Matsananguriro Anoita Mashandiro Ezvinhu Zvinoshandiswa Pamuviri

Muitiro wechimurenga unoshandiswa muUnited States Sernate kunonozesa kana kuti kuvhara vhoti papepa, kugadziriswa, kana kuti kunyorwa kwegore. Ikodzero huru kutambanudzwa, uye haiwaniki muU.S. Constitution. Panzvimbo pezvo, filibuster ivhura mitemo yeDare, zvikurukuru kusavapo kwegadziriro yokudana vhoti apo mutengi anoda kupfuurira kutaura. Shoko racho rimene rine nhau yakadzorwa, rakatorwa mushoko rechiDutch [[FLT:] , rinoreva "reat" kana kuti "purefreat," iro rinorondedzera nomutoo wakakwirira.

Muchimiro chayo chakapfava zvikurusa, filbuster inobvumira mutevedzeri mumwe kana kuti boka ravasarendi kudzivisa mutemo kusvika vhoti yokupedzisira. Nemhaka yokuti Dare rinozvirumbidza rimene pakuva "muviri mukurusa wenyika," yakabvumira nenzira yegamuchidzanwa nokuda kwekurukurirano isina kuganhurirwa. Chinoumba chinoshandisa iyi gamuchidzanwa. Kunzwisisa mugariro wazvino uno wechifinbuster, mumwe anofanira kutanga kutsaura pakati pezvimiro zvawo zvenguva yazvino uno nezvemazuva ano, sezvo zvinoshanda nenzira yakasiana zvikuru.

`Filibuster v. ``Silent''

Kufungidzira kwavanhu kunowanzonamatira ku "Kutaura nefilibuster," mufananidzo wakakurumbira nefirimu ya1939 . Smith Goes kuWashington. Mushanduro ino, mutengi anofanira kubata uriri nokutaura nguva dzose. Havagoni kugara pasi, kusiya kamuri, kana kuti kumbomira kwemasekondi mashoma. Iyi nzira inonetesa, yavose zvikuru, uye inoda kuti mutambi wedare atsungirire zvakanyanyisa. Famond Benalsters anobatanidza Sanrom Shommond 24-awa ne 18-mukurukuri wokurwisana nekodzero dzevagari vemomberiyo ya 1957 neSense Drafma's 30's bvumirano yekurukurirano yechibvumirano.

Zvisinei, Dare renguva imwe cheteyo haritongodi kuti pave nemwana achitaura. Panzvimbo pezvo, rinoshanda pasi pe "Beliebuster akanyarara" kana kuti "Chizvarwa chisiri chavana. Mutsika ino, mutarisiri haafaniri kuvata. Vanongoratidzira bedzi kuramba kwavo kuenda kuvhoti. Majonidate, kuziva kuti mugari wemoripoti ari munzvimbo, haasati achizounza pamutemo kuuriri kutoti kana vane mavhoti 60 okubudisa. Dare ipapo rinogona kupfuurira kundoenda kune rimwe bhizimisi apo chibvumirano chakaderera chinenge chiri chikonzero chikuru nokuda kwokushandiswa kwamakore akawanda kwevakiyiwa.

Kushongedza: Nzira Bedzi Yokumisa Nayo Filibuster

Mutoo bedzi wakarongwa wokuputsa nawo filbuster muitiro unonzi "chimuko," wakagadzwa noMurau 22 weDare muna 1917. Pamberi pa 1917, pakanga pasina nzira yokumanikidza nayo vhoti, kureva kuti vashomanene vakatsunga vaigona kuchengeta Dare rose riripo kusvikira kunguva isingazivikanwi. Mutoo wokutanga waida mativi matatu okutanga kuti kurukurirano ipere. Iwoyu wakachinjwa muna 1975 kusvikira kumupimo wazvino uno wetatu weSatime, zvikurukuru 60 varetator.

Kukumbira rambreure, mutevedzani anofanira kunyora kufamba kwakasainwa nevashandi biyake 16. Dare ipapo rinovhota pakufamba uku. Kana vatatu-55 vevatengi vose vakasarudzwa nemhiko (zvinowanzova 60) vavhota mutsivi, rambreture inokumbirwa. Iyi muganhu kumaawa 30 okuwedzera, pashure pokunge kuvhota kwokupedzisira kunofanira kuitika. Kana kufamba kwedandero kwapaganda kukaitika, Facialbuster kunopfuurira, uye muromo wacho wakafa zvinobudirira. 60-vote chitsauko chimwe chinotsiva zvikurusa mumatongerwe enyika, seizvo kunoreva kuti majarator 41 anogona kuvhara chinenge chikamu chipi nechipi chemitemo.

Kushanda Kwefilibuster Kunoitwa Sei?

Muuyo unoshanda wenhamba yevanairubuster ndeyokuti Dare reU.S. rinoshanda sedare gurusa remitemo yakawanda. Panzvimbo pevhoti 51 dzakapfava dzichikwana kusvitsa bhiriti, boka guru rinofanira kutongochengeta nguva dzose mavhoti 60 kufambisira mberi mutemo. Irori rinochinja zvikurukuru dzikamo yesimba pakati pevoruzhinji namapoka maduku, kazhinji kazhinji rinotungamirira kugiradhi.

Mujaho Wakaenzana Wava 60 Nokutonga Kukuru

Zvinodikanwa 60 zvinomanikidza boka ruzhinji kutsvaka kubvumirana nebato duku panenge papepa guru riri rose. Ikoku kunogona kuva manyuko etsiga, kumanikidza bipartisashi nokudzivisa chinjo huru mumiitiro. Zvisinei, kunopawo boka duku kubatira kusingashandisi papurogiramu yavazhinji. Kana boka richidzora zvigaro 51, rinogona kuva nevoruzhinji vemitemo asi risingakwanisi kupfuura chinhu chipi nechipi chinokosha charo chinokosha pasina tsigiro duku.

Vakasiyana Nevaviri: Kuyananiswa Nokuchinja

Pane zvinhu zviviri zvikuru zvakasarira zvazova zvinokosha zvikuru mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya: kuronga kuyanana uye kuronga kuisa zita panzvimbo yaro.

Kuyananisa kwakaipa muitiro wakatangwa neCongregational Bactenment Act ya 1974. Kufunga kwakabvumira kurangarirwa kwemitemo inodzorwa inobata nokushandisa mari, mari, uye muganhu wechikwereti. Mukuyanana, kurukurirano yakaganhurirwa kumaawa 20, uye chirevo cheFiliginbuster chinorambidzwa. Uku kunoreva kuti mari dzeyananiso dzinogona kupfuura nevoruzhinji (51 vhoti). Muitiro uyu wave wakashandiswa kupfuudza mutemo mukuru weRokita weCuts neJobs Act ye201717 neIn Reduction Act ye2022. Reconsole inoganhurirwa ne "Prect," inodzivisa gadziriro dzeyamubatanidzwa kubva mukuva, asi wazova chishandiso chikuru chemitemo.

Mirairo yaidzorwawo nemonicbuster kutozosvikira nhevedzano ye "chisarudzo chenyukireya". Muna 2013, muutungamiriri hweMutungamiriri weMajor Harry Reid, Dare rakashandisa vhoti iri nyore kubvisa nenzira inobudirira chikwata chechikuru chebazu rose uye dare kunze kweidzo kuDare Rapamusoro. Izvi zvakaitwa kuputsa chitsama cheRepublican demonment of Priest Obama’s nonones kuD.C. Dare redunhunhu. Muna 2017, Mutungamiriri mukuru weMaster Mit McCnnell akakudziridza uyu muenzaniso kubatanidza Dare gurusaro kana kuti asimbire Justice Goilr Goothro. Chibviro chapurezidhendi mukurusaro, chibvi chamakurusa anogona kusimbiswa nevoruzhinji.

Nhau yeFilibuster

Chikwata chainzi filbuster chakanga chisiri rutivi rwemagadzirirwo epakutanga eDare. VanaBaba vokuvamba vakakakavadzana asi havana kupa zvakajeka kodzero kukurukurirano isina kuganhurirwa. Dare rokutanga rakashanda pagadziriro yomutemo wakapfava woruzhinji, uye miitiro yakadai se "bvunzo yapfuura" ingagona kugumisa gakava. Chinoumba chinobva muzvinhu somugumisiro wemitemo yeDare yaichinjwa mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi19.

Mavambo uye Kukurumidza Kushandiswa Muzana Remakore Rechi19

Shoko "filibuster" rakapinda muduramashoko rezvamatongerwe enyika reU.S. mu1850. Chinoumba chokutanga chechokwadi chakaitika muna 1837 apo boka ravamiriri vairwisana nendova rakavhara mutemo wokubvisa chisarudzo chaidzorera purezidhendi Andrew Jackson. Pamberi peHondo yeChizvarwa chavagari vemo, vanachiberekero chapashure peReconstation rakaona wedzero mukushandiswa kwavo, zvikurukuru naMajerimani anotsvaka kuvhara mutemo waizodzivisa maruramiro avagari vemo nokuda kwekodzero dzechitema.

Kwemazana amakore rechi19 uye kutanga kwechi20, filibuster yakanga iri chombo chevashoma, asi zvaidhura kushandisa. Vatari vaifanira kutsigira hurukuro dzavo kwemaawa kana kuti mazuva vachibata uriri. Chinyorwa chemonitor yeimwe payose yenguva refu zvikuru chinochengetwa neSanator Strom Thurmond, akataura kwemaawa 24 nemaminitsi 18 pamusoro peChirevotion Act yeCivil Rights ya 1957. Aigadzira nokutora mabhati emvura kuti azvidzikise amene uye kuva nebhakiti muimba yokuchengetera. Nguva ino batanidza ukama hwevakiyamu yenzibu nenzvimbo yehurumende.

Nguva Yekodzero Dzevagari Vomunyika: "Jim Crow Filibuster"

Chinoitika chamonibulister zvikurusa uye kushandiswa kwakaipa kwakanga kuri mukati meChivil Rights Movement. Mubatanidzwa weveMadokero weRevolution, unozivikanwa se "Southern Bloc," wakashandisa wadzo kazhinji kazhinji kudzivisa mutemo unorwisana netsoropodzo nemhosvo dzavanhu. Muenzaniso wakakurumbira zvikurusa wakanga uri 1964 Civil Rights Act. Boka raMadokero eSouthern Conseam anotungamirira naRichard Russell weGeorgia akachengeta chikwata chapamberi peji kwemazuva 75, kubatanidza zvikamu zvemarusando echigaro.

Iyi filbuster yakanga isati iri bedzi nzira yeprocedal; yakanga iri chiito chamasimba masimba chokudzivisa dzinza kuenzana. Kwaida kufamba kwe 71-voti-81 (panguva yokutanga kuvhara kwakashandiswa nenzira inobudirira nokuda kwerimu rekodzero dzavagari vemo) kugumisa. Iyi nhau iri chikonzero nei vatsoropodzi vazhinji vazvino uno vanonongedzera kudavidzo yedzinza serine mavambo makuru ourudzi. Yakanga iri chishandiso chokusarudza kuchengetedza Jim Crow mitemo neroundation. Chibvumikiso chokuti Prinbuster inodzivirira maruramiro mashoma anodzorwa zvikuru neidi kuti yakadokuva anoshandiswa chose chose chose nokuda kwezana ramakore kudzivirira kodzero dzavachena kuti vadzvinyirire vashoma vedzinza duku.

Nguva Yazvino Uno: Chisarudzo cheNyukiriya uye Kuwedzera Kwokuparadza

Muna 1970, Dare rakagamuchira mutoo we "Mitambo miviri" wokutarisira basa raro. Kare, muberekeri aizomisa bhizimisi rose reDare nemhaka yokuti kamuri racho raisagona kupfuurira kutozosvikira pakwakwakagadzirirwa. Mugadziriro yemiitiro miviri, Dare rinogona kutsaura mutezo wechibvumirano chechinobereka ndokutanga rimwe bhizimisi. Iyi chinjo yakaita kuti chinjo ive inodhura zvikuru nokuda kwebato duku, sezvo yakanga isati ichagona kupedzazve simba reDare rose. Somuuyo, chiverengero chavana vaRebister chive chakakwira.

Muma1990 na 2000, mugari wemo akava chishandiso chenguva dzose chebato duku kuti rivhiringidze purogiramu yevoruzhinji. Kudzokororwa kwemitemo kwakava dare chairo. Ikoku kwakatungamirira ku "chisarudzo chenyukireya," chirongwa chemitemo icho Dare raigona kuchinja nacho mitemo yaro nevhoti duku. Muna 2013 na2017, iyi yakashandiswa kubvisa vanachikuru nokuda kwemifungo.

Kuitirana Nharo Nokurwisana Nevaviri

Kukakavadzana pamusoro pechido chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu ndeimwe yenhau dzakakomba zvikurusa mune zvematongerwe enyika zveAmerica.

Kuitirana Nharo Kunofarirwa: Kudzivirira Uduku uye Kukurudzira Kubvumirana Pane Zvisina Kufanira

Vatsigiri venhamba dzinotaura kuti ichenjero inokosha pabato guru. Vanopikisa kuti Dare rakarongedzerwa kuva rinononoka uye rinorerutsa zvikuru kupfuura Imba. Kupfurikidza nokuda mavhoti 60, mubereke anomanikidza voruzhinji kutsvaka pesvedzero kuvashomanene, kuchidzivisa "chitsaru chevoruzhinji."

Vatsigiri vanowanzonokora mashoko ``choomer super'' enzanisa: Dare ijena rinotonhora tii inopisa yomutemo inopiwa neImba. Vanopikisa kuti chikwata chinoumba chirevo chokuti mitemo ine tsigiro yakafara, inogara, inoderedza bviro yemiitiro youpengo apo kudzorwa kwemaoko ehurumende. Inoonekwa sechidzivisiso chinodzivisa chinjo huru, chinosimudzira tsinhirano mumitengo.

Mukuwedzera, pane chibvumikiso chinowirirana: filbuster anodzivirira maruramiro ebato duku rinofanira kunzwiwa. Pasina iko, ruzhinji rusina ruzha rungagona kukurumidza kudzorwa kupfurikidza nomutemo pasina kurukurirano, kudzvinyirira inzwi rechishoro. Kuvanemba vazhinji, kudzivirira vanambuya zvakaenzana nokudzivirira gadziriro yeDare rimene.

Kukakavadzana: Kurwisana Nedzinza Nenhaka Youdzinza

Vashori vemoniribuster vanotaura kuti inorwisana zvikurukuru nedemocratic. Vanoomerera kuti voruzhinjiwo zvavo vanofanira kuva vakakwana kupfuudza mitemo, sezvakwakaita muImba yavamiriri uye inodokuva mubatanidzwa wehurumende uri wose. Kupfurikidza nokupa vashomanene vavanengi 41 vesimba reveto, nhubusva dzinobvumira vashomanene, kazhinji kazhinji muruwa kuganhurirwa kuganhurira kuda kwevoruzhinji veAmerica.

Vatsoropodzi vanonongedzera kunhau yevanambuya vane maruramiro avagari vemo soufakazi hwengozi yavo. Vanoipikisa chishandiso chinodzivirira mugariro wacho, kunyange apo mugariro wacho unenge usina kururama. Kumuka kwemonibuster akanyarara kwakaita kuti chidzongonyedzo chive nyore zvikuru, kuchitungamirira kuhurumende yakaoma isingagoni kupedza nhau dzakafanana nokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, mutengo woutano, kana kuti maruramiro okuvhota.

Kupfuurirazve, vashori vanotaura kuti mutungamiriri wehurumende anobvisa kuzvidavirira. Apo ruzhinji runokundikana kupa zvipikirwa zvarwo, runogona kungopomera bedzi boka duku nokuda kwokudzivisa mutemo. Ikoku kunobvumira vamiriri kudzivisa kuita vhoti dzakaoma uye kudzosa mutoro kuboka gurusa. Vachinji vanotaura kuti kuita Dare navazhinjisa kumanikidza mapoka kuva ane mutoro wokutonga ndokupa vavhoti chisarudzo chakajeka zvikuru mubhokisi rebhorati.

Kunyengetedzwa Kwevakabuda Muchechi

Zvichirangarirwa nokutsoropodza kukuru uye kukura kwemiitiro, zvikarakadzo zvakawanda zvokuchinja zvakakarakadzwa. izvozvi zvinovambira pautera huduku kusvikira kukuparadzwa chose chose.

Kutanga Kutaura

Chimwe chezvikarakadzo zvechinjo zvakakurumbira zvikurusa kudzokera ku "Kutaura napanyurumuro". Mumurairo uyu, chikumbaridzo cha 60 chezvikwereti chaizochengetwa, asi mutoro wokudzivisa waizoiswa pavashoma. Vasarudzi vanoda kuvhara mutemo vaizofanira kudzora uriri ndokutaura nguva dzose. Ikoku kungakwidziridza ndyiko yokudzivisa, kuchikuita chishandiso chezvinotenderwa zvakadzika zvikuru panzvimbo penzira yetsika yezvamatongerwe enyika. Vatsoropotedza vanocherekedza kuti ichi chinjo chichava chakaoma kubatira mutemo uye chingaguma nokunonoka.

Kutarisira Kupiwa Kwapamutemo Kwakananga

Chimwe chikarakadzo kunyora mapoka akati emitemo kubva kumonitor, kufanana zvikuru nezvakaitirwa nokuda kwokuvhota. Nharidzano dzinozivikanwa navose dzezvirongwa zvinobatanidza maruramiro okuvhota, chengeteko yasarudzo, uye mutemo unosimbisa kuva Hurumende nokuda kweWashington D.C. vatsigiri vanopikisa kuti dzimwe nhau dzinokosha kwazvo kukushanda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvokuti havafaniri kuzviisa pasi pezvinodikanwa zvikuru. Vashori vanonetseka kuti kunyora kwakawanda zvikuru kungava kusina revo pakupedzisira kuparira kuva nediciencebuster pasina revo.

Kubviswa Kwose: Chisarudzo Chenyukireya

Chinjo hurusa kubviswa chose chose kwemonilbuster, inowanzonzi "chisarudzo chenyukiliya" kana kuti "chisarudzo che "chigadziro chenyukireya". Ikoku kungada vhoti zhinjisa muDare kuchinja mitemo ndokutanga mutezo wakapfava wemitemo yose. Ikoku kungashandura zvikurukuru Dare, kuriita kuti rive boka guru. Nepo ikoku kwaizopedza chinetso chemitsetse mirengwa, kwaizobvisawo dziviriro hurusa yekodzero shomanene mumuitiro womutemo, kuchigona kutungamirira kukudzorwa kwemitemo inokurumidza zvikuru apo kudzorwa kwehurumende kunochinja.

Mibvunzo Inowanzobvunzwa Pamusoro Pepilibuster

Ko mwana ari muBumbiro reMitemo? A. Chinoumba hachidudzwi muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. ihurumende yetsika inoumbwa neDare pacharo nesimba raro kusarudza mitemo yaro rimene.

Neiko ichinzi ifilbuster? Shoko racho rinobva mushoko rechiDutch vrijbuiter, rinoreva "freebooter" kana kuti "piretate". Rakashandiswa muzana ramakore rechi 19 kurondedzera varwi veAmerica vemikana yakawanda vakavhozhokera nyika dzeLatin America, uye gare gare gare rakagamuchirwa kurondedzera chibvumirano chemitemo.

Chii chakanga chiri chirefu zvikurusa munhau? Chirefu zvikurusa chehove inobatwa naSenator Strom Thurmond (D-SC), uyo akataura kwamaawa 24 namaminiti 18 mukurwisana neChivil Rights Act ya 1957. Kwave kune boka refu reDhomonicbusters, asi Thurmond anochengeta chinyorwa chimwe nechimwe.

Mavhoti mangani anodikanwa kuputsa nhubu? Panguva ino, kunoda mavhoti 60 kukumbira kukuvadzwa uye kugumisa mugari wemo pamutemo wakawanda. Ikoku kunomirira mabhii matatu eDare.

Ko nucbuster inogona kuchinjwa here? Hungu. Hoose anogona kuchinjwa kana kubviswa nevhoti yakapfava yeDare. Ikoku kunowanzonongedzerwa kwairi se "chisarudzo chenyukiliya" nemhaka yokuti inoputsa tsika dzegamuchidzanwa dzenzvimbo.

Mugumo: Nguva Yemberi yeFilibuster

Chiremba anoramba ari rutivi rumwe runokosha zvikurusa uye runomutsa nharo rweUnited States Dare. Rinogara pakati pekurukurirano iri yose pamusoro poudzori, jacklock, uye hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu muAmerica. Vadziviriri varo vanotaura kuti iko kudzivirira kwokupedzisira mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri hwavazhinji uye kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Vashori varo vanotaura kuti ichinhu chinodzivisa chakashandiswa kudzivirira uranda, Jim Crow, uye gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika isingadaviriki.

Nguva yemberi yenharirire haizivikanwi. Sezvo mugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika unova wakaparadzana zvikuru, dzvinyiriro yokuchinja kana kuti kuibvisa ichangowedzera bedzi. Chisarudzo chokuchinja nomwanambuya ndicho pakupedzisira chiri muvambi vedare vamene, uye chisarudzo chichaumba simba rehurumende yehurumende yehurumende nokuda kwezvizvarwa. Kunzwisisa icho chinoitwa nevechiPriebuster, uye nhau yayo refu neyakaoma kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa zvamatongerwe enyika dzeAmerica nhasi. Kuitirana nharo hakusati kuri pamusoro pomuganhuwa mukuru wesimba rehurumende. Kunzwisisa kuti voruzhinji vanofanira kuva naroi uye kuti dziviriro huru sei inofanira kugamuchira.