Kupesana pakati pesimba rehurumende rokuzvitonga uye kuzvidavirira kwavanhu kuri pakati pehurumende yeAmerica. Nyika dzinofanira kudzivirirwa pamashoko asingaperi angagona kubvisa zvinhu zvehurumende nokukanganisa utongi, bva vagari vemo vanofanira kuva nemhinduro ine revo apo hurumende dzinodarika miganhu yebumbiro remitemo kana kuti dzinoputsa kodzero dzevanhu. Zvivako zvepamutemo zvinokurukura kuenzana uku zvakatanga kudarika mazana maviri emakore zvichingopfuura nokutonga kweDare Guru, kuita chibvumirano, uye kuchinja zvinhu kwehurumende. Kunzwisisa izvi kunokosha kunokosha kumunhu upi noupi ane hanya neganhuriro dzakakodzera dzesimba rehurumende uye kudzivirira rusununguko rukuru rwemitemo.

Kunzwisisa Kubatana kwaChangamire Wehurumende

Mavambo Enhau

Dzidziso yehurumende yokuzvitonga kwehurumende inotonga inoratidzira mavambo ayo kumutemo weEngland, uko Georgia[[FLT: 1] yaisagona kukwidzwa pasina kubvumira kwayo. Pashure peChinjo yeAmerica, iyi nheyo yakaendeswa kunyika, asi kushandiswa kwayo mutsika itsva yehurumende kwakaramba kusina kudzorwa. Dare gurusa ra 1793 rairangarira kuti mu [FLT:] Shijolm v. Georgia [[FLD] yakatanga njodzi yapamutemo. Cham [FLT], Dare raidavira kuti mugari wemo anokwanisa kukwirira hurumende yehurumende yehurumende yapasi pevhu. Mumakore maviri, yakakarakadzwa, uye nyika inodzorwa kudzorwa.

Hwaro Hwebumbiro reMitemo Neukuru

Rugwaro rweDemeterment yechi11 rwakamanikana (inoita kuti matare adzorerwe kupfurikidza nedare renyika kana kuti renyika. Asi Dare Rapamusorosoro nokukurumidza rakawedzera kusvika kwaro. Mu Hans v. Louisiana] [1890]), Dare rakaramba kuti kugadziriswa kunodzivisawo sututi kupfurikidza nedare rehurumende renyika, kurangarira kuti nheyo huru youchangamire hwehurumende yakasimbiswa mugadziriro yapamutemo. Gare gare gare, zvakadai se [[FLT:] rutivi rweNew York [[FLT][FG3]] [1919] [19] uye [FLT] , kunze kwezvibvumirano], kana kuti mativi ose ari maviri.[FLD]

Kiyi Dzinosiyanisa Kukutonga kwaChangamire

Kusiyana kunoverengeka kwakasanorongwa kunobvumira kukwirira mhaka kupfuurira mukurwisana nehurumende kana kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende.

  • [[FLT: 0] Dare reRevolution: Dare rinogona kubvisa mativi okusadzivirirwa apo rinoita mutemo pasi peChikamu 5 che 145t Amendment. Dare Rapamusoro, zvisinei, rakagadza danda rakakwirira: mutemo unoisa: “kusataura nenzira inowirirana" uye kunofanira kuva mhinduro inowirirana kutsika mapumburukwa emitemo. Masero akafanana Muzinda weBoerne v. Flores (197) uye [FLT:] K][FLD] V. Florida Board of Regent[FFLT]
  • State Consate: Hurumende ingaparadza nokuzvidira kupfurikidza nokugamuchira mari yehurumende (inozvizviisa imene kuti ifanane nemirau yakati inopedzerwa), kupfurikidza nokuita hurumende kutaura kwechiito, kana kuti kupfurikidza nokubvisa mhaka kubva kudare rehurumende kuenda kudare renyika. Waivers anofanira kuva “create” uye“ asingabhadhari.
  • Exte Young Doctrine:[[FLT: 1] yakataurwa pashure penhau ya 1908, iyi dzidziso inobvumira suturo mukurwisana navakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwesununguro inokarirwa kudzivirira kuputswa kunopfuurira kwomutemo wehurumende. Haibvumiri kuvadziko muchivigiro chemari yehurumende. Iyi nhoto yenhau .
  • SUits Under Federal Bankruptic and Paten Laws: Mumifungo yakaganhurirwa, Dare Rapamusoro rakarangarira kuti Dare raibvuma nenzira inokarakadzwa kuwirirana nokutora rutivi muhurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende. Somuenzaniso, mu [FLT:] Confectral Community College v. Katz[[FLT:] [200], Dare rakatonga kuti kudzivirirwa kwehurumende hakushandi mukushairira mari nemhaka yokuti Bank Recurecticacy Claus yeMitestigation i “nharaunda yeInica.

Miganhu Nezvisakiso Zvedzidziso

Changamire desition ane vatsoropodzi vayo. Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakawanda dzinotaura kuti dzidziso yacho yakanyanyodziviswa, ichibvumira nyika kunzvenga kuzvidavirira nokuda kwomufambiro usina kururama. Mukaha pakati peAndeminth Amendment yedonzo rapakuvamba .Nguva yokudzivisa hurumende kumanikidza hurumende kubhadhara vakwereti vehurumende, uye kushandiswa kwayo kwazvino uno kuvhara sututis nokuda kwokuputswa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo kwakawanda. Uyezve, kudzivirira kurwisana nemishonga: mugari wemo angapinda muboka romunzvimbomo kana kuti nyika (imo kazhinji kazhinji hamuna dziviriro) nokuda kwokuputswa kwemitemo yehurumende iyo hurumende ingagona kudzivirira. Ikoku sokushoorwa kwazvinotendwa kwapamutemo kwekodzero dzavanhu.

Kukosha Kwokuzvidavirira Kwavose

Kuona Zvinhu Seriri, Kuvimbana, uye Kutongwa kwoMutemo

Kuzvidavirira kwavanhu iko kunokosha kuudzori hwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Apo vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanoziva kuti vangadanirwa kupindura nokuda kwezviito zvavo (padare, pamberi pedare remitemo, kana kuti kupfurikidza nokubvunzurudza kwavose) vane bviro huru yokushandisa simba nenzira ine mufungo. Masangano okuzvidavirira anosimudzira kuoneka pachena: vanofumura uori, tsvina, uye kuputswa kwamaruramiro izvo zvingaramba zviripo. Hurumende isingagoni kunzi ichenge isingafaniri kudzivirira murairo wayo usiri wapamutemo, ichisiya vagari vemo vasina nzvero yenhau dzine revo revo pamusoro pehurumende. Vimba mumasangano avose apo vagari vemo vanonzwisisa kuti hurumende inogona kuputsa mutemo nokusarangwa.

Michina Yapamutemo Yokuita Kuti Nyika Dzizvidavirire

Mitemo ndiyo chinhu chakakurumbira zvikuru chokuzvidavirira nacho, asi havazi ivo voga. Vagari vomunyika vanovimbawo nazvo:

  • Zvikwangwani zvakazaruka uye kuzarura mitemo yemisangano: Iyi mitemo yavose yokuona zviri pachena inobvumira vatori venhau navatsigiri kubuda zvinyorwa nezviito, kuvhenekera chiedza pachiito chehurumende.
  • [[FLT: 0] Vaongorori navaongorori vakuru:[[FLT: 1] matare anotarisira ehurumende anogona kunzvera masangano ehurumende ndokubudisa rumbidzo idzo dzinonyandura chinjo yomutemo kana kuti yevakuru vakuru.
  • dziviriro dzemagwenya: Vashandi vanoshuma chakaipa mukati mehurumende yehurumende vanogovera mashoko anokosha anogona kunyandura chiito chokururamisa.
  • Sutugate nehurumende bvunzurudzo dzamaruramiro avagari vemo: Department of Justice yeU.S. inogona kunzvera mitoo yokuputswa kwehurumende ndokugombedzera kuchinja kupfurikidza nemirayiro yokubvuma.

Asi mumwe nomumwe wemiitiro iyi une miganhu. Mitemo inoda zvinhu. Vatsigiri vekodzero dzavagari vemo vanotarisana nokutsiva. Kuchengetwa kwekodzero dzevagari vemo kunotsamira pakuda kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Magweta, nokuda kwokusakwana kwavo kwose, anopa nzira yakananga, yakavakirwa pakodzero kuti vanhu vade kutsiva. Apo zvipfigiso zvokudzivisa kukuvara kwemitemo zvinoda kutsiva, mukaha unova nemhosva.

Mutengo Chaiwoiwo Wenyika Yokunyanyisa

Rangarira chinoitika umo gadziriro yetorongo yehurumende inoramba nenzira inopfuurira kurapwa kuvasungwa, ichiputsa Kuchinja kwechisere. Pasi po Ex parte Young, musungwa anogona kukwidza murindiri nokuda kwokuraira. Asi kana musungwa akatotambura kuvadziko yechigarire yokuramba, kuvadziko kusingawaniki kuhurumende. Muhurumende ingasava nesundo yemari yokuchinja nzira dzayo, uye munyajambwa anotakura ndyiko yose. Mukushandisa, kodzero dzavagari vemo dzinobudirira dzinodzivisa zviito zvokumisa; ivo vanodzivisa kuvadziko yomunguva yemberi asi havagoni kutsiva kuvadziko yakare. Panguva ino, kuganhurirwa kusingasakafanira kunogona kudzorwa.

Nhau dzakafanana dzinomuka mudzimwe nhandare. Mitemo yakakumbira nenzira inobudirira kudzivirira maruramiro ehurumende kuvhara zvipfeko pasi peAmerica neSangano reUnegal Act, Age Disc in Accoult, uye Family and Medical Let Act (migumisiro yakavhengana inotsamira pahwaro hwebumbiro remitemo). Kariro yokudzivisa kukuvadzwa kwapachivande yakadzivisawo kuchengetwa kwemitemo yehurumende yemhoteredzo nemitemo yokubhangi mukurwisana namasangano ehurumende. Apo hurumende yehurumende inoshaiwa simba rokuronda mupunziridzi ari wose, kupomera mhaka dzomunhu oga kunokosha kuzadza miganhu.

Nzvero Dzemhosva Nokukura Kwemitemo

Zviratidzo Zvenhau

Mhindumupindu yedzidziso yokuzvidzora yakakwana inogona kurondwa munhevedzano yenhau dzinoorora dzeDare Gurusa.

  • [FLT]CHOLM v. Georgia [1793] chisarudzo chakaparira menduruko yePrefect. Dare rakaramba kuti Chibvumikiso III chemitemo chakarebeswa nemugari wemo anorwisana nehurumende, chinosimbisa dziviriro yomutemo.
  • [FLT] . Louisiana (1890): Mhaka yakatambanudza mufungo wePramendement yechiPunux kuti ikodzere kupfurikidza navagari vemo vomunyika. Murangariro waMutongi Bradley wakasimbisa kuti kugadziridzwa kwaibatanidza nheyo yakakomba yakakomba.
  • Ex (08): yakasimbisa fungidziro yokuti mukuru mukuru wehurumende anoshanda nenzira isiri yomutemo haasi kubatira hurumende uye anogona kukwidziridzwa nokuda kweyamuro yemubatanidzwa.
  • Edelman v. Jordan [[FLT]] [ Expacee Young[] nokuvata kuti mari inodzorwa ive inodzorwa neyamuro inodzorwa nemitemo inonyimwa pamutemo, inorambidzwa nemhaka yokuti yaizobva muchivigiro chehurumende. Mirayiro inokarirwa bedzi ndiyo inobvumirwa.
  • REFUTA DERY (1996]): Yakabatanidza kuti Congress haigoni kudzora hurumende mukuvadziko yakabatana pasi peChikamu chayo cheChikamu I (Rutengeso rweProfeta). Iyi mhaka yakaderedza zvinoshamisa simba rehurumende kubvumira suturo dzemunhu oga kurwisana nehurumende.
  • Alden v. Maine (1999): Yakawedzerwa [[[FLT:]] SAMINOLE RUMWE[ kumatare: hurumende haigoni kukwidzwa mumatare ayo imene pasina kubvumira, kunyange nokuda kwokutyorwa kwomutemo womubatanidzwa, kutoti Dare ramasumo pasi peGavhuro reMitemo ye 145.
  • Florida Preparency Secondary Education Infestry Board v. College Savings Bank[[FLT:] (1999]) Dare rakaramba kuedza kweCongress kuedza kudzivirira hurumende kwapakarepo mukuita kuti zvipfeko zvekodzero zvitsikwe neChikamu 5 cheGavhura re14, richiwana ufakazi husina kukwana hwemutoko wekupunza hurumende kururamisa kurapa.

Gakava Razvino Uno

Zana ramakore makumi maviri nerekutanga rakaona kupesana kunopfuurira pamusoro pemiganhu yezvigadziko zvehurumende. Mu Allen v. Cooper [20], Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti magariro haana kudzivirirwa kubva pakodzero dzekodzero dzekodzero dzinopesana, kunyange zvazvo Congress yakanga yaedza kudzivirira kukuvadziko pasi peRemediation Act yeOption Redany Claritiation Act. Justice Kagan, kunyora nokuda kweDare rinowirirana, akati chinyorwa chazvino hachina kutsigira kutenderwa, asi chakasiya suo rakazarura bhiri nokuda kwokuvaka chinyorwa cheCongressss. Chisarudzo chakakwirira chokudzivirira vagadziri vekodzero vane mabasa anobatwa zvisina kufanira nehurumende.

Imwe nhambo inokatyamadza irwisano pakati pekudzivirirwa kwehurumende nomutemo wokubhuroka wehurumende. [FLT Virginia Community College v. Katz (2006], Dare rakanyora musiano usingawanzowaniki nokuda kwokubhuroka, richirangarira kuti Bankrupec Clauslee yakashanda semukupfuurira kuti sezvinoreva kuti vanokweretesa vose, kubatanidza nyika. Zvisinei, mu LAC du Flambeauau of Lake Chippyal v. Coult [FLT] [2003]]), Dare rakaramba kuedza kutambanudzira nenzira yakafanana nokushata kwapamutemo mumitengo yedzinza muzvinoitika zvokurasikirwa.

Kuchengetwa kwemhoteredzo kunomirira imwezve nhandare. Mu Doroba reNew York v. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, matare ehurumende akarwisana kana sutus dzomugari wemo pasi peCease Water Act inogona kupfuurira mukurwisana nehurumende. Centrent yakare yaidavira kuti nyika hadzina dziviriro nemhaka yokuti Hurumende yakanga isina kudzivirirwa chose chose chose mumutemo iwoyo. Zvisarudzo zvakadaro zvinosiya vagari vemo voga vemo vasina hurumende kuti vatsigirine mirairo yenzanga yokushandisa murairo wemhoteredzo inorwisana nehurumende inoshatisa tsvinya.

Kuda Kuchengeta Dare Rapamusoro Zvikuru Kwazvino Uno

Dare rapamberi pezvi raratidza kudisa kuita miganhu yezvigadziko zvapamutemo nenzira yakaganhurirwa, asiwo kujekesa dzidziso. Allen v. Cooper chisarudzo chinojekesa kuti Congress inofanira kunyora mutoo wokusazvibata kwehurumende isati yashandisa Chikamu 5 kurusadziso. mu [FLT] r. Department of Public Safety [[[[FLT]]] [2022], Dare rinotsigira suturo pahurumende pasi peBaziro reProjimendi naMagariro Dzekodzero Dzebasa) nokuna kupfurikidza nokunangidzira pa “gadziriro yezvirongwa” rondedzero. [[FLT] .[FULD] .[F.2] Department of the Legatective Controultism Act)

Kudzikamisa Zvinhu Zvakarurama

Zvikarakadzo Zvemitemo Zvokuchinja

Vagadziri vemitemo nenyanzvi dzemitemo vakasimudzira zvikarakadzo zvinoverengeka zvokuwedzera dzikamo pakati pokudzivisa kubatwa nehosha nokuzvidavirira.

  • Constitugation: Chisarudzo chinosvikwa zvikurusa chaizova kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kukuganhurirwa kwapamutemo kana kuti kubviswa kwesimba romutemo nokuda kwokuputsa mutemo. Kugadziriswa kwakadaro kungada tsigiro yakafara uye kutarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvakakwirira.
  • Kushandisa mari:[[FLT: 1] Congress inogona kukurudzira nyika kudzivirira zvirwere kupfurikidza nokubatanidza migariro yakajeka kuzvipo zvehurumende. Ikoku kunotoitwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo", kugamuchira mari dzezvokufambisa dzehurumende kunowanzoda mamiriro ezvinhu kubvumirana nemitemo inorwisana neshanje. Kusimbisa nokukudza iyi migariro kungagona kuwedzera kuzvidavirira pasina kudzorwa zvakananga.
  • Chikamu 5 Enforcement: Congress yaigona kudzivirira njodzi zvinobudirira zvikuru kupfurikidza nokuunganidza zvinyorwa zvemitemo zvehurumende zvinobudirira zvinoratidzira kuputswa kwekodzero dzeGavhuramisi yeMitemo ye144. Muguta reBoerne inoda kuva nemwero, kuungana kwokungwarira kunokosha.
  • State Tort Antions Acts and Waivers: Nyika zhinji dzakaita mitemo yadzo dzimene kuti kudzivirira zvirwere mumativi akapoteredza akajeka, kazhinji kazhinji kwakaganhurirwa nekepisi parakakuvadzwa. Vatsigiri vanogona kusundira nokuda kwemishonga yakafara nekepisi dzakakwirira, vachivimbisa kuti vagari vehurumende vane mishonga yakakwana mumatare avo vamene.
  • Creation of Federal Cange of Action Against States: Congress ingagona kutanga chisakiso chitsva chehurumende chokurwisa zvikurukuru hurumende nokuda kwezviito zvebumbiro remitemo, zvinoenzanisirwa pamiitiro inoshandiswa munharaunda yeBankruptic Claus. Mabumbiro emitemo aizova asina chokwadi mumuenzaniso wazvino uno.

Basa Rebumbiro remitemo reHurumende Nerezvokutaura Mabasa

Nepo ngwariro huru ichinangidzira ngwariro pamutemo wehurumende wehurumende, bumbiro remitemo ramagariro kazhinji kazhinji rinogovera dziviriro dzakazvimirira. Mabumbiro emitemo akawanda ehurumende ane gadziriro dzawo amene dzokudzivisa dziviriro, asi mamwe anoda kuti chibvumirano chitsaure. Chiverengero chakati chehurumende chakabvisa chose chose zvimiro zvakati zvezvinodikanwa, zvakadai sokuputswa kwebvumirano, kuvadziko yezvinhu, kana kuti kuregeredzwa. Statert anotaura mabasa, kufanana neFederal Tort Deties Acts Act, anobvumira vanhu vamwe navamwe kuti vakwidze zvinodikanwa zvehurumende uye zvisakiso. Vatsigiridzo nokuda kwokuzvidavirira kukuru zvikuru vangawana kuti chinjo yetsika yehurumende inobvira zvikuru kupfuura chinjo yehurumende, zvikurukuru namasangano anofambira mberi kana kuti mugari wezviito zvokutanga.

Kubatana Kwenyika Nemafungire

Gakava pamusoro pekuzvitonga rinowanzova kurukurirano pamusoro pemashandiro ehurumende. Vadziviriri vedziviriro yakafara vanotaura kuti hurumende dzinofanira kuchengeta rusununguko mukusazvidzora kwenguva dzose kuti dzishande nenzira inobudirira savatongi vakaparadzana. Kubvumidza maruramiro echisarudzo chiri chose chemitemo kungagona kuodza dare rehurumende ndokukoka matare ehurumende kubhajeti yemari duku. Uyezve, dzidziso yekomho inokurudzira matare ehurumende kuti apedze nhau dzebumbiro remitemo muchinoitika chokutanga. Vatsoropotesi, kuno rumwe rutivi, vanoomerera kuti uchangamire hahusi rezeri kuputsa kodzero dzinokosha. Kuputsa kukuru kunonyadzisa, kutaura kwokusatapurwa.

Mutoo wakadzikama unobvuma: (1) migariro haisati iri pamusoro pomutemo − Supremacy Classia inoshanda kwavari sezvainongoita kuhurumende yehurumende; (2) kuvadziko dzokutsiva pahurumende dzinogona kudzivisa kusazvibata ndokuparadzira ndyiko dzekuputsa muchivako chokutera; uye (3) judiary yehurumende inosanobvumirwa kududzira nokushandisa maruramiro emitemo ehurumende. Panguva imwe cheteyo, mitemo yokungwarira inoganhurira kuvapo kwekuvadziko yokutsiva, inochengeta chiremera kupfurikidza negadziriro dzeziviso, uye kuendesa kutaura kumatare maduku ehurumende kunogona kuderedza bviro yesuti dzinobvumira matare kurwisana nehurumende.

mhedziso

Hurumende inodzivisa kuzvidzivirira kworuzhinji nokuzvidavirira hakufaniri kuwiriraniswa. Gadziriro yemitemo yakava nechiverengero chakati chemiitiro yakasiana---(magakava ehurumende). Kunyange zvakadaro, dzikamo yazvino uno inomira zvikuru kudzivirira dziviriro mumashoko akawanda, inosiya vagari vemo vasina mishonga yemitemo yemitemo yehurumende yavo. Kana nyika ichida kuita kuti gadziridzo iende kupfurikidza nemitemo yehurumende, kana kuti uchangamire hunotungamirira mutemo zvinofanira kuva izvo zvisingarangwi. Hurumende inodzoresa kuzviisa pasi pavanhu vayo mumativi akawanda, inosiya vagari vemo vasina pamutemo vasina pamutemo vanoputswa nehurumende yavo. Kana nyika ichida kuenda kukuita kuti vadzorerwe nomutemo wehurumende, kana kuti kudzorongedzerwa kwemitemo inodzosera uchangamire. Hurumende inotungamira kuva inodzosera kuti irege kurangwa. Hurumende yeRepa vanhu vadzorwi yayo pazuva rinova vadzorerwi mudare rinotonga.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza [[FLT: 0] Cornell Information Institute yePramendment ye11th , Congregational Research Service reserver pa Changamire Immuny naFL Signomes, uye mirangariro yechiratidzo yakadai se [[FLT:][FLT][FLT]][FLT]][FLT]