Kuumbwa Kwevatongi veAmerica

Murangariro wechekedzo nedzikamo wezvamatongerwe enyika usati uri bedzi sayenzi yerondedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika inogadzirwa; iDNA yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica. Yakapindwa muBumbiro remitemo, iyi tsika yakagadzirwa naMadzibaba Akavambwa kudzivisa bazu rimwe rehurumende kuunganidza simba rakanyanyisa. Kombiso yemitemo inovimbisa kuti mitemo yemitemo, inodzora, uye mapazu okutonga mumwe nomumwe anogona kuva nesimba rakasiyana nerevo. Kuziva kuti kunokosha sei kutsika nechimiro chemitemo kunokosha kunokosha nokuda kwemunhu upi noupi anenge achikwanisa kunzwisisa zvinhu zvinoshanda mukuita muUnited States. Iyi gadziriro inosimudzira, uye pakupedzisira inoita kuti mitemo ive inodzokororwa zvikuru kupfuura igova simba. Kunzwisisa kuti kunzvera nokudzikamisa mitemo kunokosha kunoramba kupfurikidza nemitemo inoshanda.

Mbiru Nhatu Dzesimba: Kunzvera Kwakakwana

Kunyange zvazvo nyaya yokutanga ichipa kupeta, kunzwisisa kwakadzama masimba avo chaiwo neganhuriro kuri madikanwa kunzwisisa ukuru hwakazara hwegadziriro yokunzvera nedzikamo.

Bazu Romutemo: Inzwi Ravanhu

Chikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo chinosimbisa bazu remitemo (*-Bhunga remitemo), rinoumbwa neImba yaVamiririri neDare. Imba, nemitezo yayo 435 inogoverwa nevagari vemo vehurumende, yakarongedzerwa kuva iri pedyo zvikuru navanhu, ine mitezo inobatira mashoko egore maviri. Dare, nemitezo 100 (hurumende imwe) inogovera mufananidzo wakaenzana wenyika dzose, navagadziri vanobatira mashoko matanhatu egore. Dare rinobata simba guru rechikwama, rinodzora mari yose inoshairwa nehurumende, uye rine chiremera chimwe chokuzivisa hondo, kukwidza mitero, uye kudzora kutengeserana pamutemo. Bazu remitemo ndiyo injini yomutemo, asi simba rokuita mitemo inoyera kubva kune mamwe mapazu maviri.

Bazu Raitungamirira: Mumanikidzi Womutemo

Chikamu II chinopa simba guru muMutungamiriri weUnited States. Bazu iri rine mutoro wokushandisa nokusimbisa mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress. Purezidhendi anoshanda seMutungamiriri-in-hieheef wemauto ane zvombo, anogona kutaurirana zvibvumirano (netendero yeDare), uye kugadza vatongi vehurumende navakuru vakuru vakuru. Kunzvera kunonyanya kunoitwa naPrezidhendi isimba guru, iro rinobvumira mukuru mukuru wehurumende kuramba mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress. Kupfuurirazve, Purezidhendi anogona kupa zviratiso zvevakuru vakuru vakuru kutungamirira kushanda kwehurumende, kunyange zvazvo iyi mirayiro iri pasi pekuhwirutsiridza uye inogona kudzorwa nomutemo wedare. Bazu guru rinobatanidzawo mutemo mukuru unodzora unopiwa pahwaro yezuva nezuva, uchiita kuti mutambi ane simba mugadziri mukuru mukuru wemite.

Bazu Rokutonga: Muzivisi Womutemo

Chikamu III chinosimbisa Dare guru ndokupa simba rokuita matare ehurumende akaderera. Bazu redare rinotonga rinotsanangura revo yemitemo, rinoshandisa kunhau imwe neimwe, uye rinosarudza kana ichiputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Iri simba rokutonga, rinonyanya kuzivikanwa munhau Marbury v. Madison[[FL:1], ikona rekona rechekero nedzinoyera. Vatongi vanochengeta nzvimbo dzavo dzoupenyu, dzinovadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye dzinovabvumira kuita sevatongi vasingasaruri. Dare gurusa rinogona kurova pasi kana kuti kudzosa mitemo yarongedzerwa, kugovera kunzvera kwakananga paGigrogionti uye mapazu. Zvisinei, judicariary inonzvera nzvimbo yacho youkuru, inotenderwa nebazu, inobvumira dare rokutonga, uye inodzosa dare rinogona kudzosa matare.

Gadziriro Yomutemo: Bhuku Rokutamba Nemakeki Nedzikamo

Rwendo rwechibvumirano kubva kupfungwa kuenda kumutemo ibasa refu uye rakaoma, rakaitirwa kuderedza kuita zvisarudzo uye kumanikidza. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinopa mukana wokuti mapazi matatu ape simba uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti mutemo mutsva upi noupi unorangarirwa nokungwarira.

Mavambo Nechiito cheDare

Mutengo unogona kutangwa mumativi ose ari maviri eCongress, kunze kwemabhiri emari, anofanira kutanga muHouse of Declaimers. Pakangotangwa, mutengo wacho unogoverwa kudare rakakodzera kuongorora. Matare anowanzonzi "mabhiza okushanda" eCongress nemhaka yokuti ane mhedziso, anonzwa uchapupu kubva kunyanzvi nevanochengeta mari, uye anoisa chiratidzo (mapepa) pamutemo. Ndimo umo mutengo wokutanga wezvichemo unoitwa, sezvo chigaro chedare chinogona kusarudza kuuraya bhiri kupfurikidza nokusaritora. Gadziro rinobvumira kuti rinzverwe, kusimbisa kuti mutemo uve une mashoko akanaka uye wafunga migumisiro.

Nharo Dzomudenga Nokutamba

Kana mutengo ukataurwa zvakanaka uchibva mudare, unoenda pauriri hwekamuri nokuda kwekurukurirano nokuvhota. Mitemo yekurukurirano inosiana pakati peImba neDare. MuImba, gakava rinowanzoganhurirwa zvikuru neDare Rinodzora. MuDare, kurukurirano yakazaruka zvikuru, uye iri zano apo mutengi anogona kunonozetsa vhoti kupfurikidza nokutaura nokuda kwenguva yakati refuti. Chivhoti chedamuchinotongerwa ne3-hititatu dzeDare reSamende (60) chinodikanwa kugumisa murwiringi. Iri bhuropo ichero rine simba iro rinogona kumanikidza voruzhinji kuti vatsvake nokuda kwenhambo yebiko.

Kuyanana Pakati Pemahofisi

Kuti chibvumirano chive mutemo, chinofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chimwe chetecho. Kana Dare rikapfuudza shanduro yakasiana kupfuura Imba, dare remusangano(_ndaro yakaumbwa yemitezo inobva mumakamuri ose ari maviri(is) yakaumbwa kuti itaure kubvumirana. Mushumo wemusangano unovapo unofanira ipapo kutenderwa neImba neDare pasina bviro yokugadziriswa. Iyi nhanho iyi inowanzova apo kurukurirano huru zvikurusa dzinoitika, sezvo vatungamiriri vanofanira kuwiriranisa zvinhu zvinokosha ndokuwana nzvimbo yavose. Chinodikanwa chomutauro wakafanana chinodzivisa mativi ose ari maviri okuguma nomutemo.

Chiito chaPurezidhendi: Veto nePocket Veto

Pashure pokunge makamuri ose ari maviri apfuudza bhiridha rimwe chetero, inopiwa kuna Purezidhendi. Purezidhendi ane zvisarudzo zvina pasi peBumbiro reMitemo. Chokutanga, Purezidhendi anogona kusaina mutemo mumutemo, ndiwo mugumisiro wavose zvikurusa. Chechipiri, Purezidhendi anogona kudzosa mutemo, kudzokera kuCongress nemashoko okuramba. Iyi icherekedzo yakananga pasimba remitemo. Yechitatu, kana Purezidhendi asingaiti chiito mukati mamazuva gumi (kupinda maSvondo) apo Congress Congress inenge iri murusaini, pamutemo pasina kusayina kwaPrente. Chechina, kana Congressmourss panhambo iyoyo yezuva rechigumi, Muteshina anokwanisa kunzvera nokusarusaru, izvo zvinozivikanwa sechiito chehomwe.

Kupa mhaka pashure: Kuhwirudzura Ruramisiro

Kunyange pashure pokunge pamutemo wava mutemo, rwendo rwawo harusati ruchitongopera. Bazu redare rinoita nzvero yokupedzisira. Munhu upi noupi kana kuti sangano rakamira rinogona kudenha mutemo mudare, richisimbisa kuti unoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Mhaka dzinogona kushanda mugadziriro yokukwidza kusvikira vasvika Dare Rapamusorosoro. Kana Dare Rapamusoro rikabvuma kunzwa mhaka uye pashure payo mitemo yokuti mutemo hauwiriraniswi, unova usina maturo uye usina maturo kubvira pamusi wechisarudzo. Iri simba rokuhwirudzura, kunyange zvazvo risina kududzwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo, ichinhu chehwaro chenheyo nerevo retsika, rinosimbisa kuti mutemo wose unonamatira kumutemo mukurusa wenyika.

Kuongorora Kwokupedzisira Kwezvirongwa Zvikuru Pachiremera Chine Mitemo

Kupfuura nhano dzomuitiro womutemo, miitiro yakati kuti inobatira seganhuriro dzine simba paCongress.

Muzinda Wapasi Pamasangano: Chimiro Chakashata Chine Simba

Bhetiro rinofanira kuva chishandiso chakananga zvikurusa chaPurezidhendi nokuda kwokuumba mutemo. Inomanikidza Congress kurangarirazve mutongo, uye kana kuramba kwaPurezidhendi kuchikurumbira mune zvamatongerwe enyika, kunogona kuva kwakaoma kuti Congress aunganidze mativi maviri matatu anodikanwa kusimuka. Kutya kunoreva kuti kurangana hakungovi kurambwa chete; ichinhu chakarongwa chokukurukurirana. Mutungamiriri wehurumende kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anoshandisa kutyisidzira kwechirongwa chemitemo kukurukura chinjo kurukusvika pachibhako chavo. Chityisidzirowo zvacho cheveto chinogona kubvisa mashoko ekurukurirano muCongress. Kupfumera kunoda kukurukurirana mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri, uko kuri chinhu chakakwirira chamabharo. Muidi inopfuure 5% yose yamazuva ose ave ichiripo.

Kuhwirudzura Ruramisiro: Mucheri Webumbiro reMitemo

Simba reDare Gurusa rokuzivisa mitemo isingabvumidzwi icherekedzo hurusa pasimba romutemo. Basa reDare somuturikiri wokupedzisira weBumbiro reMitemo rinoreva kuti kunyange mutemo unopfuudzwa nemisoro mikuru inopfuudzwa uye wakasainwa naPurezidhendi unogona kuparadzwa. Nemhaka dzetsika dzakadai se Brown v. [[FLT]][FLT][1]. , dzinoganhurira Dare reDzidzo [1954] [1954], iro rakamisa mitemo yehurumende inoisa dzinza, uye inodzivirira muganhu womutemo. United States v. Lop.[FLT] [[FLT]] [19595] [i]), iyo yakaganhurira nzvimbo yeClaus, inoratidzira kudisa kwedare kudzo dzose dzose dziri mbiri dzehurumende nehurumende.

Kutarisira Kwedare Nesimba Rechitoro

Nepo vapazu vakuru navanotonga vachinzvera Congress, Congress vanewo zvishandiso zvine simba zvokunzvera mukuru mukuru. Congress inobatanidza kunzwa, kunzvera, uye zvikwata kuti zvione kuti mitemo inoiswa sei nemasangano ehurumende. Matare anogona kudana vakuru vakuru vebazu kuti vapupurire, varayire magwaro, uye vadzore mari yesangano. Simba rechikwama ndicho chiwiriso cheCongress. Nokudzora masangano, Congress anogona kutsigira, kuisa mari pamapurogiramu ehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Congresss angaramba kutsigira kutora matanho apurezidhendi, achiuraya pasina kupfuudza mutemo mutsva. Kudzora uku kudzorwa kwemari icherekedzo inogarwa kuti bazu kuti varambe vachizvidavirira kudivigira chibvumirano chemiteshina.

Simba Rinoshandira

Congress inoita simba rakasiana rokudzosa uye kubvisa vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza Purezidhendi weSanihedrini, uye vatongi. House of Desidentirs ine simba rimwe chete rokupa (kupa mhaka), apo Dare rinotonga. Iyi muitiro icherekedzo huru pazvose zviri zviviri vakuru vakuru namatare. Nepo kurongera kuri muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika uye kusashandiswa nenzira yakapfava, kunobatira sechidziviso mukurwisana nokushandiswa kwakakomba kwesimba. Chityisidziro chekudzo chedare chinogona kupesvedzera mufambiro wapurezidhendi uye chinovimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru havasati vari pamusoro pomutemo. Zvisinei, bhiri yakakwirira yamapazu maviri namatatu edare edare rinotenderwa inoita kuti kubviswa kuve chinhu chisingawanzo.

Kutapura Kwakapararira Kwemacheki Nedzikamo Pamutemo

Kuongorora uye kudzikamisa zvinhu kune zvakunoita zvakawanda panzvimbo yemitemo yemitemo.

  • Kuisa muganhu paBpartishashi uye Kubvumirana: Nemhaka yokuti kupfuura mutemo kunoda batira pamwe yedzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress uye kazhinji kazhinji tsigiro yaPrezidhendi, kune sundo yakasimba yokuvaka mibatanidzwa mirefu. Kutyisidzira kwomuvaki kana kuti mauto echipuresi kuti atsigire ndokudzikamisa zvikarakadzo zvavo kukwezva tsigiro kubva kuyambuka. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji mumitemo isingachinjiki zvikuru uye inogara zvikuru, sezvo inoratidzira bvumirano huru.
  • .[FLT] Ekiragiro chinoyera noUrango hunofungwa: Mitemo yakawanda yeveto] [kubva kuhwirudzura dare kusvikira kuuriri kunzvimbo yapamberi kusvikira kukurukurirano inobvira yewirirano. Iyi "kudzorwa" inova namaune. Inovimbisa kuti mitemo inonzverwa zvakakomba, kurukurirano yavose, uye midungwe mizhinji. Inodzivisa voruzhinji kubva mukumhanya nokukurumidza kupfurikidza nemhindu huru iyo ingava nemiuyo isingakarirwi. Iyi inhau inokosha yegadziriro yedemocracy.
  • Dhipatimendi reMinonity Rights neIninbers: Chinodikanwa chezvikuru mumigariro yakati (sekusimbisa kana kuti kupfuudza Bumbiro reMitemo) chinodzivirira fariro shoma. Bill of Rights nesimba rokuongorora dare zvinowedzera dzimwe dziviriro, kuvimbisa kuti mativi makuru emitemo haagoni kutsika zviri nyore kodzero dzevanhu kana kuti mapoka. Uku kudzivirira chikonzero chikuru chenduramo yetsika.
  • Kuwedzera Transparency neKuzvidavirira: Nemhaka yokuti vatambi vazhinji kwazvo vanobatanidzwa mumuitiro wokuita mutemo, kwakaoma kuti zvisarudzo zviitwe muchivande. Kunzwa, kurukurirano dzapauriri, uye kuvhota kunonyorwa izvinyorwa zvavose, zvinobvumira vagari vemo, vatori venhau, uye mapoka evamiririri kuona kuti vanotsigira sei chaizvoizvo. Mano ebazu rimwe nerimwe anosimudzira nokutarisira vamwe kuoneka. Uku kuzvidavirira kunobetsera kuvaka chivimbo chavose muperero yehurumende.
  • Kushandisa zvamatongerwe enyika neNegotiation: Kudzora kunoshanda mutsika ino kunoda mwero yakakwirira younyanzvi hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Vagadziri vemirau vanofanira kuva nyanzvi, vavaki vomubatanidzwa, uye vakurukurirani vamasangano. Kukwanisa kufambisa kurukurirano yakaoma pakati pamapazu chinodikanwa chokuita chinjo huru dzemiitiro.

Chaizvoizvo, gadziriro inonzvera nokudzikamisa inoita kuti dare risare risare risingareruki kuvhota kwakawanda kwemitemo kunobva muvhoti yakapfava kuva kurukurirano yakaoma pakati pamapazu ehurumende. Uku kukurukurirana, nepo kuchiwanzononoka kuomesa, ndiko kunoita kuti mutemo weU. uve wakasimba zvikuru uye unogamuchirwa zvikuru kupfuura mitemo inopfuudzwa pasi pemitemo yapakati. Inoratidzira kuzvipira kukuru kunheyo yokuti simba rinofanira kuva rakadzikama kuvimbisa rusununguko. Nokuda kwokuravazve pamapanete emitemo, nzvimbo inobvumirwa nomutemo yeU. [[FLT:] [FLD]] [FM] inogovera chirevo chezvirevo chemitemo chemite yemitemo neredhi., mukuwedzera [FL: FL:]

Mugumisiro: Kugamuchirwa Kusingaperi Kwesimba Rokugoverana

Gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo ikokunangidzira kudzorwa kwemitemo yeAmerica. Igadziriro inoshanda uye inowanzokakavadzana inoumba chikamu chiri chose chemitemo yehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa simba pakati pamapazu matatu uye kugovera nzira dzokuganhurira nadzo dzimwe, vaVavaki vakaumba hurumende yakabvumikisa kuva yakasimba zvikuru pamazana amakore maviri. Nepo inogona kutungamirira kukudzikanya nokukangaidzika, iyi tsika imwe cheteyo inodzivisawo kubatana kwesimba, inodzivirira kodzero imwe neimwe, uye inovimbisa kuti mitemo inogadzirwa kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokuronga nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo, nenzira yakafanana, kunzwisisa kubatana pakati pomutemo, mukuru, uye mapazu edare hazvisizvo kubatira zivo yedzidzo yedzidzo inongova nokushanda zvakanaka musimba rehurumende yehurumende inotonga.