieur Revolution neThe Facerce Campaign Committee (PCCC). Chikamu cha2020 chakaona Act Blue serom yemari inodarika $3,25 mabhiriyoni mumipiro, voruzhinji pasi pe $200. Nepo yakawanda yacho yakaenda zvakananga kuvapi, PACIS yakabetserwawo. Somuenzaniso, vaisabatanidzwa paPaC vakakwikwidza pa “Maritation United” vakamutsa 60% emaripo azvo kubva kuvapi vanopa $202020 000 kana kuti mu20222.

Chikonzero Nei Vapi Vemigove Vachine Basa NemapaC

Kusashaika neAutonomy: Mudziyo wakafara wavapi vaduku unovhara paPACI kubva pamadiro avatsigiri vashomanene vakapfuma. Kana mupi mukuru akasimuka, mupi anotsamira zvikuru pamunhu iyeye anotarisana nenjodzi yemari. Vapi vashoma, mukupesana, vanopa mugero unojekeswa, wemari pamwedzi. Kudzikama uku kunobvumira PACIC kuronga nhimbe dzenguva refu dzechibvumirano chenguva chenguva refu uye kudzivisa dzvinyiriro kudzikamisa shoko ravo nokuda kwokunzvera kumwe.

Dractic Legitacy: PAC dzinoganza makumi ezviuru zvavapi vanogona kuwana tsigiro yemichero. Ichi chishandiso chine simba chisingapinduri. Mukutaura kwavose uye pfupi dzapamutemo, iyi PaC inoramba kuti inomirira inzwi revagari veAmerica vezuva riri rose, kwete bedzi vakakwirira. “Mupi muduku” rondedzerowo yemimwe mibato inowirirana navose uye yokuyera maSangano ePAC nemitemo inorwisana nepeC.

Comtion: Nepo vapi vashoma vachida kuiswa mari mumichina nemurongedzero, mutengo uri pamicheto wechipo che $10 (10) inodokusvika zero. Act Blue inobhadhara mari iri pakati nepakati (inenge 3.95% patengi), asi iyo inodhura zvikuru kupfuura mutengo webhii chairo rerezi, inogona kudyira $0 kusvika $1.00 pa $1.

Matambudziko Okuvimba Nevashandi Vaduku

Pasinei zvapo nebetsero, kubhadharwa kwemibatanidzwa miduku yezvombo kusati kuri chipana. Dziva romupi harina kunyanyoshongedzwa zvikuru kuvanhu vanotora maemail uye vakavimbisana, kureva kuti PCS ingava yakanyanyisa zvikuru kukwezva kudhuro. Nhangemutange yezvombo duku . inotungamirirawo kumashoko asingaperi eemail, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji ichishandisa mutauro wealamu. Kuwedzera, madhora maduku 93don ari mwaka nemwaka — zvitsamaitiso zvinoitika zvakakwirira zvokubudisa nhau, asi kunogona kuva nezvitsinga zvisimutsinga zviduku. Zvizhinji zvisingakwikwikwikwikwi zvine PCCS zvishoma pakati pezvipo zviduku ($500,52,000) kuti zvichengete kutengesa mari.

Kuwandisa Kwakaita Vashandi Vemari Vanoita Mari Yemapacs Akabatana

Mari Inokwana $5 000 Inorwisana Nemipiro Isina Kuganhurirwa

Nokuda kwemaPACI (non̆super) egamuchidzanwa asingabatanidzwi, vapi vazhinji ndivo avo vanopa vanopfuura $200 000 asi vanoiswa pa $5 000 pagore. Mubato, “mukuru” mupi kuPC angapa $6 000, $2 500, kana kuti $5 000. Ava vapi vacho kazhinji kazhinji vatungamiriri vebhizimisi, vakuru vakuru vebasa vakarega basa, kana kuti vapfumi vapfumi vanowirirana nePC’s kaneichi 5 000 pagore. Nepo mupiro mukuru mumwe nomumwe uchine mwero nemipiro mikuru yePAC, vapi vazhinjisa vanogona kugovera pamwe chete chikamu chinokosha chePC. Kuziva nezve 20222 000 zvechiteshi chemari inopa pamusoro pe 10 muzana yePC inogoverwa seyagara iripo, pasineinenge 55% bedzi kuva inopa mari duku.

Kana iri mari huru yePCAC, ganhuriro yomupiro haipo. Vapi vazhinji vanogona kunyora cheki nokuda kwamamirioni. Muna 2020, vapi vane 100 vePC vakapiwa zvinopfuura mabhiriyoni $5,5 vakabatanidzwa — iyo inoda kusvika hafu yemari yose yePC; munhu mumwe nomumwe megagédons kufanana naMichael Bloomberg, Shelson, uye Richard Uihlein akapa zvakanaka zvikuru mamiriyoni anopfuura $100 emaPC muzvirongwa zvazvino uno. Ava vapi vacho havasati vari vanhu vakapfuma bedzi; vanobatanidzawo masangano, masangano amabasa, uye “mari isingapiswipiri iyo ingadzivisa dhisikiro avo chose chose.

Chikonzero Nei Vapi Vemari Vakuru Vachipa: Simba Nokuwana

Vamwe vanotsvaka pesvedzero yemitemo — vanoda muPACI kuti atsigire kushambadza kwebhizimisi kana kuti kurambidza kuvhiya. Vamwe vanokoshesa kuwanikwa: cheki yemamiriyoni US $10 (Z $5 000) kumunhu mukuru anogona kuzarura masuo nevakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vanobetserwa nemari iyoyo. Vamwewo vanopa nokuda kwezvikonzero zvepfungwa, vachidavira zvikuru kuti chikonzero chacho ndechei. Chipi kana chipi, vapi vanopa zvikuru vanoshandisa simba guru pamusoro penzira yePAC. PC inowana 80% yebhajeti rayo kubva kune mumwe kana kuti vaviri vachada kuwirirana zvamazvirokwazvo nokutumira kwacho nezvinodiwa nevanopa.

Ngozi yequid proproququo yakaderedzwa nemhaka yokuti matare akazvimirira endyiko haagoni kubatira pamwe navatendi. Zvisinei, mutsetse pakati po “mupi mukuru wepesvedzero” noushati hunooneka. Dare Gurusa mu Mccheon v. FEC[FLT] [[FLT] [20] [2014] yakaderedza miganhu yezvipo, ichiita kuti vapi vazhinji vaparadzire mamiriyoni vapfuure muPCs dzakawanda. Vatsoropote

Kujeka uye Kuvharwa Kwevari Vemari

FEC inoda maPAC egamuchidzanwa nePACIS kuti izivise zita, kero, mushandirwi, uye basa romupi upi noupi anopa anopfuura $200 (200 000) mugore rekarenda. Idzi zvinyorwa zvinoiswa pachena paIndaneti, zvichibvumira vatori venhau navanzveri kunzvera kunyora kufambiswa kwemari. Zvisinei, chitsama chikuru chiripo: mipiro inodzorwa nomu “mari yakadzika" masangano akadai sa 501 (c) [4] mapoka egarikano yenzanga kana kuti LLC. Mubatanidzwa anogona kupa 501(c) (4), inopa, inopa kuPaC — asi chiziviso chokutanga chingasatongowadzanwa zvikuru chibviro cha [FLD] [5] [5].20]

Kuenzanisa Madanga Emari: Maduku - duku.

Aspect Small Donors (<$200) Large Donors (>$200, up to $5,000 for traditional) Mega‑Donors (>$5,000, super PAC only)
Contribution Limit No per‑donor limit; aggregate counts toward $200 threshold $5,000/year per PAC (traditional); unlimited (super PAC) Unlimited
Number of Donors Thousands or tens of thousands Dozens to hundreds Fewer than 100 often make up majority of funds
Steadiness of Revenue Recurring, but seasonal Lumpy, dependent on donor relationships Concentrated, can be pulled at any time
PAC Autonomy High — diffuse donor base reduces pressure Moderate — a few large donors can steer strategy Very low — one or two donors can dictate direction
Transparency Full disclosure (name, address, employer) for gifts >$200 Full disclosure for traditional PACs; sometimes hidden via dark money in super PACs Often hidden via LLCs or 501(c)(4) conduits

Tafura yacho inoratidza kuoma kukuru: Vapi vaduku vanogovera upamhi hwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji, nepo vatambi vakuru navane simba vakawandisa vachipa simba.

Zvaidiwa Nemapepa Asiri Akabatana

Kusanganisa Kwakaita Mubhadhari Kudzidzisa Zvisina Kufanira

PCAC inotsigirwa zvikurukuru navapi vaduku vanokombamira kutsigira populist kana kuti chinjo — mari yenhimbe inonyanyoshandiswa, dziviriro yavatengi, ruramisiro yemhoteredzo — nemhaka yokuti idzo inhau dzinonzwika nemutsigiri wepaIndaneti. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe dzinobatanidzwa paPCAC “ Democracy PACIC [ [mabhizimisi] (akabatanidzwa nebhirionillioneer George Soros, asi anokwevawo nekodzero duku zhinji dzokuvhotera. Mukupesana, PACIC inotsigirwa nesangano guru rePUC angakurudzira nokuda kwokuchekwa kana kuti kushambadzwa, kushambadzira kazhinji muruwa rwevadective George Soros, asi anokwevawo vapi.

Rurimi rwekushambadza runosianawo: Smallquior anosundwa anowanzoshandisa zvikumbiro zvemirangariro, kutya “imwe boka,” uye kurumidziro. MaPRODOnior anowanzova akaisvonaka zvikuru, kushambadzira kwakavakirwa pa‘ivhu resipo (kudzivirira girafiti yomupi). Zvisinei, ikoku ndiko kufadzawo — kufanana neKoch comnetic comnetic, anoisa zvikuru mugadziriro refu yemitengwa yemitengwano yemite inodzivisa kuvadziko inoshatiswa panzvimbo pokushatsa kudenha kwepanyu.

Zvirongwa Zvokushandisa Mari: Unyanzvi Hwekubvunza

Non 94 Cs inofanira kuwirirana kusvika kwavo kwokunyoresa mapepa. Nokuda kwavapi vaduku, kiyi yacho ndiyo yemibatanidzwa: kunzvera mitsetse yenhau, kukamukana nenhetembo dzakapfuura kupa, uye kushandisa mapepa ezera ravo. PaCs dzakawanda dzinopawo zvisarudzo zvinodzokororwa mumuzvarirwo (“inoita kuti ive nomwedzi nomwedzi”) kupfachura kuyerera kwemari. Nokuda kwavapi vakawanda, kusvika iko: buso rakatarisana nenhau, mipfupinduro yakakwana nenyanzvi, uye zvinoitika zvesociso. PaCs kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inoparira“ kana kuti masangano anopiwa nguva." apo vaparidzi vanosvika zvakananga kumitengi.

Imwe nzira itsva i “PCAC,” iyo inochengeta zvose zviri zviviri PAC yegamuchidzanwa (nemiganhu yakaganhurirwa) nePACI huru. Ikoku kunobvumira dare kukumbira mipiro miduku nokuda kwenhau yakanyorwa apo rinenge richidanawo parakabhuro guru. Mienzaniso inobatanidza [[FLT:] Club yeGrand Action na . [FLT] SATIOTY PAC. Hybrid PACS nokudaro inogona kufarikanya betsero dzinobetsera dzemicheroro yeuswa apo ichiri kugamuchira kunzvera kwapfumbamwe.

Kuona Zviri Nani, Kuvhara, uye Kuitisana Nharo Kwechidhimoni

Kuda Kuwana Zvokudya Zvikuru

Nzvero dzavose nguva dzose dzinoratidza tsigiro yakasimba nokuda kwokuda vapi vose vezvamatongerwe enyika — kubatanidza avo vePACIS — kuti vaziviswe zvizere. DISCLOSE Act, yakapinzwa yapinzwazve muCongress, ingamanikidza kuzivisa vapi vePACIC namapoka emari yakasvibira kuti vape mari inodarika $10,000 (Z $6 000). Vashori vanotaura kuti kuzivisa kunogona kutonhora kutaura kwakasununguka uye kudzivisa vapi vanopa mhaka kuti vasatora rutivi, zvikurukuru panhau dzenharo. Dare Rapamusoro kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji rakatsigira zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa sebumbiro remitemo, chero bedzi vasingaregi kuvaremhedza zvikuru.

MaPACI anobatanidzwa anovimba navapi vaduku anowanzogamuchira kujeka sepfundo rokutengesa. Anoburitsa mupi wawo akarongwa nokuzvidira, achisimbisa kuti chiedza chezuva ndicho mushonga wakanakisisa unouraya utachiona. Nenzira inopesana, maPC makuru anotsamira pavapi vebhizimisi vashomanene kazhinji kazhinji anorwisa kuziviswa, vachitya kudzoswa nevashandi kana kuti vagari vemo.

Mari Isina Kunaka Nokuderera Kwechivimbo

Kumuka kwemari ine rima — kushandwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nemhindu dzisingazivisi vapi — kunosekesa donzo rose rehurumende yePHC. Muna 2022, asingabatanidzwi zvikuru PAC “ Rumwe Rumwe rudzi” [ (runofambiswa neDare Rereader Fund) rakamutsa makumi amamirioni kubva mumanyuko asina kuziviswa kupfurikidza ne 501(c). Ikoku kunoita kuti kuve kusingabviri voruzhinji kuziva chaizvoizvo kuti ndiani ari kutengesa kwePAC. FEC yakafay yafaidzwa pamwe chete nemitsetse yemitsetse yemitemo inonyoreswa, ichisiya gadziriro yomuitiro yapamutemo ichibva mumugariro wemaregina.

Nokuda kwemaPUC maduku anobhadharwa mari, mukaha wokuona uri mubato wakaoma. Haungagoni kuvanza nyore nyore nzvimbo yawo yokupirwa mari, nepo maPaC makurusa makuru anogona. Uku kutungamirira kudanidzo yokuvandudza, kubatanidza kuda kuti masangano ose apedze anopfuura $10 000 pakushambadzira kwezvamatongerwe enyika kuti azivise vapi vawo vapamusoro.

Kunetsa Kwoubati Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa: Kudzikamisa Kutora Rutivi Nesimba

Utongi Hworuzhinji Huduku: Tariro Kana Kuti Hype?

Vatsigiri vemari duku yemari vanotaura kuti inogona kuderedza pesvedzero inoshatisa yemari huru. Muenzaniso pane dzimwe nguva unonzi “gadziriro yakafukidzwa”. Programu dzakadai segadziriro yapurezidhendi yemari yavose (kunyange zvikurukuru yaparara) uye gadziriro dzendege mumibatanidzwa yakadai seMaine neConnecticut dzinoratidza kuti nzanga duku inogona kuwedzera kutora rutivi. Pamwero wehurumende, “Mutezo weMuteo weMitemo weVagari vagari vemo yeNyika ” yaizopfuudza mipiro miduku yemari inowirirana yavose nemari yavose — asi haina kupfuura.

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kutumirana mapepa maduku hakusi chinhu chaicho. Kunogona kutusa kutumira mashoko kwakanyanyisa uye kunogona kushandiswa zvisina kufanira navapi vakapfuma avo “vanowana macheki maduku mazhinji kubva kushamwari neshamwari.

Kukurudzirwa Nevabatsiri Vakuru

Chifo cha Chitsaru chePUPU], maPACI mahombe ava motokari huru nokuda kwavanhu vakapfuma namasangano kuti vape pesvedzero yakaitwa. Mujaho rapresidenti ra2020, vapi 100 vakapa mari yakawanda semamiriyoni 3,8 avapi vaduku vabatanidzwa. Uku kuiswa kwesimba kunomutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pomufananidzo wakaenzana. Apo munhu anogona kupa mamiriyoni 50 000 000 kuPACIC, zvinoiswa pakutanga zvomunhu iyeye zvinogona kufukidza mirangariro yezviuru zvezvipo zviduku. Murangariro weDare Gurusa

Nonngavetic PPAC dzinoedza kudzikamisa vose vari vaviri vapi navahombe kazhinji kazhinji dzinotarisana nerwisano yomukati. Dare ringataura kuti: Tinofanira kudzikamisa shoko redu kukwezva megałdonior, kana kuti kuramba tiri pamwe chete nechivako chedu chiduku? Uku kunyanduka kunooneka mumasangano akadai seRuwa rweEMILY kana kuti National Rifle’s Political Victory Fund (zvose zviri zviviri zvisingabataniswi nePACIC), iyo inofamba mukahadzano yakasimba pakati pekuvimbika kwemidzimu uye sangano.

Mugumisiro: Kushanduka - shanduka Kunopfuurira Kwokutsigira Mari kwePAC

MaPAC anobatanidzwa haasati ari maSangano rimwe chete. Manyuko avo emari anosarudza chimiro chavo, nzira, uye simba. Vapi vashomanene vanopa ururami hwedemokrati, mari inotsigika, uye kuzvitonga — asi vanoda kuti patchura pamichina irambe iripo uye vanogona kusunda vaPC kukunyanyisa. Vapi vakawanda vanopa simba remari rokudzima mhizha huru dzokuita nhimbe dzehondo dzakarongwa uye kuumba nharo dzenyika — asi vachibhadhara pesvedzero dzinobvira nezvinova nechokuva netsanamira. Megaàelorgisters munyika huru yePC inogona kuisa muganhu weSarudzo, vachikwidza kukwidza kunyanyisa.

Nyaya yokutanga yakasimbisa zvakarurama idzi hova mbiri dzemari, asi nyika yazvino uno inojekeswa zvikuru. Kuchinja kwemitemo, kufambira mberi kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, uye kukura kwemari ine rima zvakaita musiyano pakati pemari duku nehuru inopa mari inowedzera kujeka. Kunzwisisa zvinhu izvi kunokosha kune munhu wose anoda kufamba — kana kuti kuchinja — gadziriro yemari yeAmerica. Sezvo nhambo dzezvirongwa dzeAmerica dzinosvika, PC dzisati dzabatanidzwa dzinopfuurira kuwirirana, uye gakavadzano pamusoro pemari inopinza mari yedu mune zvematongerwe enyika ichawedzera bedzi.

nokuda kwokuravazve, ona [[FLT: 1]FEC nhungamiro pakunyora PAC; OpenSET’SPAC database[ yemaidi enhau; uye BRENAN Center yenoloji yePRONIOD [.[FLT:]