Mashoko okuvhota azova rutivi rwakapararira rwenhimbe dzazvino uno dzezvamatongerwe enyika nokuzivisa kwezvokutengeserana. Anonyepedzera senzvero dzapamutemo apo anenge achipa mashoko anogadzirwa nokungwarira kana kuti anotsausa. Apo aya mashoko anodzokororwa mumikoto mizhinji(whedhiyo), magwaro, kushambadza kwesokushandira, uye mabhurokwai enzanga (prococalls), anogona kuumba chinyararire kuti vanhu vanofunga sei, vanonzwa sei, uye vavhoti. Kunzwisisa kufurira kwendangariro kunodzokororwa kunodzokororwazverwa kuti vakurudzire kunzvera kunokosha nokuda kwavadzidzisi, vadzidzi, vagadziri vemiitiro, uye munhu upi noupi anoda kuita zvisarudzo zvokuziva muzvinhu zvinobudisa nhau zvinonyungu. Iyi nyaya ino inonzvera kunzvera kunzwika, mirangariro, uye miuyo yokushatsa kushatsa.

Kurondedzera Mashoko Okushatisa

Nzvero inomanikidzira haisati iri nzvero yechokwadi. Kusafanana nenzvero dzamadonzo dzinounganidza mashoko asina kusarura, kuvhota kwokusunda kwakarongedzerwa ku “kukurumidza” mudavidziri kumurangariro wakafanorongwa, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nokuparadzira mashoko asina kunaka pamusoro pomushori kana kuti kupfurikidza nokupa mibvunzo inotungamirira. Somuenzaniso, nzvero inomanikidzirwa ingabvunza: “Kudai uchiri kutsigira X kana uchiziva kuti vaipomerwa mufambiro usina kururama?” — pasina kusimbisa kuva nepomero. Mishumo yakadaro inotsamira pakusimbisa kutaura kwavo, inoshandisa muuyo wechokwadi [[[FLT:]]

Nzvero dzokuvhota dzinozivikanwa zvikurusa mukati memasarudzo, asi unyanzvi hwakafanana hunooneka munhau uye kunyange kushambadzira kwezvokutengeserana (muchirevo, “Waiziva here kuti zvinhu zveBrand Y zvine makemikari anokuvadza?”. Kubudirira kwazvo kunotsamira pakushaiwa mashoko akapoteredza kana kuti kunzvera kwakakomba. Mukuwirirana neAmerican Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR), inosunda kunzvera kunoputsa mipimo yetsika nemhaka yokuti ivo vanonyengedzera. Zvisinei, ivo vanoramba vari vapamutemo mumativi akawanda chero bedzi vanozivisa kuti havasati vari vabvunzi vechokwadi.

Psychology of Repetution: Michina Inokosha

Kuratidzirwazve kushoko ripi neripi(kunyange riri rechokwadi kana kuti renhema) kunoparira zviratidzo zvinoverengeka zvendangariro zvakasanonyorwa. Vagadziri vokuvhota vanomanikidza vanoshandisa izvozvi kupfuudza kurangarira nokudyara pfungwa zvakananga muchinhu chinenge chichingozivikanwa. Pasi apa pane mibato mikuru inoshanda.

Kupa mari

Kushatiswa kunoitika apo kuratidzirwa kupesvedzerwa netapuro kuzvinonyandura zvakazotevera. Mumashoko akapoteredza okunzvera kwokumanikidzira, mibvunzo inodzokororwa pamusoro pe “chibvumirano” kana kuti“ kukundikana” kunonyandura songaniro dzendangariro dzinowirirana (sezvinei, kusatendeseka, kusakwanisa). Kunyange kana muvhoti achiziva kuramba kutaura kwacho, kuvhenganisa kwadzo kungaumba nzira yavanodudzira nayo nhau dzenguva yemberi kana kuti kurukurirano. Kupambwa kunogona kubvisa nenzira yamanomano mapimo anoshandiswa kuyera mutengi, achiita mavara akaipa zvikuru.

Nzvero inobva muruzivo rwendangariro rwezvamatongerwe enyika (g., Iyengar & Kinder, 1987) inoratidza kuti vavhoti vakuru venhau vanopa nhau dzakati kuti (kana kuti mavara) sezvo achikosha zvikuru pakutonga vezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuvhota kwokumanikidza kunowedzera uyu muuyo kupfurikidza nokudzora “musungo” wamashoko anodzokororwa. Nokufamba kwenguva, muvhoti angavakira chisarudzo chavo panhau yakasimbiswa nenzira yokuzviitirwa panzvimbo perangariro yakadzikama yemiitiro.

Muuyo Wezvokwadi Yokunyepedzera

Chinokanganisa chokwadi ndechimwe chezviwanwa zvakasimba zvikurusa muruzivo rwendangariro. Vanhu sezvingabvira zvikuru vangatonga kutaura sekwechokwadi kana vakakuwana pamberi peh -- kunyange kana pakuvamba vaiziva kuti kwakanga kuri kwenhema. Uku tapuro kunowedzera nenhamba yedzokororo nemabasa kunyange apo manyuko acho asingavimbiki. Push anowana mashoko aya kupfurikidza nokudzokorora kutaura kunonyengera kana kuti kwenhema mukurukurirano dzakawanda.

Somuenzaniso, nhevedzano yenzvero dzokumanikidza ingati: “Waiziva here kuti A akavhota achipesana nemari yezvikoro?” Pashure pokudzokorora kwechigumi, vagamuchiri vazhinji vachagamuchira ikoku seidi, pasinei zvapo nechinyorwa chaichoicho chokuvhota. Nyengedzo yezvokwadi inomuka mukusarudza kwouropi kwokusangwarira: mashoko akarovedzeka anoda nhamburiko shomanene yokufunga, naizvozvo anorangarira nenzira yokuziva kuva akarurama.

Nzvero yakakurumbira yaHasher, Goldstein, uye Toppino (1977) yakaratidzira kuti kutaura kwakadzokororwa kwairangarirwa kuva kwechokwadi zvikuru, kunyange apo vatori rutivi vakaudzwa kuti vangava venhema. Kunzvera kwapamisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi kunosimbisa kuti muuyo wezvokwadi wenhema unopfuurira kunyange apo dzokororo inobva mumanyuko asiri ekare, kuchiita kuti mashoko okunzvera ave ane ngozi zvikurukuru apo vanhu vanoshaiwa nguva kana kuti sundo yokunzvera.

Kunzwa Uine Chivi uye Kungopiwa

Kuvhota kwokumanikidza kunowanzobatanidza mudaviri kana kuti nhau nomutauro wemirangariro: kutya, hasha, kunyangadzwa, kana kuti rudado. Kupfurikidza nokudzokororwa kunodzokororwa, chiratidzo chemirangariro chinova chakasungirirwa kuchinhu chapachipfuro. Ichi chimiro che inodzivisa mamiriro ezvinhu[. Somuenzaniso, kunzvera kunosunda kungabatanidza kwabatanidzwazve nomuvengi nemashoko okuti “kazvikwerekedzero” — nokufamba kwenguva, kunzwa zita romushori wacho kunobva kwamutsa kunzwa kwokusavimba.

Mashoko anopinzwa mumirangariro anodzivisawo kugadziridzwa kukuru kwendangariro. Apo amygdala inonyoresa tyisidziro, kunzverwa kwokufunga kunobviswa. Vavhoti vangazviwana vamene vachivhotera kupfurikidza nomubhadhari kwete nemhaka yemiitiro asi nemhaka yemhinduro inozviitikira yemirangariro yakashata. Tsvakururo pashamisero yemirangariro inodzoreka zvikuru uye inogona kupesvedzera chisarudzo (Brader, 2005). Kuvhotera kwokuvhotera kunowadza kupfurikidza nokupazve nyanduro yemirangariro inoratidzika kuva isingatori rutivi rwendangariro. Nzvero yendangariro yendangariro yezvamatongerwe enyika ichinhu chinopesvedzera chaizvoizvo.

Kuzeza Nokusakendenga

Hadzisi dzose tapuro dzokuva pachenazve dzinotungamirira kukunyengetedza kunoshanda. Dzimwe nguva ndangariro dzinochinja. Apo vanhu vanogamuchira mashoko okuvhota kwadzo anoramba achipfuudzirwa, vangava vasinganzwiki zvakanaka kundangariro. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira ku [[FLT: 0] yapatwe, kutsoropodza, kana kuti kunzwa kwokusava namazano [. Kuratidzirwazve kunovaita kuti vasave nezvisakafanira kupinda muhurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika, vhoti, kana kuti kunyange kupa ngwariro kunhau dzapamutemo.

Kuzvinyima kunenge kuri kunetsa utano hwehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu. Kana vagari vemo vakasafarira nyevero pamusoro peuori, vangakundikana kupindura tyisidziro dzechokwadi. Mukuwedzera, pfungwa yavose yokuti “vezvematongerwe enyika vose ndivo vamwe chetevo” inogona kuodza mwoyo muvhoti ndokuderedza kuzvidavirira. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti kutevedzana kunopfuurira kwokukuchidzirwa kwechinopesvedzera kunowedzera kuderera kwechivimbo mumasangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu (Mutz & Reeves, 2005).

Kusimbisa Zviratidzo Nokusarudza

Kana mashoko okunzvera angotanga bedzi chitendero, vanhu vanowanzotsvaka mashoko anoitsigira ndokudzivisa ufakazi hunopesana. Uku kutsigira. Vagadziri vevhoti dzependi vanowanzoda kuvhura vateereri vatoda kuona chimwe chinhu. Vanodzokorora mashoko “mu” chitendero, kuchiita kuti ive isingachinji. Munhambo yemakakata enzwi nemubatanidzwa wearelim, kumanikidza kunzvera kunogona kushanda sechitsikiso chokutanga chinoendesa vanhu panzira yenhema dzakasimbiswa.

Kubatanidzwa kwemashoko okuongorora, chokwadi chisina musoro, kukanganisa pfungwa, kubvisa pfungwa pachinhu chimwe, uye kusimbisa kungaita kuti pfungwa dzive nesimba.

Fundo Dzenhau Nemienzaniso Yenyika Chaiyoiyo

Kuti tinzwisise kutapura chaikoiko, kunobetsera kutarira pazvinoitika zvakatsikirirwa umo kunzvera kunosunda murangariro wavanhu unopesvedzerwa.

Mitongo yePurezidhendi yeU.S. ya 2000

Mukati me 2000 Republican primpries, kusaziva kunomanikidza nzvero muSouth Carolina nedzimwe nyika kuparadzira kutaura kwenhema kwokuti Mutongi John McKain akanga abereka mwana asiri wokwapamutemo. Kudana kwakarondwa kuvatsigiri vaGeorge W. Bush, kunyange zvazvo nhimbe yeBush yakaramba kubatanidzwa. Kuratidzirwa kwadzokororwazve kuiyi nhevedzo kwakakuvadza tsigiro yaMcCain pakati peRepublican, zvikurukuru muSouth. Uyu muenzaniso unoratidzira kuti kutaura kumwe kwenhema, kunodzokororwa kupfurikidza nokuvhotera, kunogona kuchinja muuyo wesarudzo.

Kusarudzwa Kwehurumende yeCanada

MuCanada, kuongorora kwave kuchiitwa nemapoka makuru. Muna 2011, vavhoti vehurumende vakatsausa vavhoti nokuvaudza kuti chiteshi chavo chokuvhota chachinja. Kufona kwaidzokororwa kwaidzokororwa neshoko renhema rakagadzirirwa kuvhiringidza. Chirango chakaguma chaita kuti pave nokuchinja kwemitemo uye chakasimbisa kusadzoreka kwemasangano ehurumende anonyengera.

Mienzaniso Yamarudzi Ose

MuUnited Kingdom, kumanikidza kurwisa vaLabour Party muna 2015 akashandisa mibvunzo yakadzokororwa pamusoro pe “kubata kweEd Miliban neSNP” kuti vasimbise kurondedzera utera. MuIndia, kumanikidza kuongorora mashoko kwaparadzira kupesana kwenzanga mukati mekusarudza kwenharaunda. Mienzaniso yenyika yose inoratidza kuti nzira dzendangariro hadzina kuganhurirwa kunyika imwe chete; idenho yenyika yose.

Kunetsa Kutonga Kwehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu uye Kuperera Pamari

Miuyo yendangariro yokuratidzirwazve kwokunzvera inosunda kurovanya pamwoyo wechisarudzo chedemocracy. [[FLT: 0] Chitendero chinotsamira pavavhoti vanoita zvisarudzo zvapachena uye zvakaziviswa. Kuvhota kwokuvhota kunobvisa zvose zviri zviviri rusununguko (kupfurikidza nokushandisa pasina kuziva kwomuvhoti) uye mashoko (kupfurikidza nokuparadzira nhema).

Kubvuma Kuziva

Kubvuma kwakarongwa ikokupindwa parutivi rwekutora rutivi kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Apo vavhoti vanodzorwa namanomano panzvimbo pokudzidziswa, zvisarudzo zvavo hazvisati zviri zvirokwazvo zvavo vamene. Nzvero dzokumanikidza dzinoparira mugariro umo “mashoko” anopiwa kuvavhoti anosarura, anosarura, uye anodzokororwa kutozosvikira anzwa kuva echokwadi. Ikoku kunosekesa maruramiro emiuyo inosarudzwa uye kunogona kutungamirira kukudzora kusingaratidzi kuda kwechokwadi kwavanhu.

Kuchinja Kwepfungwa uye Kuita Kuti Kuve Nezvakunoita

Kuratidzirwazve kumashoko akaipa pamusoro perutivi runopesana kunowedzera kutapura mativi — kombamiro yokurangarira boka kunze serisati richingova bedzi rakasiana zvikuru asi risingaenzaniswi zvikuru kana kuti kunyange kutyisidzira. Nzvero dzokumanikidza dzinowanzotamba pamusoro pekutendeka kwedzinza, dzichisimbisa muboka kana kuti boka rapashure. Sezvo mirangariro yakashata inokura, kubvumirana pachinhu chimwe kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunova kwakaoma zvikuru, uye chaunga chinova chakakamuraniswa zvikuru. vanhu vavanhu vanotya nokusavimba nerimwe boka racho havakwanisi kupedza zvinetso.[FT:1]

Kuderera Kwokuvimba Muzvinobudisa Nhau Nemasangano

Vavhoti pavanoziva kuti vakatsauswa nokunzverwa kwokumanikidzira, vangasava vaseki bedzi pamusoro penhimbe asi pamusoro pamanyuko ose enhau. Nzwisiso yokuti “munhu ari wose anonyepa” inogona kukuvadza chivimbo mumasangano enhau apamutemo namasangano edemocracy. Uku kusada kunopinda mumasangano anorwisana nedemocratic uye kukuita kuti kuve nyore nokuda kwenhamba dzine chiremera kubvisa kushuma kwokutsoropodza se “nhau dzinozivikanwa.”

Kuverenga Nekunyora Zvinobudisa Mashoko Senzira Yokukunda Nayo

Dzidzo inzira ine simba zvikurusa yenhambo refu yokuderedza pesvedzero yendangariro yenzvero dzokumanikidza. [[FLT: 0] Kuziva unyanzvi hwokunyengetedza kunogona “kuvaita kuti vasadzoreswe. Iyi nzira, inozivikanwa seidzokudzoresa kana kuti kurovha, yakaratidzwa kuva inoderedza kushanda kwemashoko asina kururama (Cook al., 2017).

Unyanzvi Hunokosha Hwokuongorora Kunonetsa

  • Kuratidza manyuko: Dzidzisa vanhu kubvunza: Ndiani ari kutsigira mari iyi “pulce”? Isangano rapamutemo rokunzvera kana kuti boka renhimbe here?
  • Tsvakai mamiriro ezvinhu: Nzvero dzechokwadi dzinobvunza pamusoro pavanoda kubhapatidzwa vakawanda kana kuti nhau; kumanikidza kunzvera parutivi rumwe kana kuti kushandisa bharasi retsoro.
  • Cherechedza kudzokororwa: Kana mubvunzo mumwe chetewo wakakwidzwa unooneka wawanwazve, sezvingabvira ibvunzo inomanikidzirwa panzvimbo penzvero yechokwadi.
  • Tsvaka kuva nechokwadi: Kurudzira kushandisa website dzinoongorora chokwadi (mutoo, Politifact, FactCheck.org) uye manyuko ehurumende.
  • Mashoko anofadza mirangariro: anonyandura mirangariro yakashata yakasimba pasina kugovera ufakazi mireza mitsvuku.

Kushandisa Kudzidza Nezvidzidzo Muzvikoro

Curicula inofanira kubatanidza mamodura akazvitsaurira papyringiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, mifungo ine mufungo, uye rondedzero yokudzokororwa kwendangariro. Somuenzaniso, vadzidzi vangagona kunzvera kusunda chaizvoizvo marekodhi okuvhota nokukurukura kuti kutamba nokusanzwisisa chokwadi kunoshandiswa sei. Kurovedza kwokushanda uko vadzidzi vanogadzira uye ipapo kudzivirira pakunzverwa kunogona kukudza nzwisiso. Kuvhengana kwedzidzo yezvinobudisa nhau muzvinhu , zvidzidzo zvechiNgezi, psych, sychology /em_enuts kuti unyanzvi huve chinhu chechipiri.

Nyika dzinoverengeka dzakatoita nhano. muFinland, kurava nokunyora zvinobudisa nhau rutivi rwezvidzidzo zvikuru zvenyika, uye vadzidzi vanodzidza kuziva mashoko anoparadzirwa kubva pazera duku. MuUnited States, maererano neIllinois neCalifornia vakapfuudza mitemo inoda kudzidziswa kurava nemashoko. Nhamburiko idzi dzinonetsa kuvaka purojekiti inopfuudzira zvakasimba.

Kusvika Kwomutemo Nokutungamirira

Dzidzo yoga haigoni kupedza chinetso. Gadziriro nemirau inogona kuganhurira kusvika nokunyengera kwenzvero dzokumanikidzira.[FLT: 1]

Zvinodikanwa Zvokudzivirira

Mitemo inoda kumanikidza vanofona kuti vazvizivise vamene navatsigiri vavo () uye kutaura zvakajeka kuti danidzo yacho haisati iri nzvero yapamutemo() inogona kuderedza rudzi runonyengera rwekurukurirano. Mitemo yakawanda yeU.S. inotova nemitemo yakadaro, asi kuchengetwa kunoregeredza. Mupimo wehurumende ungagona kuvanza chiteji ndokuvimbisa kuva akafanana.

Kurambidza Mamwe Mazano

Zvisinei, chinetso chiri mukurondedzera “nhema” mumashoko akapoteredza ezvamatongerwe enyika, ayo anodzivirirwa pachena. Zvirambidzo zvakasanogadziridzwa, zvakadai seizvo zvinorambidza nhema dzinozivikanwa pamusoro penhau yomunhu oga yemubhadhari, zvakatsigirwa mune mamwe matare.

Mitemo Yamakorobha

Sezvo nzvero zhinji dzinomanikidzirwa dzichipiwa kupfurikidza nerunhare runodzorwa nemotokari (manzwiro), mirau yakasimba zvikuru inogona kubetsera. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) muU.S. yakatora nhano dzokurwisa marongedzero asiri apamutemo, asi kumanikidza nzvero dzisingarambidzwi zvakajeka kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji. Chinodikanwa chokuti marobhora ose ezvamatongerwe enyika anobatanidza mutoo wokusarudza wapanyungu newaanoshevedza wakarurama zvinogona kuderedza kufutunukira.

Zvirongwa Zvinoshanda Nokuda Kwevanhu

Nepo kuchinja kwourongwa kuchikosha, vanhu vanogona kukurumidza kutora matanho okuzvidzivirira pamigumisiro yepfungwa yokumanikidzwa kuongorora.

  • Kutora kana kuti kubvisa: Usabatanidzwa nedanidzo dzinonyumwira kana kuti magwaro. Kubatana kwoga kwoga kunosimbisa shoko racho.
  • Shandisa maturusi okudziudzira: programs-bicking nemabasa zvinogona kuchenesa maruva akawanda.
  • Cherechedza pachokwadi: Kana “chipomedzo” chichiita kutaura kunokatyamadza, chitarire panzvimbo dzenhau dzakavimbika usati wachigamuchira.
  • Taura navamwe:[ Kukurukura zvaunonzwa neshamwari kana kuti mhuri kunogona kuzivisa rusaruro ndokubetsera kururamisa mirangariro isina kururama.
  • Kuwana mashoko: kuzorora munhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika uye kufukidza nhimbe kunogona kuderedza uwandu hwose hwemashoko anodzokororwa.

Nzvero yendangariro inokarakadzawo mutoo unonzi “kunonoka.” Usati waita chiito kushoko rezvamatongerwe enyika, bvunzai:“ Nei ndiri kunzwa neiyi nzira? Uchapupui hunotsigira kutaura uku? Ndiani anobetserwa nokuzvidavira kwangu?” Ko kukanganisa kwemaune kwechimiro chinoshanda icho chinomanikidzira kunzvera chinotsamira pachiri.

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi: Kushatisa Kwemabhomba Kwomunhu Oga

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwuri kuita kumanikidza kuvhota kunotova kwakatonyengera zvikuru. Nokukwira kwemashoko okunzvera anotsamira pagenerative AI, kumanikidza mashoko okunzvera kunogona kuwiriraniswa nerondedzero dzomunhu oga dzendangariro dzinobva kusociona, kutenga nhau, uye kuvhota kuti zviite zvinyorwa zvemashoko anonyengetedza zvikuru, anodzokororwa. Somuenzaniso, AI ingasarudza kuti muvhoti chaiye angadavidza zvikuru kumashoko anowirirana norutyo pamusoro pemari, naizvozvo inotumira magwaro anodzokororwa anotamba nokuderera ikoko. Mwero uyu wekuchinja munhu oga ungagona kuita kuti miuyo inotova yakasimba zvikuru uye yakaoma kukunda.

Vagadziri vemitemo navadzidzisi vanofanira kukarira izvi zvinoitika. Zvikoro zvechikoro zvokunyorera nokunyora zvinofanira kubatanidza mamouse okunyengetedza nokushandisa mashoko emunhu oga. Mitemo ingada kukurukura kushandiswa kwemashoko omunhu oga okushandisa zvisina kufanira mune zvematongerwe enyika pasina kubvumirana. Tsika dzemichina, kubatanidza kumanikidza kuongorora, ichava musoro mukuru wesarudzo dziri kuuya munyika yose.

Mugumisiro: Kudiwa Kwokungwarira Nedzidzo

Kuratidzirwazve kumashoko okunzvera kusati kuri mutoo wokusakuvadza wokudzivisa .Icho chimiro chakaoma zvikuru chepesvedzero yendangariro inoshandisa mirangariro mikuru. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa kuti kupringisha, miuyo yezvokwadi, kukanganisa mirangariro, kubvisa mirangariro, uye basa rokusimbisa, vagari vemo vanogona kuziva kuedza uku kwokushandisa nokukudzivisa. Zvinorehwa nokuda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakakura: Sarudzo inopesvedzerwa nokudzokorora kunonyengera panzvimbo pokuderedza kufanira kwesimba.

Tine zvokushandisa zvokurwisa, kubvira padzidzo yokunyora nokunyora zvinobudisa nhau kusvika kumitemo yakasimba zvikuru uye kungwarira kwomunhu oga. Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu ruchisunda kuvhota ruchichinja, ndizvo zvinofanira kuitawo. Vadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vagadziri vemiitiro vanofanira kushanda pamwe chete kuti vaite muvhozhokero unoziviswa, unopanikira, uye unotsunga. Ipapo bedzi tinogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvisarudzo zvedemokrati ndizvo zvirokwazvo zvinodiwa navanhu.

[[[Njeresa:0] Zviwanikwa:[

  • [[[NHAU] American Association for Public Opinion Research – Mipimo yePostritical Pollitical Polligation[
  • [[[NJO]American Psychological Association – The Science of Misformation
  • [ Pew Research Center – Public Von Vontion and Polling Trust
  • [[[INDANGA]CKDEP.org – Kunzvera Mashoko ezvamatongerwe enyika