Mavambo Okuenzana Mupfungwa Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika dzeAmerica

Pfungwa yehwaro yokuti vanhu vose vane uenzani hwakagarwa nhaka haina kuvamba neUnited States Constitution. Midzi yayo inodzokera shure kuuzivi hweNjereso, zvikurukuru mabasa aJohn Locke, ane rondedzero dzekodzero dzomusikirwo dzakapesvedzera zvikuru Thomas Jefferson uye vamwe Vabati Vokuvamba. Apo Jefferson akanyora Declaration of Independence muna 1776, akabudisa nheyo yokuchinja: kuti "vanhu vose vakasikwa vakaenzana" uye vakapiwa noMusiki wavo vane kodzero dzisina kuchinjika kuupenyu, rusununguko, uye kurondwa kwomufaro. Uku kwakanga kusati kuri kungoitawo kupfuudza manyukubudirira; kwakava kuyera kwetsika kwetsika nokuda kwekuedza kweAmerica. Zvisinei, uranda hwechokwadi hwerudzi rutsva hwakanga hwakasiana zvikuru. Uranda hwapamutemo mumarudzi gumi namatatu, vakadzi vakanga vasina kodzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye zvinhu zvakaganhurirwa kudzo kuruwa rwechichena. Chiziviso chiziviso chirevo chavanhu chavanhu chavanhu chavanhu chavanhu chavanhu chavanhu chaidzo chenyika chitsatsa kurondedzera mazana maviri.

Bumbiro Remitemo Rokutanga: Kuenzana Kwakanonoka

Bumbiro reMitemo rakanyoreswa muna 1787 paGungano reFiladelphia rakanga riri gwaro retsika rakagadzirirwa kuumba hurumende yehurumende inoshanda. Harina kubatanidza shoko rokuti "kuenzana". Panzvimbo pezvo, raiva negadziriro idzo dzakaziva nokudzivirira kuumbwa kwouranda. Vatatu vakabvumirana pane zvisina kufanira vakaverengwa sevaranda vatatu vomunhu nokuda kwezvinangwa zvemitero. Varanda Clausce vakabvumira kupinza vanhu varanda munyika kusvikira muna 1808. Muranda Fugitive Claus aida kudzorwa kwavaranda vaai. Uku kudzorwa kwaifanira kuchengetedzwa nehurumende dzeMadokero, asi vakaisa kusaenzana mumitengo yetsika. Bill wekodzero dzehurumende, muna 1791, akakundikanawo kuenzana kuenzana. Chitendero cheFigiod Clace, chitsaruso chinodzivirira kudzorwa kukuvara kuvudzwa kwehondo, uye kunzvera kudzosera kupfurikidza negadziriro yehondo, asi hapana chibvumirano chinoitwa chinoitwa nehurumende chisati pamutemo.

Kugadziridza Kunoita Zvinhu: Kuenzana Kupfurikidza Nebumbiro Remitemo

Pashure peHondo yevagari vemo, nyika yacho yakatanga chirongwa chayo chine chinzvimbo chikuru kuti iwirirane Bumbiro reMitemo nechiono cheChiratidzo chakaenzana. Zvikamu zvitatu zvinogadziridzwa, zvinozivikanwa seReconstructives, zvakachinja mamiriro ezvinhu ebumbiro remitemo.

Penjere Yechi13 (1865)

Iyi yakanga iri gadziriro yokutanga yebumbiro remitemo yokutanga kugadza chimiro chakajeka chokuenzana: rusununguko muuranda hwechibvumirano. Bva chitsama chayo chakasiana gare gare chaizoshandiswa kupfurikidza nokupa mhaka kusunungura uye gadziriro yeruramisiro youtsotsi, kuchiparira zvimiro zvitsva zvokuzviisa pasi kwedzinza.

American Standard Version ya1868)

Geneth Amendment igadziriro imwe inokosha zvikurusa yebumbiro remitemo ine chokuita nokuenzana. Chivitity chayo Claus chakapa kuva mugari wenhaka kuvanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States, kuchiputsa chisarudzo cheDare Gurusai cheDhend Scott (1857) chakanga charamba kuva mugari wemo weAfrican America. Roodoo kana kuti Immunion Clause yakatsvaka kudzivirira kodzero dzinokosha dzenyika pakuputswa. Mutezo weGuer Procesme Clausce wakawedzera gadziriro yehurumende inotangirwa nezviito. Zvikurukurusa, Mutengidziridziri weSal Classione akazivisa kuti: "No. . .

Mutezo Wechigumi Nezvishanu (1870)

Pesvetment yechi15 yakarambidza kurambwa kwekodzero yokuvhota nemhaka yedzinza, ruvara, kana kuti uranda hwakapfuura. Nepo danho guru, raisavimbisa kodzero yokuvhota kuvagari vose; hurumende dzakapfuurira kumanikidza mitero yokuvhota, kuongorora kunyora, uye zvitsama zvasekuru zvokuramba kuvhota Blackvv. Kugadziridza kwacho hakunawo kuwedzera kodzero dzokuvhotera vakadzi, kuchisimbisa kupesana kwekukwikwidzana kwekurwisana.

Kududzira kweDare Repamusorosoro Kunoenzana naClaus

Zvinorehwa neAcial Protection Claus zvakaumbwa nezvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa.

Ferguson (1896) uye Dzidziso Yakasiyana Asi Yakaenzana

Mu Plessy v. Ferguson, Dare Rapamusorosa rakatsigira mutemo weLouisiana unoda kuti motokari dzenjanji dzine madzinza aipesana, richifunga kuti IPramende ye144 yaiitirwa kuti itsigire kuva yakaenzana mune zvematongerwe enyika, kwete kuva nohuenzani hwemagariro. Dare rakatanga dzidziso yokuti "kupesana asi yakaenzana," kutonga kuti kusarura hakuna kuputsa Kudzivirira Claus kwakaenzana chero bedzi zvivako zvakanga zvakaenzana. Iyi chisarudzo chakagovera chifukidzo chemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yeGwarati yeSouth neyapasi pevhu redzinza kweinopfuura hafu yezana ramakore.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – Kuchinja Kwakaparadzana asi Kwakaenzana

Brown v. Board yeDzidzo yakanga iri nguva yakadzorwa mumutemo wemitemo yeAmerica. Muchisarudzo chimwe, Dare Rapamusoro rakaramba kuti dzinza renyika rakanga risina kuvimbika. Mutongi Mukuru Earl Warren akanyora kuti "Masangano edzidzo haasati ari ekwakaenzana" uye kuti kubvisa mativi edzidzo kwakaparira kunzwa kwokuzvidzwa pakati pavana vatema vakakuvadza kukura kwavo kwedzidzo uye kwomunhu oga. Dare rakatendeuka Platedy[FLD] uye rakazivisa kuti Kudzivirira Claus kwakaenzana kwaida kuwiriranwa. Chisarudzo hachina kuraira nokukurumidza kupfuurira nokuda kweidzoro, kutaura ikoko kwakabvumira kudzorwa nokuda kwokuramba nokusawirirana.

Rudo Virginia (1967) – Kuderedza Mitemo Inorwisana neMisikirini

Mu zvinobvumwa ne r. Virginia, Dare Rapamusoro rehurumende rakarerutsa mitemo inorambidza roorano yedzinza. Dare rakaramba kuti roorano ikodzero inokosha uye kuti kutsaura kwedzinza kunofanira kuiswa ku "nzvero yakaoma zvikurusa. Chisarudzo chacho chakaramba zvakajeka pfungwa yokuti Exterture Protection Claus arst muroorano, ichisimbisa kuti rusununguko rwokuroora munhu worumwe rudzi rusununguro runodzivirirwa neSanificial Claus Claus naFrame dziviriro Claus akabatana.

Vadzidzi Vefair Adgingss muv. Harvard (2023) – Chiito Chokusimbisa

Muchisarudzo chemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi nechokurwisana kukuru, Dare Rapamusoro rakagumisa nenzira inobudirira kurangarirwa kwedzinza muvapindi vekoreji. Dare rakaramba kuti zviito zveHarvard neUNC zvinopesana nezviito zveSangano reKudzivirira kwakaenzana kupfurikidza nokushandisa rudzi sechisakiso chakarurama. Ichi chisarudzo chakachinja makumi amakore emuenzaniso, kubatanidza Graitter v. Bollinger [2003], uye chakanatsazve nzvimbo yedzidzo yakakwirira. Chisarudzo chinoratidzira kuti hondo pamusoro perevo yokuenzana haisati yambopedzwa.

Zviitwa Zvemitemo ZveNguva Yamaruramiro Avagari Vemo

Chivil Rights Movement yema 1950 nama 1960 yakasundira nokuda kwechinjo dzemitemo idzo dzakaita kuti kuenzana kuitwe kupfurikidza nomutemo wehurumende.

Mutemo Wa 1964 Wekodzero Dzevanhu

Chibvumirano cheChivil Rights Act cha1946 imutemo wakakwana wekodzero dzevanhu munhau yeAmerica. Umutwe II wakarambidza rusaruro mudzimba dzavose (maresitorendi, mahoro okushambadza). Musoro VI wakarambidza rusaruro nepurogiramu dzinogamuchira mari yehurumende. Mutemo VII wakarambidza rusaruro rwebasa rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo enyika. Urongwa hwevatano hwakawedzerwa senzira yokupedzisira yokuedza kukunda mutezo, asi hwakava chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwokuva nohuenzana kwevakadzi. Chiito chacho chakasimbisawo kudzivirira maruramiro okuvhotera uye chakakudza kodzero dzekodzero dzechipurisa.

Murayiro Wokutsigira Kodzero Wa1965

Pashure pokudzvinyirirwa kwoutsinye kwokuvhota muSelma, Alabama, Congress yakapfuudza Voting Rights Act ya1965. Mutemo uyu wakabvisa kuongorora kunyora nokunyora, wakabvumira hurumende kunyoresa kwevhoti muvhoti nenhau yokusarura, uye waida kuti dzimwe nyika dziwane mvumo yehurumende isati yachinja mitemo yokuvhota (pamberi pezvigadziko),. Chiito chacho chakawedzerwa zvikuru kunyoresa kwevatema uye kumiririra. Zvisinei, chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa renhau mu Shelby County v. Raker[FLT:] (2017) yakarega mitemo yokuvhota, ichitungamirira kupfumisa miganhuro mitsva yokuvhovero munyika yose.

Murayiro Wakanaka Wedzimba wa1968

Fair Howare Act, yakapfuudzwa pashure porupanduko rwaMartin Luther King Jr., inorambidza rusaruro mukutengeswa, kurenda, uye kupiwa mari yedzimba dzakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, mavambo orudzi, vatano, nzvimbo yevatano, uye urema. Icho chinhu chinokosha mukurwisa nzanga yokugara, iyo inoramba iri chimwe chezvimiro zvinopfuurira zvikurusa zvekusaenzana muUnited States.

Kuwedzera Kuenzana Kupfurikidza Nevhunduko Dzakazotevera

Kugadziridza kunoverengeka kwakatevera kwakatambanudza chipikirwa chokubatwa kwakaenzana kumapoka okuwedzera.

Penjerero Yechigumi Nechipfumbamwe (1920)

Pashure perwisano yamakumi amakore nesangano ravakadzi rokusatendera, Application yechi 19th Amendment yakarambidza kurambwa kwekodzero yokuvhota nemhaka yevatano. Inoramba iri vimbiso bedzi yakajeka yebumbiro romutemo yokuenzana kwevatano, kunyange zvazvo Acult Rights Amendment Amendment ichigere kubvumikiswa.

Findment Yamakumi Maviri NeFourth (1964)

Chibvumirano chamakumi maviri namashanu chakabvisa mutero wevhota muvhoti dzehurumende. Mitero yokuvhota yakanga yashandiswa zvikurukuru munyika dzeMadokero kubvisa vavhoti veBlack nevoti vechichena vasina kuvimbika. Kugadziridza kwakanga kuri rukundo rukuru mukurwira kuenzana kwevhota, kunyange zvazvo kwakashanda bedzi kukusarudza kwehurumende; mitero yevhotera yahurumende yakaparadzwa gare gare gare neDare repamusorosoro mu Harper v. Virginia Board of EFUFUF:1]

Mubatanidzwa Wezvikamu Makumi Aviri neSikisiti (1971)

Kupindura chibvumikiso chokuti kana vanhu vane makore 18 vaigona kunyoreswa kuhondo muVietnam, vanofanira kukwanisa kuvhota, Amakumi maviri neSixth Amendment yakaderedza zera rokuvhota kuva 18.

Magakava Okuenzana Anovapo Munguva Ino

Hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo hwokuenzana hunoramba huri nharaunda inonyandura yerwisano yapamutemo neyezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuenzana Kwevanhu Vane Utano uye Kodzero Dzokubereka

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Dobts v. Jackson Vakadzi veUniversity [202]) chakatendeuka Roe v. Wade uye kubvisa kodzero yemitemo yehurumende yokubvisa pamuviri. Iyi mhedziso yaita basa remitemo yehurumende, nedzimwe nyika dzinodzivirira kubvisa mimba uye vamwe vanodziganhurira zvakakomba. Nheyo yapamutemo inodzivirira kana Mutezo weKineyasi Repute Clauscese uchidzivirira maruramiro omuviri nee. Panguva inongodaro, kuva nemifungo yepamuviri nokuwana zvisina kufanira kuutano zvinoramba zviripo.

LGBTQ+ Kodzero

[[FLT: 0] nguva pfupi yapfuura] [[FLT] . Hodges (2015), Dare Rapamusoro rakataura kuti roorano imwe cheteyo yevatano ikodzero huru pasi peChirongwa neCemeter Externet Classis. Zvisinei, mu [[FLT:]] Bostockbrock v. County[FL:][200] [200]], Dare rinodudzira kuti Diviti VII yekodzero dzeChibvumirano chavagari vemo kudzivirira vashandi pakusarura patsika dzevatano kana kuti chiratidzo chevatano. Zvisinei, kushaiwa kudzivirira kwakananga kweLBTQQQ, vanhu vanoenda, uye chikwereti. Kuzvibvumirano zverudzidziso zvinosimutsidzirwa kuva zvinopesana neLBT, sokuenzeka kwazvioniwanwa mu [FFF]][3][3]

Kusiyana Kwemadzinza Mugadziriro Yokutonga Kwoutsotsi

Kusiya kwechi13 Commission nokuda kwe "chirango nokuda kwoutsotsi" kwakashandiswa kusimudzira kusaenzana kwedzinza kupfurikidza nokusungwa kukuru. Hondo yemirimo, mitongo yakakomba, uye kurambwa kwedzinza zvakaguma nokuiswa kwevanhu vatema neveHispanic pamwero wakakwirira zvikuru. Zvinetso zveBumbiro remitemo kumiitiro iyi kazhinji kazhinji zvinotsamira paSucture Protection Claus, asi matare ave achizengurira kuwana ufakazi hwakajeka, zvichiita kuti kuve kwakaoma kubvisa urudzi hwetsika.

Chiito Chinosimbisa Nokuenzana Kwedzidzo

Sezvadudzwa pakuvamba, chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa pamusoro pokubvuma chakachinja zvikuru nzira iyo mayunivhesiti anogona kuronda nayo mhatsa. Dzimwe nyika dzakaitawo zvirambidzo papurogiramu dzemisiyano, kubatana, uye kuva pamwe (DEI). Gakava rinopfuurira pamusoro pechinoumba mukana wakaenzana unopesana nomuuyo wakaenzana, uye kana miitiro inoziva dzinza ichitongobvumirwa muBumbiro reMitemo.

Kuzivisa Kodzero Neperero Zvinosarudzwa

Pashure pa Shelby County v. Hoker (2013), nyika dzakawanda dzakapa mitemo inoda muvhoti anotsarukana, kucheka vhota nokukurumidza, uye kubvisa marobhoti. Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa nenzira isingaenzaniswi kuti aya matanho anotapura mapurisa mashoma uye anoputsa mudzimu weMitemo yeFiretanu neAmakumi Maviri. [[FLT:] Brenan Center yeRugare rwaProvi yeRugare uye mamwe masangano akatsigira muuyo weiyi mitemo. John Voting Requestrigist Act, iyo ichazodzorera pachinetsoripo nomuitiro wazvino unodzorwa, haisati yapfuura. [[FLT][F] Center yebumbiro remitemo remitemo nateosarudzo hurusa rimwe renhauro.

mhedziso

Nheyo yebumbiro remitemo yokuenzana muUnited States inhau yefambiro mberi, mhinganidzo, uye kurwisa kunopfuurira. Kuvambira mumutauro wakakwirira weChiziviso kusvikira kuReformations yakaoma kugadziridza, kuvambira pakukunda kweKivil Rights Movement kusvikira kuhondo dzanhasi dzekuvhota, kodzero dzokubereka, uye ruramisiro yedzinza, revo yokuenzana inopfuurira kurondedzerwa nokutsanangurwazve. Bhishopo inogovera gadziriro, asi ndivanhu (5) kupfurikidza nemitemo, matare, uye masangano emagariro) avanhu vanoisa upenyu muzvipikirwa zvayo. Kunzwisisa nheyo iyi haisiwo dzidzowo zvayo; inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kuvaka nzanga yakarurama. Rwendo runotangira kure kure, uye ganhuro rinotevera.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza [[[FLT: 0] Nhevedzo yeMari reNyika nokuda kwezvinyorwa zvikuru, [[FLT:] Oyez] Purojeti yenhau dzeDare Rapamusorosoro inopfupikisa, [[[FLT]] American Liberies Union [[ yerigion, uye Center yeSarudzorosa] yekodzero dzokuvhotera.