Munzanga yedemocracy, nheyo yecheki nedzikamo ndiyo danda rinodzivisa bazu rimwe rehurumende ripi neripi kuunganidza simba risina kudzorwa. Nokuda kwavagari vemo, kunzwisisa tsika ino hakusati kuri kwokuzvidira(kunokosha nokuda kwokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga, kuva nechokwadi chokuzvidavirira, uye kutora rutivi mune revo mukutonga. Apo vagari vemo vanoziva kuti simba rinoparadzirwa nokudzvinyirirwa sei, vanogona kutsigira zviri nani nokuda kwamaruramiro avo, vangaita kuti vatungamiriri vapikire, uye kudzivisa chidzo. Nyaya ino inonzvera mavambo, vagadzirisi, uye kushandisirwa kwenyika chaivoiwo kwokunzvera nokudzikanisa zvinhu, uye kutsanangura chikonzero nei munhu ari wose achifanira kusanonaka muiyi dziviriro yebumbiro yemitemo.

Hwaro Hwekero Nedzikamo

Nzvero nedzikamo hazvisi chinhu chazvino uno. Mufungo unodzokera shure kuvafungi vokuvhenekerwa vakafanana naMontesquieu, vane Spirits of the Laws[ vakataura kuti rusununguko runochengetwa zvakanakisisa apo masimba ehurumende anoparadzana uye anoitirwa kunzverana. Vatangi veAmerica vanofanira kunzvera uzivi uhwu muBumbiro reMitemo, vachiumba tsika umo bazi rimwe nerimwe rine masimba akasiana namano okudzivisa mamwe. James Madison, kunyora mu Fiteralist.[FL:], vakataura zvakakurumbira: “Kuda kunofanira kuitwa kuti rikupukurire." Iyi purogiramu inobvuma kuva nesimba romunhu (* uye inovaka mamiriro ezvinhu kudzivirira zvakananga mugadziriro yehurumende.)

Gadziriro haisati iri pamusoro pokuvanza mitsetse nokuda kwayo imene; panzvimbo pezvo, inoita kuti kurangana kuve kwakakomba, kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, uye kusanorangarirwa. Inodzivirira chiito chokukurumidza, chisingadzorwi neboka rimwe uye inopa vagari vemo mifungo mizhinji yokudenha hurumende inonyengera.

Mapazi Matatu Nesimba Rawo

Kuti unzwisise kunzvera nokudzikama, unofanira kutanga kunzwisisa mitoro mikuru yebazu rimwe nerimwe.Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinoronga kuparadzana kwamasimba pakati pemapazu emitemo, ehurumende, uye anotonga, asi rinoparirawo chiremera chinowirirana icho chinoda batira pamwe() uye chinoita kuti kudzivisa.

Bazu Romutemo

Chikamu I cheGenestitution chinoisa masimba ose omutemo muCongress: Imba yeVamiririri neDare. Congress inonyora, kurukurirano, uye inopfuudza mitemo. Asi simba rayo rinopfuura zvikuru mutemo. Congress inodzora chikwama chehurumende(haii mari inogona kutorwa kubva kuvengi pasina mutemo wemitemo. Inozivisa hondo, kukwidza mauto, uye kudzora kutengeserana kwemibatanidzwa yehurumende. Dare rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi uye kubvumira kubatanidzwa nevhota mbiri. Dare rinewo simba rokunzvera mibato yebazu kupfurikidza nokunzwa uye subpoenas, uye kubvisa vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza purezidhendi, nokuda kwe “utsotsi hukuru nemhoshoro.

Bazu remitemo riri pedyo zvikuru nevanhu.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri

Chikamu II chinoumba bazu guru, rinotungamirira napurezidhendi, anoita mitemo inopfuudzirwa nevanosungirwa neCongress. Purezidhendi anoraira mauto, anoitisa muitiro wokumwe, anoisa mutemo, uye anopa mheneso. purezidhendi anogadzawo vatongi vehurumende, vanyori vedare, uye nhume, vanozviisa kusimbiso yeDare. Kupfurikidza nemirairo yedare uye kuisa utongi hwehurumende, purezidhendi anogona kuumba mashandiro emitemo.

Masimba aya anokosha, asi anoongororwa. Congress inogona kukunda chivako nembiri mbiri. Dare rinogona kuramba kusimbisa vamiriri. Vatongi vanogona kurova zviito zvevakuru vakuru sezvisingabvumirani nemitemo kana kuti zvinopesana nomutemo. Uye Congress inogona kushora ndokubvisa purezidhendi. Uyezve, purezidhendi haagoni kuzivisa hondo kana kuti vagari vemitero pasina nguva.

Bazu Rokutonga

Article III inosimbisa judiary yehurumende, inotungamirirwa neDare rapamusoro-soro. Vatongi vanodudzira mitemo neBumbiro remitemo, uye inoita hwirudzuro yezvokutongwa . Simba rokuzivisa mabasa eCongress kana kuti mutungamiriri mukuru mukuru wehurumende. Simba iri rakatangwa mumhaka yenhau yemagariro enhau Marbury v. Madison [183]). Vatongi veFel vanoshumira kugadza kwoupenyu hwose, kuadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Ivo havagoni kubviswa kunze kwokusavapo.

Matare anonzvera mamwe mapazu kupfurikidza nokuputsa mitemo inoputsa maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kana kuti kudarika chiremera chesangano. Somuenzaniso, chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Brown v. Board yeDzidzo [ yakarova zvikoro zvakaganhurirwa mudzinza, zvinopfuudza zvose zviri zviviri hurumende nehurumende kusaita chimwe chinhu. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Dare rakahwirudzura mirairo yavakuru vakuru pakutama, mirauriro yemhoteredzo, uye mirairo youtano yavose.

Dare redare rimene rinoongororwa: Congress inosarudza ukuru noukuru hwematare ehurumende, uye purezidhendi anogadza vatongi nesimbiso yeDare.Musangano unogonawo kukarakadza chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo dzokuputsa dudziro dzokutonga, kunyange zvazvo muitiro iwoyo wakaoma.

Kushandiswa Kunoitwa Tsika

Kunzwisisa zvinhu izvi kunobatsira vagari vemo kutevera nharo dzezvematongerwe enyika uye kuziva kana rimwe bazi rapfuura.

Veto Ndokushata

Purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutongo unopfuudzwa neCongress, achiudzivisa kuva mutemo kutoti Congress iunganidza mavhoti maviri namatatu mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri kuti adzore. Uku kumanikidza kurukurirano pakati pamapazu emitemo neanotungamirira. Purezidhendi angatyisidzira chivhoti kuti apedze kubvumira, nepo Congress ingapfuudza zvikwereti nezvinodzivirira kana tsigiro yavose yakasimba.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Dare rinotsanangura Bumbiro reMitemo uye rinogona kubvisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinorwisana naro. Iri simba inzvero ine simba pamitemo navakuru vakuru vanonyengera, asi inoganhurirwa nechinodikanwa chokuti nhau kana kuti gakava zvinofanira kuvapo(masarundi haagoni kubudisa mifungo yokufunga. Kuwedzerazve, vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa pane dzimwe nguva vanogona kuganhurira kutonga kwedare kupfurikidza nemiraudzo yakachinjika kana kuti chiremera chinoganhurirwa.

Kuvavarira Nokuparadzana

Imba yaVamiririri ine simba rimwe rokupfuudza (kuunza pomero kuvakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza purezidhendi, mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, uye vatongi. Ipapo Dare rinoedza mhaka yacho, uye vhoti yezvitatu zviviri inodikanwa nokuda kwokupfimbwa nokubviswa. Kuvhota chishandiso chitema(hrareriso) asi nguva dzose. Munhau yeAmerica, mapurezidhendi matatu akapikiswa: Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, naDonald Trump (wrice). Hapana akawanwa ane mhaka, asi muitiro wacho wakafumura mufambiro wapachena nomurangariro wapachena.

Zano Nebvumirano

Dare rinopa zano uye rinobvumirana nokugadzwa kwapurezidhendi (mitezo yecabinet, vatongi vehurumende, nhume) uye zvibvumirano.Izvozvi zvinopa Dare pesvedzero huru pamusoro pokuumbwa kwamapazu avakuru vakuru namatongi. Somuenzaniso, purezidhendi angasakwanisa kuzadza nzvimbo yeDare Rapamusoro zvikuru kana Dare rikaramba kusimbisa mutezo, sezvakaitika muna 2016 nechibvumirano chakasiiwa cheMerrick Garland.

Simba Rehondo Nokudzora Kurongwa Kwemari

Nepo purezidhendi ari mukuru mukuru, Congress bedzi anogona kuzivisa hondo. War Powers Resolution ya1973 inoda kuti purezidhendi azivise Congress mukati mamaawa 48 okuita mauto ari kunze kwenyika uye kuti adzoke pashure pamazuva 60 kutoti Congress ibvumidza chiito chinopfuuridzirwa. Nenzira yakafanana, Congress inodzora bhajeti; masangano makuru haagoni kupedza mari pasina kudzorwa. Simba iri rinogona kushandiswa kumisa kana kuganhura zvirongwa zvapurezidhendi.

Mienzaniso Yenhau Neyazvino Uno

Zvinoitika chaizvoizvo zvenyika zvinoratidzira simba rokunzvera nokudzikama. Hedzino nhambo dzinoverengeka dzinokosha.

Watergate Scampal (1972-1974) muenzaniso webhuku rinoshandiswa. Apo Purezidhendi Richard Nixon akaedza kuvanza kuputsika padzimbahwe reDemocratic National Committee, dare rejajicary neCongress rakadzoswa. Dare Rapamusoro rakamanikidzira Nixon kubudisa metapeti yakavanzika yeWhite House, neHouse Jadiary Committee kuvhoodhai. Kutarisana nokutendiswa kwakati muDare reDerrac. Game rakashanda: Muteshinaro mukuru aidzorwa kupfurikidza nokutarisira uye chiito chedare.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) yakaratidza kumanikidzira kwemitemo nebazu ravakuru vakuru kukurukura dzinza. Dare rakazivisa mitemo inorevesa zvikoro isina muganhu, inodzora munyika dzakawanda uye kumanikidza kwehurumende. Iyi chisarudzo pakupedzisira chakatungamirira kuChirevoric Rights Act ya1964 neVoting Rights Act ya 1965/legislation Act yakarondedzera nzanga yeAmerica.

Clinton Impeachment (1998-19999). Purezidhendi Bill Clinton akapinzwa neImba nokuda kwokusaruramisira uye kudzongonyedzwa kweruramisiro zvine chokuita nemhosho yaMonica Lewinsky. Dare rakamusunungura. Nepo mugumisiro wakasimbisa mitsetse yeReace, muitiro wakaratidzira kuti hakuna purezidhendi ari pamusoro pomutemo(hafuno akakurumbira anogona kuongororwa ndokuedzwa.

Trump Impeachments (209, 2021). Purezidhendi Donald Trump akapinzwa kaviri: kutanga nokuda kwokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba nokudzongonyedza kweCongress (nhau yeUkraine), uye yechipiri nokuda kwokunyandura kumukira pashure pokudenha kwaJanuary 6 Capitol. Dare rakasunungura nguva dzose, asi zviito zveImba nokunzwa zvakatevera zvakaziviswa vanhu uye zvakagadza muenzaniso weicho chinoumba mufambiro usingagamuchiriki.

[[FLT: 0] Dare Rapamusoro-soro remisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi rinodzora. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, Dare rakanzvera zvose Dare nemukuru. Mu NFIB v. Sebelius[[FLT:]] (2020:2]), yakatsigira Afford Care Act asi simba reCongress rakaganhurirwa pasi peCommercional Claus. [[FLT:]]] NOKUPUNGANA MUKURA. New York[FLT:] (20:9), Dare rakavhara kuedza kuwedzera kuva mugari womunyika, kuwana rugwaro rwakaganhurirwa. [[FLD][5][5]

Mienzaniso iyi inoratidza kuti kuongorora uye kudzikama hakurevi kuti ndekwepakati nepakati - kati - kati - kati - kati - kati, kunochinja - chinja nokuchinja - chinja nokurovedza, kuwirirana kwemagariro, uye kuvimbisana kunoitwa nevanhu vose.

Chikonzero Nei Ikoku Kuchikosha Kuvagari Vose

Kunzwisisa nzvero nedzikamo zvine chokuita zvakananga noupenyu hwako. Apo bazu guru rinopa murairo wenharo yavakuru vakuru unomutsa nharo, uchiziva kuti dare redare rinogona kuriparadza,(8) uye kuti Dare rinogona kutsigira kana kuti kuderedza kuitwa kwaro (hwunokubatsira kuyera matare ezvamatongerwe enyika). Apo Dare rinorangarira mutemo unoputsa kutaura kwakasununguka, unogona kuziva kuti matare pakupedzisira achava nechaataura. Kana Dare Rapamusorosoro rikaputsa miganhu, unonzwisisa kuti chisarudzo chinogona kuchinjwa nokugadzwa kweDare romunguva yemberi kana kuti kugadziriswa kwemitemo.

Hezvino zvikonzero zvakananga nei mugari wemo ari wose achifanira kuziva nhau iyi:

  • Simba: Zivo yemafambire anoita simba inokupa simba. Unoziva kuti ndiani wokupesvedzera muitiro(*) mumiriri wenyu wesangano, mutezo wehurumende, mutezo weThite House. Unogonawo kuziva apo bazu rinonyengera ndokuronga kudzivisa.
  • Kudzivirirwa kwaMaruramiro: maruramiro mazhinji ebumbiro remitemo emitemo (‘rusununguko rwokutaura, muitiro wakafanira, kodzero dzokuvhota) inotsamira pakunzvera nedzinoyera nokuda kwokusimbisa. Kana Congress ikapa mutemo unoganhurira kutaura, matare anogona kuderedza. Kana purezidhendi akaramba kumanikidza mutemo, Congress anogona kukwidza kana kuti kunyima mari. Mugari wemo anonzwisisa aya masimba anogona kudzivirira nenzira inobudirira zvikuru maruramiro avo.
  • Kusarudza kwapakunyorwa: Kusarudza kwapurezidhendi, Congress, uye kunyange matare ehurumende kunoumba dzikamo yesimba. Kuziva kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rinonzvera sei vamwe kuchakubatsira kusarudza kuti vada kutora vapi vachachengeta chiyero ichocho chakanakisisa. Somuenzaniso, muvhoti anoitira hanya pamusoro pomupurisa angaisa Dare rinodisa kuita basa raro rokutarisira.
  • Kuramba Disformation:[[FLT: 1] Vatambi vezvamatongerwe enyika kazhinji kazhinji vanoshatisa kuparadzana kwamasimba nokuda kwebetsero yavarwi. Mutungamiriri angataura chiremera chokufuratira mutezo wedare; mutengi angataura kuti kutonga kwedare ndo “kusati kuri mutemo wenyika.” Vagari vemo vakashongedzwa nezivo yakarurama vanogona kuona kupfurikidza nokutaura kwakadaro nokuraira kunamatira kumipimo yebumbiro remitemo.
  • Mutoro weBHAC: Republic ine utano hwakanaka inoda kuvimbisana. Vavambi vakafunga kuti vanhu vaizova nzvero yokupedzisira pahurumende(8) kupfurikidza nesarudzo, zvikumbiro, uye, kana kuri madikanwa, kunyunyuta. Haugoni kuita sechenjero yakavimbika kana usinganzwisisi tsika yauri kuedza kudzivirira.

Nzira Iyo Vagari Vayo vanogona Kubatanidzwa Nayo

Kunzwisisa inhano yokutanga bedzi. Vagari vemo vanogona kurovedza nokunzvera nokudzikamisa muupenyu hwavo vamene; hezvino zviito chaizvo:

  • Musarudzo iri yose [zvikurukuru] pakati penhambo nezvisarudzo zvomunzvimbomo, izvo zvinosarudza kuumbwa kwehurumende dzeCongress nehurumende dzinewo zvirongwa zvamasimba zvinoparadzana.
  • Kurukurirana navamiriri vako [ panhau idzo. Dana mahofisi avo, nyora tsamba, pinda horo dzetaundi. Vakuru vakuru vanogamuchira kudzvinyirirwa kwemibato, uye inzwi rako ichenjedzo.
  • [[NHAU: 0] Tevedzera matare. Tsvaka nhau huru dzeDare Gurusa ndokunzwisisa tapuro dzadzo. Zviwanikwa zvakadai seSCOTUSblog neBumbiro reMitemo Rinonyorwa (Chombor.gov) zvinogovera kupetwa kusvikika.
  • [ dzidzisa vamwe[. Kugoverana iyi zivo nemhuri, shamwari, uye vavakidzani. Dzidzo yeKPICOS yaderera, uye kudzidza kwavemazera kunoshanda.
  • Kuronga nehurumende yomunzvimbomo. Makurukota eguta, madare ezvikoro, uye masangano ehurumende emitemo ehurumende zvinewo masimba akaparadzana. Kunzwisisa kuti basa romunzvimbomo rinovaka sei tsika yengwariro iyo mwero wezvikero kumwero womubatanidzwa.
  • Masangano echitima anodzivirira pesvedzero inodzivirira murairo webumbiro remitemo. Mapoka akafanana neAmerican Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), Brennan Center nokuda kweRuramisiro, uye Federalist Society inopa zviwanikwa zvedzidzo neadvocacy yapamutemo.

mhedziso

Makereke nedzikamo hazvisi rondedzero yebumbiro remitemo inofungidzirwa nemitemo. Sezvo kuedza kweAmerica kuchipfuurira kudzivirira rusununguko rwako zuva riri rose. Kuvambira pawirirano yapurezidhendi kudzokororwa kuutariri hwedare, aya masangano anovimbisa kuti hakuna munhu mumwe kana kuti sangano rine simba rakakwana. Kunzwisisa kukuita kuti ushandure kubva panhau isingashandi kuva muchengeti wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Sezvo kuedza kweAmerica kunopfuurira kupinda muzana ramakore rayo rechitatu, dziviriro hurusa mukurwisana nounziri hwavagari vemo inoramba iri pamutemo inoziviswa navanovimbisa. Fundorondedzera tsika, simba, uye kushandisa inzwi rako kuti rivate daviriro rimwe nerimwe. Mumugumo, nzvero inokosha zvikurusa haisati yakanyorwa muBumbiro remitemo yavanhu.

Kurava kwakawedzera:[ Chinonyorwa: Kuparadzana kweMasimba . . . .[FLT :]USA. gov: Mapazu eHurumende[ . . . . . . . . . Rugwaro rwakazara rwemitemo