Kunyanduka pakati pechengeteko yorudzi nekodzero dzevanhu kwave kuri musoro unopfuurira mukutonga kwevanhu kwose, uchiwedzera munguva dzenjodzi nokuderera munguva dzokugadzikana. Nyaya ino inoongorora kuti idzikane nokushandisa magirazi ebasa rakakodzera, nheyo yemitemo yakagadzirirwa kuvimbisa kubatwa zvakanaka uye kudzivirira chiito chomutemo chokusasarura. Nokuongorora mienzaniso yenhau, zvinetso zvemazuva ano, uye basa rinochinja rejaji, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kuti nzanga dzinoedza sei kuyananisa kuchengeteka kweboka rose nedziviriro yorusununguko rukuru.

Kunzwisisa Chengeteko Yorudzi

Kuchengeteka kwenyika kunoreva kudzivirirwa kwevagari vomunyika, upfumi, masangano, uye kuperera munyika patyisidziro dzokunze nedzemukati.

  • Kugadzirira kwehondo uye zvirongwa zvokuzvidzivirira kuti zvidzivise kana kuti kuita chimwe chinhu kudenho ine zvombo.
  • Kuunganidza nounyanzvi uye kuongorora kuti uone kana uine ngozi.
  • Kurwisa nhamburiko dzougandanga, dzose dziri mbiri dzomumba nedzamarudzi ose.
  • Ukama husingapindirani uye kubatana kunoita kuti vanhu vose vachengeteke.
  • Kudzivirira zvinhu zvinoda kugadziriswa uye mashoko.

Kunyange zvazvo matanho aya achikosha kuti pave nemamiriro ezvinhu anoshanda, anowanzobatanidza zviito zvinokanganisa munhu oga, rusununguko rwokufamba, uye dzimwe rusununguko rwevanhu.

Kukosha Kwekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Kodzero dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe ikodzero huru nedziviriro zvinovimbiswa kuvanhu vose vari mukati mehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Munzanga yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji, idzi maruramiro anobatira senzvero pasimba rehurumende uye anokosha kuchiremera chohunhu. Kodzero huru dzinowanzobatanidza:

  • Rusununguko rwokutaura, kusanganisira kodzero yokutsoropodza hurumende.
  • Kuwana kodzero yokuva woga, kusanganisira kuzvitonga uye kudzivirirwa pakupindira kusina kufanira.
  • Muitiro wakafanira womutemo, uchiva nechokwadi chemiitiro yakanaka hurumende isati yatorera mumwe munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu.
  • Kudzivirirwa pakutsvaka zvisiri pamutemo uye kugwinha, kuda zvikonzero zvinobvira uye kurayira kutongwa.
  • Rusununguko rwesonganiro negungano, ruchibvumira vagari vemo kuronga nokutsigira pamwe chete.

Kodzero idzi hadzina kukwana; dzinogona kuganhurirwa pazvinenge zvakakodzera kuti hurumende iite zvinhu zvinomanikidza vanhu, zvakadai sechengeteko yenyika.

Zvakakodzera Kuitwa: Nheyo Inokosha

Muitiro wakafanira chinodikanwa chebumbiro-mitemo nerepamutemo icho chinoraira kubatwa kwakarurama mutsika yemitemo yenguva dzose. Inoshanda sedziviriro yetsika pakurambwa kwokuzvidira kwoupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Muitiro unotapurwa unoiswa muzvinyorwa zvinoverengeka zvehwaro:

  • Mutezo Wechishanu Wemitemo yeUnited States, unoshanda kuhurumende yehurumende uye unovimbisa kuti hapana munhu acha “paradzwa noupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.”
  • Mutezo weKinai We Amendment, uyo unotambanudzira iyi vimbiso kuhurumende dzehurumende.
  • Zvibvumirano zvekodzero dzevanhu munyika yose, zvakadai seSungano yeNyika Yose Yekodzero Dzevanhu Nedzematongerwe Enyika, izvo zvinodawo kuti pave negadziriro dzakarurama.

Muitiro wakafanira une zvose zviri zviviri mitanho yezviwiriranwa neyapaduku. Gadziriro yezvisakiso dzinobatanidza nhano dzinofanira kuitwa nehurumende isati yaita , zvakadai sokugovera ziviso, banza rokunzwa, uye muiti wechisarudzo. Muitiro wokuzvidira unodzivirira panzvimbo huru yehurumende, kunyange apo dziviriro dzekuchengeteka dzinovapo. Mumashoko akapoteredza enyika, muitiro wakafanira unowanzotora chimiro chehwirudzuro yedare, habeas corpus, uye kukwanisa kupiwa zano.

Kugadzirira Kunoita Nyika Nokuchengeteka Kwayo

Mukati memigariro yekotsekano yenyika, hurumende kazhinji kazhinji dzakatsvaka kufuratira dziviriro dzakafanira, dzichitaura kuti kumhanya nokuvandika kuri madikanwa kudzivisa denho. Zvisinei, matare akarangarira ataurazve kuti kunyange munguva dzenjodzi, zvinhu zvikuru zvegadziriro yakafanira hazvigoni kuiswa mungozi chose chose. Somuenzaniso, mu Hamdi v. Rumsfeld [2004], Dare gurusa reU.S.S. rinofanira kuva nomuvengi somurwi achifanira kuva nomukana wokukwikwikwidzano wakarurama nokuda kwokusungwa kwake pamberi pomugadziri wechisarudzo asingatori rutivi.

Kushanda Kwakafanira Uye Ukuru Hwekodzero

Gadziriro dzakakodzera dzinoshanda apo mipimo yechengeteko yenyika inodzongonyedza zvakananga rusununguko rukuru, rwakadai sekodzero yokuroora, kurera vana, kana kuti kufamba. Nepo hurumende ingaganhurira maruramiro akati mufariro yechengeteko yenyika, ganhuriro idzodzo dzinofanira kupukunyuka kunzvera kukurusa. Zvinofanira kuva zvakasanogadzirirwa kubatira fariro yehurumende inogombedzera. Mupimo wakakwirira uyu hauwanzosvitswa, uko kuri chikonzero nei mitemo yakawanda yepo papost - 9/11 yakatarisana nedenho dzapamutemo.

Nhoroondo

Munhau yose, hurumende dzakagara dzichiisa kodzero dzevanhu panzvimbo pekodzero dzavo, kunyanya panguva dzinofungidzirwa kuti dzinotyisidzira.

Kupindira kweAmerica muJapan Mukati meHondo yeNyika II

Muna 1942, Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt akasainwa Urairidzo Hukuru hweUnited States (1966), achibvumira kubviswa nokuiswazve kwakamanikidzirwa kwevaAmerica veJapan vanopfuura 110 000, vaviri ne 3 000 vaiva vagari veU. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatsigira mutemo mu Koritatsu v. United States [19444] [ichinonongedzera kukutaura kwehurumende kwechinodikanwa chehondo. Icho chisarudzo chinoramba chiri muenzaniso wakajeka unodzivirira maruramiro edare rimwe nerimwe munguva yehondo. Makumi akati gare gare gare, hurumende yakabvuma kusaruramisira uye yabudisa nhevedzano, asi chinoitika chinoshanda senyevero pamusoro pengozi dzekuchengedzero dzetsika dzakavakirwa pamarudzi kana kuti nyika yenyika.

USA PATRIOT Act Post-9/11

Chibvumirano cheUSA PATRIOTT chakaitwa muna October 2001, chakakudza zvinoshamisa masimba okuongorora emitemo yeUnited States nemasangano ane uchenjeri. Gadziriro dzakadai seCate 215 dzakabvumira kuunganidzwa kukuru kwemitengo yemichina yemafoni, nepo National Security Letters (NS) yakapa simba FBI kukumbira zvinyorwa zvebhizimisi pasina dare. Vatsigiri vekodzero dzevagari vemo vakapikisa kuti matanho aya aipesana nokudzivirira kuongorora kusina musoro uye kubatwa nepfava. Zvinetso zvepamutemo uye kuridza mheremho dzakaita kuti zvizopedzisira zvachinja, kusanganisira USA FUFYC, izvo zvakagumisa kuunganidzwa kwemitemu yeMitemo yezvina yeCUS yaindekisi ye 2015.

Purogiramu Yezvirongwa Yakaziviswa naEdward Snowden

Muna 2013, aimbova muvaki weNSA Snowden akabudisa magwaro akaziviswa airatidza zvirongwa zvokuongorora nyika yose zvaiitwa neNSA nevanoishandira. Zvizaruro zvacho zvaisanganisira PRISM, chirongwa chakamanikidza makambani eInternet kupa mashoko evatungamiriri vedzimwe nyika, uye kuongororwa kwekurukurirano dzevatungamiriri vokune dzimwe nyika. Izvi zvakamutsa nharo dzepasi pose pamusoro pezvakavanzika, basa rakakodzera, uye miganhu yesimba rehurumende. Dare reMariginetic Surveillance Court (FASA Court) rakanga rapa mikana yakawanda yezvirongwa izvi, asi vatsoropoteri vakacherechedza kuti dare racho raiita muchivande, nehurumende bedzi nokupa uchapupu, vachiramba nenzira inonyatsoda kudenha mukana wakajeka.

Matambudziko Emazuva Ano

Mumamiriro ezvinhu epanguva ino, kuchengeteka kwenyika nekodzero dzevanhu kunosangana nematambudziko matsva uye akaoma anokonzerwa noruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu uye anoramba achingouya.

Kutya Kuziva Zvisingakuvadzi

Hurumende dzinowedzera kurayira kuti pave nokukurukurirana kwakanyorwa kwakavanzika uye mashoko akavanzika panzvimbo yokudzivirira ugandanga nokurwisa kwemakombiyuta. Zvisinei, matanho akadai sokunyoreswa kwemitemo kana kuti imba dzokudzokera shure anonetesa kuchengeteka kwevashandisi vose uye anomutsa nhau dzakakomba. Kukurukurirana pamusoro pe inopedzisa nokuendesa mashoko echipameso [ kunzira kuchengeteka kwapachena mukurwisana nekodzero dzekurukurirano yapachivande. Matare nedzimba dzemitemo dzinorwisa kugadzira zvinhu zvepamutemo zvinobvumira kuwanikwa zviri pamutemo pasina kukanganisa kuchengeteka kwemichina kana kuti nzira dzinofanira kudzivirira vanhu vose.

Uchenjeri Hunogadzirwa uye Kufanofungidzira

Kushandiswa kweAl muchengeteko yorudzi rwakadai sokudeya kutaura tyisidziro dzokuzivisa, kuzivikanwa kwechiso nokuda kwokunzvera, uye kuita chisarudzo chinoitwa nemotokari mukudzora muganhu(/zvinoita nhevedzano yeapply system system system. Apo system inodzora munhu setyisidziro inobvira, munhu iyeyo angasava nebanza rine revo rokukwikwikwidzana. Muitiro weChiteshi unoda kuti vanhu vaziviswe nezvehwaro hwezvisarudzo zvakaipa uye vakwanise kuzvidenha. Kushandisa kwazvino uno kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunenge kusina dziviriro.

Kushandiswa Kwezvinhu Zvipenyu Neganhuriro Dzokufamba

Nyika dzakawanda dzakakudziridza kuunganidzwa kwemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yemashoko pamiganhu yeU.S. scan neADN. Department of Homeland Security yeU.S. ] biometric ewemor page/system[ yakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokuunganidza mashoko kubva kuU.S. pasina dziviriro dzakakwana. Kudzora kwakavakirwa parudzi kana kuti rudzidziso, zvakadai se “kurambidza kweMuslim” kunodents" kunodenhwa mu [[FLT:] Trump v. Hawaii (20)], uyewo muitiro wakafanira uye dziviriro yakaenzana. Dare guru rakatsigira kudzora kwechitatu, kududza purezidhendi mukuru mukuru pamusoro pechiremera, asi chisarudzo chokubuda mumugariro wavanhu pakati pekubuda munyika.

Kuongorora Vara

Kunzverwa kwakakwana kwezvinoitika zvakati kunozivisa nzira iyo nheyo dzakakodzera dzinoedzwa nayo kushandiswa.

Boston Marathon uye Zviito Zvepamutemo Zvinotevera

Pashure pokubhomba kwa2013 Boston Marathon, kuchengetwa kwemitemo kwakashandiswa kuongorora unyanzvi hwokufungidzira ndokusunga humwe, Dzhokar Tsarnaev, mukupesana nokuchengeteka kwavose naMiranda. Akabvunzurudzwa kwemazuva maviri asina zano asati arava kodzero dzake. Hurumende yakapikisa kuti kutyisidzira kwapakarepo kwaipembedza kwairuramisa kunonoka, vamiririri vehurumende yakatsigira kuti kupesana kwacho kwakanga kwarebeswa kupfuura kwaidiwa. Tsarnaev pakupedzisira akapiwa mhosva ndokutongerwa rufu. Mhaka yacho yakasimbisa kunetseka pakati pekubudirira pakurwisa kodzero dzake dzokuzvidzora uye chibvumirano chakarurama mukurwisana nokuzvidzora.

Kurovanywa Netsvina uye Kuurawa Kwevanyajambwa

Kushandisa kwehurumende yeU.S. madhirowa kuvhozhokera magandanga kunenge kune imwe nyika, kubatanidza vagari veUnited States vakafanana naAnwar al-Awlaki(vave vachiitirana nharo zvikuru. Uku kushanda kunoitirwa pasina mvumo dzedare, uye zvirongwa zvokubatanidzwa pa “mazita” zvakarongwa. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kuuraya kunoronga kuputsa muitiro wakafanira kupfurikidza nokunyima vanhu vamwe navamwe upenyu pasina kupfuurira kwapamutemo kana mukana wokukwikwidza zita ravo. Vatungamiriri veObama vakaomerera pakuti kurovanya kwakadaro kwakanga kuri kunobvumirwa sezviito zvomutemo wemarudzi ose uye Chirevo chokushandisa Mauto eMijarindi (AMF). Zvisinei, kusavapo kwokuona nokuzvidavirira kunoramba kuchiva kwenhau yapamutemo.

Hondo Dzapamutemo Dzakapoteredza NSA Yakakura

Mhaka dzakadai se [[FLT: 0] Capper v. Amnesty International (2017) na ACLU v. Dare rapamusoro rakaidza kuti masangano avanhu aishaiwa kodzero dzawo nemhaka yokuti aisagona kubvumikisa kurukurirano dzaaidzorwa nechakavanzika. Ichi chisarudzo chakadzivirira nenzira inobudirira purogiramu yokuhwirudzura, mibvunzo pamusoro pemano anoitwa nechapapo apo ufakazi hwokuvadziko hwakapfupika hunosvika. [FLT]

Basa Reimba Yevafundisi

Dare redare rinoona nezvekodzero dzevanhu rinoita basa rinokosha pakuchengetedza kuchengeteka kwenyika nekodzero dzavo.

Kuratidzira Mhaka Dzapamusorosoro Dzedare

Zvisarudzo zvinokosha zvakawanda zvakachinja mararamiro azvinoita nyika:

  • [FLT] Ex trate Milligan (186) Dare rakatonga kuti dare rehondo raisagona kuedza vanhu vasiri varwi apo matare asiri mauto akanga achishanda, kunyange mukati meHondo yavagari vemo.
  • [FOLT][[FOREMA] v. United States (1944): Sezvacherechedzwa, Dare rakatsigira dare reJapanese redzimhosva (ichisarudzo) chinoshorwa zvikuru uye chinonyatsotongwa nomurangariro wavose uye mutemo wapashure.
  • HAMDI v. Rumsfeld [2004]: Dare rairangarira kuti mugari wemo weU.S. akasungwa somurwi womuvengi akanga ane kodzero dzakakodzera dzokukwikwidza kusungwa kwake pamberi pomuiti wechisarudzo chokusatora rutivi.
  • Boumediene v. Bush [2008] [[FLT: Dare rakatambanudza muganhu weHabeas corpus kuvatapi paGuantámo Bay, kuramba chibvumikiso chehurumende chokuti Bumbiro reMitemo harishandi ikoko.
  • [FLT]MP v. Hawaii (2017) Dare rakatsigira chirambidzo chokufamba panyika zhinjisa dzechiMuslim, richinongedzera kuchiremera chehurumende asi richisiya bviro yedenho dzenguva yemberi dzakavakirwa pavavariro yokupa.

Nyaya idzi dzinoratidza kuti kunyange zvazvo matare anowanzozengurira kupindira muchiito chokutungamirira panenge paine njodzi, anogona kumisa kuputswa kwemitemo kwakaipa zvikuru kwemamiriro ezvinhu akakodzera.

Dare Rokuongorora Rokumwe Rakachenjera (FISC)

FISC yakagadzirwa neFernal Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) kuti ibvumidze kuongororwa kwezvinangwa zvouchenjeri hwokumwe. Zvisinei, nemhaka yokuti inoshanda padivi redindime(ne hurumende bedzi iripo(icho yakatsoropodzwa sechidhindo cherabha. Munzvero chezvakazarudzwa naSnowden, chinjo dzinotangwa mativi akawanda eadversaria, kubatanidza kugadzwa kweaicus commue kukwikwidza kurwisana nezvikumbiro zvehurumende. Kunyange zvakadaro, muitiro une revo nokuda kwaavo vanobatwa murutava rwokungwarira unoramba unoramba kuvapo.

Kuzivikanwa Nevanhu uye Kunyengedzwa

Zviitiko zvikuru zvakadai sokurwisa kwemagandanga zvinoita kuti vanhu vade kuchengeteka, asi kuratidzwa kwevanyengeri kunodiwa kudzivirira kodzero dzavo.

Basa Remasangano Ane Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Mapoka akadai seAmerican Civil Liberaties Union (ACLU), Electronic Foundation (EFF), uye Brennan Center yeRuramisiro anoita basa rinokosha mukudenha kunyanyisa kwehurumende kupfurikidza nokupa mhaka, kurasisa, uye dzidzo yavose. Nhamburiko dzawo dzakatungamirira kumira miganhu nemutemo wemitemo. Somuenzaniso, purogiramu yeACLUU kuunganidzo huru yeNSA yakaparira USA UNIVC Act.

Zvinobudisa Mashoko Nokugadzira

Kufukunurwa kwenhau kunowanzoumba manzwisisire anoita vanhu nhau dzechengeteko. Kushuma kwemagandanga kunogona kuwedzera kutya uye kutsigira matanho oupengo, nepo kuongorora kwemagazini (seimoriyo) yaGlenn Greenwald neThe Intercept (exposs kuchiita kuti pave nepurogiramu dzepachivande uye kumutsa nharo. Kutemwa kwematanho okuchengetedza sezvinodikanwa “kwechigarire” kunogona kuvaita kuti vaome, zvichizoita kuti kuoma. Kungwarira kwavose uye kuzvidavirira kwezvinobudisa nhau kunokosha mukuchengeta muitiro wakafanira.

Kuwana Dzikamo

Kudzikamisa kusingakuvadzi pakati pechengeteko yenyika nekodzero dzevanhu kunoda kuti pave nemasangano anoremekedza maitiro akakodzera asi achibvumira mhinduro inobudirira.

  • Tsvakara uye Kushuma[[FLT: 1]: Kutsvaka mishumo yavose yenguva dzose pamusoro pemibato yokunzvera uye miitiro yokupfigira, newedzero dzakarongwa dzakahwirudzurwa namasangano anotarisira akawanda.
  • Sarudza gadziriro[[FLT: 1]: Mitemo yakawanda yechengeteko yenyika inobatanidza misi yokupera kwezuva inongoerekana yavapo, ichimanikidzira kurukurirano yenhambo nenhambo uye kunyorwazve. USA PARITIOTT Act yaiva nekunyura kwakati kuti kwezuva, uye kuguma kwayo muna 2015 kwakatungamirira kugadziridza.
  • [ Utariri hunozvimirira[[FLT: 1]: kuva woga uye mabhodhi erusununguko rwevagari vemo, vaongorori, uye matare esangano anogona kugovera kuzvidavirira. The Liscip and Civil Liberation Oversition Board (PCLOB) yakasikwa kuhwirudzura mitemo inorwisana nerrorism.
  • [[Ntomba: 0] Jodicial Review and Access to Resource: Kufunga kuti vanhu vane kusvika kune revo kumatare, zvikurukuru mumhaka dzokusungwa kwenguva refu kana kuti kunzvera kwapachivande. Basa ravarevereri chaivo (sokufanana nemiitiro yezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu yakavharwa yeUK) inogona kubetsera kudzikamisa kuvanza neruramisiro.
  • Fuging and Civic Incenation: Kuziva mugari wemo icherekedzo yokupedzisira pahurumende inonyengedzwa. Nhamburiko dzedzidzo pamusoro pekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo noukoshi hwemuitiro wakafanira zvinogona kuvaka tsigiro mukurwisana negadziriro yorutyo.

Hapana mhinduro imwe chete yakakwana, asi kubatanidza zvinhu izvi kunogona kuita gadziriro yakasimba inochengetedza chengeteko pasina kurega mutemo.

mhedziso

Dzikamo pakati pechengeteko yorudzi nekodzero dzevanhu inoramba iri imwe yedenho dzakaoma zvikurusa nedzinovapo mukudzora kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kupfurikidza nokutsigisa dzikamo iyoyo munheyo yegadziriro yakafanira, nzanga dzinogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti kunyange nhano dzechengeteko dzokukurumidzira zvikurusa dzinodzorwa nemitemo, kuoneka, uye kuzvidavirira. Nhau inoratidza kuti apo muitiro wakafanira unoraswa muzita rekotsekano, muuyo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji ndiko kusaruramisira / uye gare gare, kuzvidemba. Sezvinooneka kuzvipira kumiitiro yakarurama namaruramiro okuko kunofanira kuramba kwakasimba. Kupfurikidza bedzi nokupfuurira kunzvera, kungwarira, uye kuvimbisa kwapachena tinogona kukarira kuwana chengeteko iyo yose miviri yedu nerusununguko rwedu.