Chitanga Kutaura: Kutamba Kwako Ndiko Kunotanga Chete

Apo unopinda mutende rokuvhota ndokukanda chivhota chako nokuda kwapurezidhendi, uri kutora rutivi mune imwe yetsika dzinokosha zvikurusa dzehurumende muUnited States. Asi rwendo kubva panguva iyoyo kusvikira panguva ino purezidhendi mutsva anopika kuti hofisi haatongovi nekare. Sarudzo imene ndiyo fambiro mberi yokutanga mumuitiro wenzvimbo dzakawanda uyo unopa nhambo inopfuura mwedzi miviri uye unobatanidza hurumende, vasarudzo, Congress, uye vadzori vanouya. Kunzwisisa muitiro uyu kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kunzwisisa kuti mutungamiriri wayo mukurusa uye chikonzero nei nhano iri yose iripo kuvimbisa kuva nokutendeseka, chengeteko, uye nhevedzano yemitemo.

Nzira yokuenda kuupurezidhendi pashure peZuva reNzvimbo yokusarudza inodzorwa nemubatanidzwa wemitemo yebumbiro remitemo, mitemo yehurumende, uye magamuchidzanwa anogara kwenguva refu. Nyaya inoifamba mudanho rimwe nerimwe muudzame, kubva pachiratidzo chemiuyo yehurumende kusvikira kumutambo wokupedzisira wokutsaurira. Nenzira, tichanzvera vagadziri veElectoral College, basa reCongress mukuverenga vhoti dzevhoti, zvirongwa zvinowirirana kana pasina mutengi akawana voruzhinji, uye nhambo yokuchinja kukuru inovimbisa kupfuurira kwehurumende.

Chikamu Chokutanga: Electoral College uye Kugara Kwevaregeredzi

United States haisarudzi purezidhendi wayo kupfurikidza nevhoti yakakurumbira yenyika. Panzvimbo pezvo, Bumbiro reMitemo rinosimbisa muitiro usina kunanga unozivikanwa seElectoral College. Nyika imwe neimwe inogoverwa chiverengero chavavhoti vakaenzana nomufananidzo wayo wose muCongress: chitsama chavamiriri vayo vaviri pamwe chete nenhamba yavo yavamiriri muImba. Diviti yeColumbia inowana vavhotera vatatu pasi pe 23rd Amendment, ichiunza hwerengedzo yavavhoriyasi vavhoti kusvikira ku 538. Mutengi anoda ruzhinji rwavavhoti 270 vavhoti kuti vawane purezidhendi wehurumende.

Apo unosarudza nokuda kwapurezidhendi, uri kuvhota nomutoo wetsika nokuda kwechitupa chavavhotisi avo vakavimbisa kutsigira muvhoti. Ava vavhoti vanosarudza zvakatanhamara namapati ezvamatongerwe enyika mukati mekokorodzano kana kuti namatare ebato. Mazita avavhoti haawanzooneka pabhoti; vavhoti vanoona mazita avasarudzo vapurezidhendi navatsiri vezvibvumirano. Asi tapuro yapamutemo yevhoti yakakurumbira ndeyokusarudza kuti igwarai revongi inogadzwa nehurumende.

Mumaruwa 48 neGwaro reColumbia, gadziriro inohwina inobatira: mutsigiri anowana uzhinji hwevhoti yakakurumbira anogamuchira zvose zvamavhoti enyika iyoyo. Maine naNebraska vanoshandisa mutoo woruwa, vachitusa vhoti mbiri kuvawiri vapambwa vehurumende yose uye vhoti imwe kumunhu anohwina muruwa rumwe norumwe. Uku kusiyana kunogona kuparira miuyo yakasarudzwa yakakamukana munyika idzodzo, kunyange zvazvo isingawanzowaniki.

Vazivisi Vasina Kutenda Netaviridziro Yapamutemo

Varapi vanhu, uye munhau yeAmerica, nhamba duku yakavhota zvinopesana nezvipikirwa zvavo. Ava vavhoti vasina kutenda havana kutongochinja mugumisiro wesarudzo yapurezidhendi, asi vakamutsa funganyo pamusoro peperero yetsika. Mumhinduro, Dare Gurusa rakasarudza pamwe chete [[FLT: 0]] Cafalo v. Washington [2020]) iro ringataura kuti mitemo inoda vavhoti kuti vasaruki vatsi vatsigiriki vaivimbisa kutsigira, kubatanidza kupfurikidza nokubvisa kana kuti kuranga vavhozhotera. Sezvinenge 2024, 33, maretati nemitemo yeColuvia ine mitemo inobatanidza vavhoti mune imwe nzira, uye Dare redare rinopedza pamutemo.

Zviratidzo zvavavhoti vanopupurirwa nagavhuna wehurumende imwe neimwe inhevedzo dzehurumende dzichavhota muna December. Muitiro wekuvhota umene unodzorwa nomutemo wehurumende uye kazhinji kazhinji unoitwa mukati mamavhiki oMusi Wokusarudza. Vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanonzvera vanonzvera midzoro, vanoitisa rondedzero ipi neipi inodikanwa kana kuti mabhani, uye vanobudisa magwaro okuzivisa akasarudzwa. Idzi rugwaro dzinotumirwa kuNational Archives and Records Administrations uyewo kuvakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende.

Kuseka Kwechipiri: Musangano Wavazivisi

PaChipiri chokutanga pashure peChitatu chechipiri muna December, vavhoti vanosangana mudzimbahwe ravo rehurumende kuti vakande mavhoti avo apamutemo nokuda kwapurezidhendi nomutevedzeri wapurezidhendi. Musangano uyu unorairwa nomutemo wehurumende uye unoitika panguva imwe chete mumativi ose. Vavhoti vavhota vakaparadzana nokuda kwapurezidhendi uye kwomutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, vachishandisa mapepa evota. Migumisiro yacho inonyorwa papepa revhoti, iyo ipapo inosainwa navavhoti uye inoendeswa kunzvimbo dzinoverengeka, kubatanidza Purezidhendi weDare reSangano (Mutungamiriri weUnited States), National Archives, uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende.

Zviratidzo zvevhoti izvinyorwa zvepamutemo zvichaverengwa neDare muna January. Zvine simba romutemo uye zvinomirira kuratidzwa kwezvisarudzo zvehurumende. Pashure pokunge vavhoti vasangana, magwaro anonamwa uye anopiwa nenzira yakachengeteka. Shanduro yeMaripoti eMitemo inoongororwa paIndaneti kuti vanhu vaonekwe zvakanaka, uye muitiro wose unoitiswa netsika.

Munhau dzakaitika, musangano wavavhoti wakanga uri nhanho yakanyarara yaifadza vanhu zvishoma. Zvisinei, kusarudza kuchangobva kuitwa kwakaongorora zvikuru danho iri, zvikurukuru pashure pejasi ra2020, apo zvitupa zvevavhoti zvakachinjwa mune dzimwe nyika. Kuchinja uku kunoderedza zvikuru uye kunopa mamiriro ezvinhu akajeka okuverenga.

Para: Congress Inoverenga Electoral Votes

Pana January 6 pashure pesarudzo, Congress inoronga murusando rwakabatana kuti vaverenge vvuruti. Mutungamiriri weSanihedheni, mubasa ravo saPurezidhendi weDare, anotungamirira rusando. Mutambo wacho unoiswa mugamuchidzanwa nemitemo. Tsamba dzinobva kuhurumende imwe neimwe dzinovhurwa munhevedzano yemabhii, uye vatauriri vanobva mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri vanozivisa mavhoti. Kuramba kupi nokupi nokupi neapi kuuwa muvhoti wenyika kunofanira kuiswa murugwaro uye kusayinwa nomutezo mumwe chete weImba uye mutezo weDare.

Pasi peElectoral Count Act yapakuvamba ya1887, mitemo yokurangarira zvirambidzo yakanga isina kujeka, ichitungamirira kunyongano inobvira nokunonoka. Electoral Count Reform Act ya2022 yakamutsa chikumbaridzo chokurangarira: chirambidzo chinofanira zvino kutsigirwa neinenge hafu imwe yekamuri rimwe nerimwe (pari zvino mitezo 87 yeImba na 20 yejenator) kukurukurwa. Kana chikuva ichocho chikarangarirwa, dare rimwe nerimwe rakaparadzana kusvikira kumaawa maviri uye ipapo vhota kuti ritsigire kana kutsigira kuramba. Voti zhinji iri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri inodikanwa kubvisa kana kuti kuramba mavhoti ehurumende.

Kana nyika dzose 50 dzangoverengwa bedzi neRuwa rweColumbia, Mutungamiriri wePurezidhendi anozivisa urefu hwokupedzisira. Kana mutevedzeri agamuchira mavhoti 270 kana kuti kupfuura avhota, Mutongi Mukuru mukuru anozivisa mutevedzeri iyeyo kuva purezidhendi anosarudza. Iyi ndiyo mhedziso yapamutemo yemitemo yasarudzo. Kana pasina mutendi anosvika 270, Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa jambwa, iro riri rimwe ramarumbidzo anosanonzwisiswa zvikuru asi anokosha zvikurusa mugadziriro yeAmerica.

Kusarudza Kunogutsa: Chinoitika Kana Pasina Munhu Anowana 270

Sarudzo inowirirana inoitwa bedzi kana pasina mumiriri mukuru anogamuchira voti vazhinjisa vakasarudzwa. Ichi chinoitika hachisati chiri chenguva dzose asi hachisi chechinyakare; sarudzo yokupedzisira yakaitwa muna 1824, apo Imba yakasarudza John Quincy Adams pamusoro paAndrew Jackson. Kana ikatangwa, Imba yaVamiriri inosarudza purezidhendi kuvavhoti vakasarudzwa zvikurusa. Nhume imwe neimwe yehurumende inovhota, uye ruzhinji rwehurumende (zvino uno 26) runodikanirwa kuwina. Home inopfuurira kuvhotera kutozosvikira apo muvhoti mukuru mukuru wacho.

Nokuda kwomutevedzeri woupurezidhendi, Dare rinosarudza kuvamiriri vaviri namavhoti makurusa akasarudzwa, nokuvhota kumwe nokumwe. Voruzhinji vavasandendi (51) vanodikanwa. Ikoku kunoreva kuti zvinobvira kupfurikidza nomurangariro kuti purezidhendi nemutevedzeri wapurezidhendi vasarudzwe mumapoka akasiyana, chinoitika icho chingaparira muitiro wesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika wechienzi. Sarudzo yemasangano anodzorwa neIndaugration Day ye12th. Kana pasina purezidhendi anosarudzwa panguva iyeyo, Purezidhendi Exproduction Recuriation Act ya1947 chinoreva kuti ndiani achaita sapurezidhendi weHouse anosarudza kufeyifa.

Kunyange zvazvo kusarudza kunoitwa nevanhu kusinganyanyi kuoneka mune zvematongerwo enyika mazuva ano, muitiro wacho unoramba uri dziviriro inokosha yebumbiro remitemo, unovimbisa kuti sarudzo yapurezidhendi haingafi nokusingaperi uye kuti imba, sekamuri riri pedyo zvikuru nevanhu, ndiyo inopedzisira kutaura kana Electoral College ikakundikana kubudisa ruzhinji.

Vana: Kuchinja Kwesimba

Nhambo pakati peEvolution Day neInaugtionation Day, inozivikanwa sechinjo yapurezidhendi, ndiimwe yenhambo dzinovapo zvikurusa mukuva weAmerica. Kuchinja kunobatanidza kuchinjwa kwechiremera chavakuru vakuru kubva kuudzori hwavanhu vanofamba kuenda kuhuri kuuya, kubatanidza kudzora masangano ehurumende, kusvika kuungwaru hunorongwa, uye kuiswa kwezviuru zvavamiririri vezvamatongerwe enyika. Chinjo inodzoreka mwoyo kuchengeteko yorudzi, chivimbo chavanhu, uye kupfuurira kwemibato yehurumende.

Purezidhendi Purezidenti Pentecial Transition Act ya 1963, seyakagadziriswa, inopa gadziriro yomutemo yemuitiro uyu. Inobvumira Sangano reMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeMabasa kuti igovere pfuma, nzvimbo yehofisi, uye mari kumapoka anochinja avada kutevera, kunyange pamberi poMusi wokusarudza. Pashure poMusi weSarudzo, purezidhendi anogamuchira kurongwa kwouchenjeri kwakaganhurirwa, anoshanda navakuru vakuru vesangano kugadzirira nokuda kwekurongwa kwechiremera, uye kutanga muitiro mukuru wokubvisa nhengo dzekabhineti nevashandi vakuru.

Chinjo inobatanidzawo kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kwapurezidhendi akasarudzwa nehurumende inosununguka. Purezidhendi wapanguva ino anokoka purezidhendi anowanzova purofesa ku White House nokuda kwomusangano, uye vaviri vacho vanokurukura pamusoro pesimba. Idzi gamuchidzanwa rinosimbisa kuchinjwa kune rugare kwechiremera icho chiri chiratidzo chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu veAmerica. Vadzori vanofamba vakabatanawo nechikwata chinouya kuva nechokwadi chokuti nhau dzechengeteko dzenyika dzinonetsa, zvirongwa zvinopfuurira, uye zvirongwa zvokudavidza zvinopfupikiswa zvinopfupikiswa zvizere.

Kuchenesa Kwechengeteko Nezvikwata Zvenzvimbo Zvinogara Vachingogara

Chinhu chinokosha chechinjo yacho kupa kujekeswa kwechengeteko kwechinguvana kumitezo yehurumende iri kuuya kuti igogona kuvamba kugamuchira zvikamu zvakarongwa. Vatungamiriri vanofamba vanopfavisa uyu muitiro kupfurikidza neWhite House Penation Coordinating Council na Agency Transition Directors Council. Mitumbi iyi inovimbisa kuti boka riri kuuya rine mukana wokuwana mashoko arinoda kutonga nenzira inobudirira kubva kuDayO.

Sangano rimwe nerimwe rehurumende rinoratidzira boka rokumhara rinoshanda neboka rokuchinja kuti rihwirudzure mabasa anopfuurira, magwaro okuronga mari, makarenda okuronga, uye kumirira nhau dzemitemo. Office yeSangano reKuzvidavirira [ uye Office yeDzidzo neHwariro yeH siatele yeDzidzo inoita mabasa anokosha mukusimbisa kuti mibato yokuchinja inowirirana nomutemo womubatanidzwa wehurumende nemipimo yetsika. Muitiro wose unogadzirirwa kuva wakajeka, bipartis, uye unoshanda, nevavariro yokuvimbisa kuti hurumende inopfuurira kushanda nenzira inodzoreka mukati mechinjo youtungamiriri.

Kutsakatisa Kushanu: Zuva Rokuumbika

Zuva rokunatsiridza ndiwo mugumo wegadziriro yose yokusarudza. Zvinoitika musi waJanuary 20, sezvakarayirwa ne20 Amendment, yakapfuudza musi wabva muna March 4 kupfupikisa nguva yokuremara. Mutambo wacho unoitikira paU.S. Capitol, zvikurukuru kuWest Front, Dare guru reUnited States richipika hofisi kuna purezidhendi ari kuuya. Mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi anopikawo, kazhinji kacho pamberi papurezidhendi wacho.

Mhiko yehofisi inodudzwa muChikamu II, Chikamu 1 cheBumbiro reMitemo: "Ndinopika zvakakomba (kana kuti simbisa) kuti ndichashandisa nokutendeka Hofisi yaPurezidhendi weUnited States, uye ndichasvika pakanakisisa ramano angu, kuchengeta, kudzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States." Purezidhendi anosarudza anoisa ruoko paBhaibheri kana kuti rimwe bhuku rechisarudzo chavo, kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo risati richida rugwaro rworudzidziso rupi norupi norwupi. Pashure pokuita mhiko yacho, purezidhendi mutsva anosvitsa hurukuro yokutanga, achirondedzera chiono chavo chenguva inouya.

Kutsaurirwa hakusati kuri chinoitika chomutambowo zvawo; inguva apo chiremera chapurezidhendi chebumbiro remitemo chinovamba kushanda. Kuvambira masikati pana January 20, mutongi anova purezidhendi, pasinei zvapo nokuti mutambo wacho wapera here. Muchinoitika chokunonoka kana kuti kutadza kwapurezidhendi kuita mhiko panguva yakatarwa, mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi anova purezidhendi anoshanda kusvikira urema hwapedzwa, sezvinotaurwa neFramendment yechi25.

Kufambiswa Kune Rugare Kwesimba

Kutamisirwa kune rugare kwesimba kubva kune imwe hurumende kuenda kune imwe inotevera rutivi runorondedzera rwegadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica. Kusafanana nedzimwe nyika dzakawanda, United States haina kumbokundikana kutsiviwa kwesimba nemhaka yokupindira kwehondo kana kuti kusarudzwa kwakamutsa kusagadzikana kwehondo. Nepo kusarudzwa kwa2020 kwakaedza mimwe yemipimo iyi, miitiro yebumbiro remitemo yakaitwa, uye kuchinja kwacho kwakapfuurira sezvinodikanwa nomutemo. National Archives and Records Administrations [ kunochengeta mapepa ane udzame echirongwa chimwe nechimwe chevhiyo, kuchigovera mutungamiriri wemitemo anopenya wavose webasa rose.

Purezidhendi anofara anopinda mutsika yokutsaurirwa uye kutora rutivi mumhemberero. Chiratidzo ichi chinoratidzira kupfuurira kwoudzori hwehurumende yehurumende nechisarudzo chine rugare chamakwikwi ezvematongerwe enyika. Zuva rokuratidzira rinobatanidzawo kufora, mabhora okuvhura, uye mimwe mitambo, kunyange zvazvo migariro yechengeteko noutano hwevanhu ingatapura mwero wezviitiko izvi. Pasinei zvapo nokuchengetwa kwokunze, nguva yemitemo inoramba iri tarisiro yemhiko uye kurangarirwa kwesimba guru.

Mugumo: Muitiro Unotsigira Ubati ushe Hworuzhinji

Nhambo iri pakati pokuvhota nokutsaurirwa kwapurezidhendi mutsva inhevedzano yakasanorongwa yemitemo, rondedzero, uye tsika. Nhano imwe neimwe inorongedzerwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti muuyo wekuda kwavavhoti sezvinoratidzirwa kupfurikidza nemitemo yakagadzwa neBumbiro reMitemo nemutemo. Kuvambira pakugadzwa kwavavhoti kumusangano weCongress, kuvambira pachiratidzo chemiuyo yehurumende kukutarisirwa kwemhiko, rutivi rwuri rwose rune donzo rakananga: kubudisa chisakiso chapamutemo, chakatsiganyidzirwa, uye kuchinjirwa kwakarongwa kwesimba ravakuru vakuru.

Kunzwisisa muitiro uyu kunopfuura kurovedza kwedzidzo. Kunoshongedzera vagari vemo zivo kuyera kuvimbika kwesarudzo, kuziva revo yenhano imwe neimwe, uye kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vazvidavirire nokuda kwokuita mabasa avo nokutendeka. Nzira yokuenda kuufundisi irefu uye inonamirwa, asi inoratidzirwa negadziriro. Libary of Congress ne [[FLT].S.U.S. Sarudzo yehurumende yemashoko yehurumende inopa mipiro yakakwirira nokuda kwaavo vanoda kunzvera nhau yacho.

Apo unosarudza, unotanga muitiro unobatanidza zviuru zvavakuru vakuru vehurumende, mamirioni ezvinyorwa zvapamutemo, uye uchenjeri hwakaunganidzwa hwamazana maviri amakore okutonga kwebumbiro remitemo. Rwendo kubva pabhokisi reOval boot kuenda kuOl Office rwakaoma, asi isunganowo kukusimba nokuchinjika kwerepubulika yeAmerica. Isati imwe neimwe munhau idzi dzechiteshi, uye mumwe nomumwe aripo kuti abatire nheyo huru yokuti vanhu ndivo manyuko okupedzisira echiremera munzanga yakasununguka.