Table of Contents

Maguants Ourongwa: Kunzwisisa Basa Rezvirongwa Zvokutungamirira Munzanga Yazvino Uno

Mune zvemari yeindasitiri dzose dzakaoma kunzwisisa, mubatanidzwa wemasangano ehurumende akabudirira kushandura mirayiro mizhinji yemitemo kuva mitemo inotenderwa. Masangano aya, anozivikanwa semasangano anodzorwa, anoshanda somutemo, achiva nechokwadi chokuti maindasitiri anoshanda zvakanaka, misika inoramba iri yakarurama, uye garikano yavose inodzivirirwa. Pasina aya masangano, musiyano pakati pomutemo wemitemo nemuitiro wezuva nezuva ungava wakafara nomutoo une ngozi, zvichisiya vagari vemo vasina ngozi kungozi yengozi kubva kuzvokudya zvakashati kusvikira kutsoropote mune zvemari. Nyaya ino inogovera kunzvera kwapedyo kwezviri masangano anodzokororwa, kuti ashande sei, masangano anoshanda sei, masangano akasiyana - siyana, uye denho dzinotambudza zvikuru avanotarisana nadzo munhambo yokugadzirwa kwemazuva nokukurumidza kwegadziriro nenzanga dzenzanga.

Zvitsauko Nemabasa Okugadzira Zvinhu Zvinotungamirira

Masangano anoraira masangano ehurumende, anowanzotangwa nechiito chemitemo, ayo akapiwa chiremera chokuita, kutarira, uye kumanikidza mirau mukati menzvimbo yakati. Anoshanda muboka resimba rinobva kuCongress kana kuti chibvumirano chehurumende, achiabvumira kupa mitemo ine simba romutemo. Kusafanana namadhipatimendi ehurumende egamuchidzanwa anoshandisa muitiro sewakarairwa, masangano mazhinji okudzora ane masimba equasi-lessi anobva muboka rakananga naanodzikamisa pamutemo: zvinonyora mipimo ine udzame, zvinonzvera, uye nharo.

Musiyano unoshanda uri pakati pa masangano anozviisa panzvimbo yazvo uye masangano ebazu anotema . Masangano eekushandira] akadai seSpecial Unity and Exchange Commission (SEC), Federal Commission (FC), uye Federal Tradential Commission (FC) [FC] yakarongwa kudzivirirwa kubva kudzo yakananga. Makambanicha awo anobatira akatsigikaidzwa, mashoko anosundwa uye anogona kubviswa bedzi nokuda kwechikonzero, izvo zvinosimudzira mwero wokuzvimirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Musiano, senzvimbo yezvokudzivirira nzanga (EPA) kana kuti Oult Userult (H) yeSault Adcial Adcive

Nheyo yapamutemo yechiito chesangano i Administrative Procedure Act (APA), iyo inosimbisa miitiro yokugadza nokuvimbisa izvo masangano anofanira kutevera. Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kujeka, kutora rutivi, uye hwirudzuro rwedare munzanga yedemokrati. Kunzwisisa iyi wirirano yemitemo nemipimo inodikanwa nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofunda kutungamirira vanhu vose, mutemo, kana kuti bhizimisi.

Mabasa Okuronga Zvinhu

Nepo sangano rimwe nerimwe richigadzirirwa kurutivi rwaro rwakati, vazhinjisa vanogoverana nhevedzano yemabasa avose ayo anorondedzera basa rawo mukudzora. aya mabasa anotambanukira kure kupfuura kuchengetwa kwakapfava; anobatanidza denderedzwa rose roupenyu remitemo kubva pakunambwa kusvikira kukuhwirudzurwa.

Kutonga: Kuchinja mitemo kuva Mitemo

Simba rinooneka zvikurusa resangano rinodzorwa isimba raro rokubudisa mitemo. Kupfurikidza nomuitiro unozivikanwa se kugadzira mitemo yemasangano. , masangano anobudisa mitemo inokarakadzwa muFederal Register, kukumbira mhinduro kubva kuvanochengeta dare uye ruzhinji, kuhwirudzura mashoko, uye kubudisa mutemo wokupedzisira nemashoko ehwaro nechinangwa. Mutoo uyu unogona kutora makore nokuda kwemiraudzo yakaoma. Somuenzaniso, kutonga kweEPA inobudisa magetsi inopisa inobva mumiti yesimba kunobatanidza sayenzi nezvezvoupfumi. Chinyorwa chinodzorwa chavose somugumisiro, uye kukundikana kuwirirana.

Kuongorora uye Kuongorora

Masangano anofanira kunzvera kuti masangano anodzorwa ari kutevera mitemo. Ikoku kunoitwa kupfurikidza nemhatsa yezvishandiso zvokunzvera zvenguva dzose: nzvero dzenguva dzose (mutoo, kunzvera kwekukotsekana kwezvokudya), zvinodikanwa zvokuzvishuma (mutoo., kuzivisa mari), uye kunzvera kwemitengi yemajeresa, uye bvunzurudzo navashandi. Ukuru hwemaindasirwo akadai sesimba renyukireya kana kuti kugadzira mishonga inoitwa mukuwirirana nokutarisirwa.

Kumanikidza: Kuchena uye Zviito Zvokururamisa

Apo kupunzika kunoonekwa, masangano ane nhevedzano yamaturusi okushandisa. Iwaya anobatanidza faindi dzinoshandiswa, nemirairo yakakomba, [[FLT:]] mirayiro inoitwa, [[FLT]] inobatanidza , uye [FLT] kukumbira maraisensi [. Munhau dzakakomba dzakakomba zvikurusa, masangano anogona kunongedzera kuBazi reSangano routsotsi. Nhariwo zvayo igwevero asi haisati iriwo zvayo yokuranga nokururamisa. chiito chakasano]

Kuregerera: Kupedza Kusawirirana

Masangano akawanda anoshandisa matare okutonga kuti anzwe nharo pamusoro pekuteerera kana kuti kutsanangura. Vatongi vemutemo (ALJ) vanotarisira izvi zvinoitika, izvo zvisingabvumirwi sedare rehurumende asi zvichiri pamutemo. Somuenzaniso, Social Security Administration inotonga pamashoko evapurisa; NLRB inoita mhosho dzebasa dzisiri dzepamutemo.

Dzidzo Nebetsero Younyanzvi

Kudzosera kunoshanda zvikuru apo nzanga inodzorwa inonzwisisa zvinodikanwa. Zvirongwa zvinoshandisa zvikuru kubudisa: magwaro enhungamiro, magwenya, kubudisa pfungwa, uye kuchengeta mahofisi emitero. Somuenzaniso, IRS inogovera mipiro mizhinji yedzidzo. Basa iri rinobetsera kuvandudza kuzviisa pasi kwokuzvidira uye kuderedza ukama pakati pevatengi namadzitateguru.

Zvikamu Zvegadziriro Dzokutungamirira: Chikamu chePuctor-by-Soctor Chiono Chokurangarira

Pasi apa pane mapoka makuru, ane mienzaniso yokufananidzira nenzvimbo dzawo huru.

Kudzorwa Kwezvakatipoteredza Nesimba

ENVRONT Protection Agency (EPA) inogadza ganhuriro pamhepo netsvina yemvura, inotarisira tsvina ine ngozi, uye kuchenesa nzvimbo dzine tsvina. Kubviswa kweEnergy (DOE) kunomanikidza mipimo yesimba ramagetsi uye kudzora kutengeswa kwemagetsi kwepasi kupfurikidza neFederal Ener Reguracy Commication (FERC). Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, aya masangano akatarisana nedenho yokudzora kugadzirwa kwemagetsi anobuda sekutorwa kwecarbon nehydrogen.

Kudzorwa Kwemari Nepfuma

Ubhangi neKomishoni yezvemari (SEC) inomanikidzira mitemo yemitengo yokudzivirira varonzesi nokuchengeta misika ine nhevedzano. Consumer Figatection Protection Bureaution (CFPB) inotarisira zvigadzirwa zvemari zvakadai semidyaro yechikwereti nemakadhi okukwereta. [[FLT:]] Federal Reser Reserve system [[ inodzosa mabhangi kuti achengetedze kugadzikana nokudzivisa ngozi yemitengo. Dambudziko remari ra2008 rakatungamirira kukukura zviremera zvemitumbi iyi pasi pePFFFF.

Utano Nechengeteko

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) inovimbisa kukotsekana kwemirimo, zvishandiso zvemishonga, uye zvigadzirwa zvizhinjisa zvezvokudya. Compational Safety and Health Ad Administration (OSHA) inogadza mipimo yekotsekano yebasa nenzvero. [FLT:]] [FLT]]] Mabatenti eMedicare & MEdicaid Services (CMS)[FLT:] anodzora zvivako zvoutano nerongedzero. COVD-19 yakaedza kugadzirwa kwamasangano aya majekisesai nokudzorwa.

Kudzivirirwa Kwevatengi Nokutengeswa

Federal Trade Commission (FTC) mapurisa haaruramisiri kana kuti anonyengera miitiro yebhizimisi, kubatanidza kushambadzira kwenhema, kupesana kwemashoko, uye kubatana kwemibatanidzwa yemakombiyuta. Consum Product Safety Commission (CPSC) inodzora kuchengeteka kwezviuru zvezvigadzirwa, kubva kuzvitambiso kuenda kuzvinhu zvemagetsi. Masangano aya anoita basa rinokura mumitengo yemari, rinoita sedhiropu yemikoro yemafoni nesirineti.

Zvokufambisa Nekurukurirano

FURAL Aviation Administration (FAA) inotarisira chengeteko yendege; Federal Motor Carter Safety Administration [FMCSA][FLT]]] inodzora rorini; inodzora [[FLT:] Nationalwir Highkway Safety Administration (NTHSA)[FTSOLT]] inogadza mipimo yemotokari. Factal Commis Commis (FCCC)[FLT7]] inodzora migove nemitemo yetemote, kubatanidza nhevedzano.

Kukosha Kwokushandira Pamwe: Nei Zvichikosha Kuti Mudzorere

Kuparira hakusati kuri chinodikanwa chamasangano anodzora; iko iko kunokosha kwedzikamo yenzanga nezvemari. Apo masangano anotevera mirau, anoderedza kuitika kwekuvadziko (hwupi kana kuti injodzi kushata kwemhoteredzo, kunyengera mune zvemari, kuvadziko kubasa, kana kuti zvinhu zvisina dziviriro. Shambadzo inokurudzirawo kuvimba. Vatengi sezvingabvira zvikuru vanotenga mumakambani anonamatira kumipimo youtano nekotsekano yezvero; vatengi vane chivimbo zvikuru mumisika ine mitemo inojeka yezivikano.

Migumisiro yokusawirirana inogona kuva nengwavaira. Kurasika kweoiri yeDeep Horiyon kwakabva mukuomerera kumitemo yokuchera kure nemhenderekedzo, kuchiparira mabhiriyoni emadhora mukukuvadzwa nokukuvadzwa kwemhoteredzo kusingaperi. Nenzira yakafanana, njodzi yemari ya2008 yakawedzerwa nokusawirirana kwemipimo inokwereteswa. Muchinoitika chimwe nechimwe, masangano anodzorwa anotarisana netsoropodzo kwete nokuda kwokuva nemitemo, asi nokuda kwokukundikana kuigombedzera nenzira inobudirira. Iyi mifungo inosimbisa iyo masangano anodzora anobatira bedzi sokushanda kwawo kwokuchengeta uye kuda kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Michina Yokumanikidza: Michina Yebhizimisi

Masangano anosarudza nenzira inoshanda zvakanaka nzira dzinoita kuti kubvisa njodzi kupere asi achikurudzira kugadzirisa.

Kuongorora Nokuongorora

Kunzvera kwenguva dzose chishandiso chemberi. Somuenzaniso, FDA inonzvera zvivako zvokugadzira mirimo zvepamusha nezvokumwe kuti ivake Miitiro yeGood Manufecting. OSHA mufambiro wenzvero dzinorongwa mumaindasitiri akakwirira. Miuyo inowanzonyandura zvirongwa zvokururamisa uye kutevera shanyo dzapashure.

Kubhadharwa Kwemari Nokusashanda Zvakanaka

Zvibayiro zvakanaka zvinogona kuva zvechikwata kana kuti zvetsotsi, zvinovambira pazvirango zvine mwero nokuda kwokuputswa kwemapepa kusvikira kuzvirango zvakawanda zvemiitiro yokunyengera. SEC inowanzoraira kurashwa kwemiuyo isingafadzi pamwe chete nefariro. EPA inogona kuisa zvirango zvokudzora pasi peCeaograph neClean Water Act.

Kubatsira Vachizengurira Uye Mirayiro Yavanenge Vabvumirana

Mirayiro inobvumira kutongwa inoitwa kuti ibvumirwe kuti mukwirirwi abvumire zviito zvakati zvokuteerera pasina kubvuma mhaka.

Kukumbira Karasi Nokuzvinyima

Maindasitiri anoda marezenisi − akadai sebhengi, kubudisa mashoko, uye kugadzira mishonga — chirango chikurusa. FCC inogona kubvisa rezinesi reparechi nokuda kwomufambiro usina kunaka; Sayenzi yezvemari yeReguatory Authority (FINRA) inogona kurambidza vaparadzi muindasitiri.

Kunyadzisa Vanhu uye Kuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka

Masangano akawanda anoita kuti vanhu vazivikanwe nezvemabasa okuchengetedza nokubudisa mashoko paIndaneti, uye mishumo yegore negore.FTC inochengeta “Saccam Alerts”; website yeOSHE inotaura nezvokuputswa kukuru.

Zvinetso Zvinotarisana Nezvirongwa Zvekutungamirira Muzana Remakore Rechi21

Pasinei zvapo nebasa rawo rinokosha, masangano anodzora ari mudzvinyiriro yenguva dzose.

Kubudirira Kwezvinhu uye Kushanda Zvisina Kufanira

Masangano akawanda zvaari kuchengetedza, mari yaanobhadhara inoramba ichiderera kana toreva nezvokuwanda kwemaindasitiri aanotarisira, kuderera kwemwero yokuongorora, kana zvirongwa zvokudzivirira zvinenge zvichiwedzera, uye kuchengetwa kwemibatanidzwa yezvokutengeserana kuchiva kushoma. Somuenzaniso, SEC yakatamburira kuramba ichifambirana nokuwanda kwezvinhu zvemagetsi uye kutengeswa kwemari yemagetsi nemhaka yokutadza kufambirana nemabasa.

Kupindira Mune Zvematongerwe Enyika

Maindasitiri anodzorwa paanenge achipesvedzera zvikuru vadzori vawo, sangano racho ringaisa zvinhu zvinokosha panzvimbo pekudzivirira vanhu.Ichi chinoitika, chinozivikanwa sokubatwazve kwemitemo, chinogona kuguma nemitemo isina kusimba uye kuchengetwa kwemitemo. Njodzi yezvamatongerwe enyika (h) kupfurikidza nokucheka bhajeti, kugadza vamiririri vane ushamwari, kana kuti masangano avakuru vakuru kungaderedzawo kuita zvisarudzo kwokuzvimirira.

Kushata Kweruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nokuvandudza

Chinjo yoruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu nokukurumidza inokunda nhano dzokuita mitemo. Masangano anofanira kudzora zvigadzirwa zvitsva namabasa (sezvikurukuru, uchenjeri hwokugadzira, madrone, kurongera magene) pasina kuvandudzwa kunovhiringidza. FTC ne FDA zviri kutanga gadziriro dzokutarisira IB, asi basa racho rinotyisa. Kuwedzerazve, masangano anofanira kunzvera maIT maIS nokuda kwokunzvera mashoko neICChesecurence.

Misiyano Yokudyidzana Kwenyika Dzepasi Pose Nekupomerwa

Maindasitiri akawanda anoshanda mhiri kwemiganhu, bva masangano okutungamirira anoganhurirwa kuchiremera chemhuri. Nhau dzamarudzi ose dzinobatira pamwe nemitumbi yakadai seInternational Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) kana kuti WHO(is kazhinji kazhinji inononoka uye isingasungi. Ikoku kunoparira misiyano umo vatambi vakashata vanogona kushandisa zvisina kuwirirana mirau.

Kuvimba Kwavose Nokuchinja

Masangano anodzora anotsamira paruvimbo rwavanhu kuti ruve runobudirira. Munguva yokuparadzana, mamwe masangano azova anopanikira, uye vanoshora vachipanikira kuvimbika kwavo kwesayenzi (muchirevo, EPA sayenzi yemamiriro okunze) kana kuti vavariro dzavo dzokuchengeta. Rebuilding bipartisan chivimbo chinokosha nokuda kworuvimbiko rwakareba.

Kuongorora Nyaya Muchiito: Zvinhu Zvitatu Zvinotungamirira Zvakadzika

Kuongorora masangano chaiwo kunoratidza kuti zvinhu izvi zvine simba zvinoshanda sei.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Yakatangwa muna 1970, EPA yakabatanidza kudzora kushatiswa kwehurumende inoita basa rimwe. Inopa mitemo mikuru yakadai seChease Air Act, Ceake Water Act, uye Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Kugadza kwemitemo kunowanzobatanidza nzvero huru yesayenzi, ndyiko, uye kudzikamiswa. Muenzaniso mukuru inhungamiro yesangano yegethouse gazesss remouse musi weCheare Act ye Zheat , Seart muPFLT mu [FL:0]] Massachuss v. EPAFLT: [2001] [200]. (2001]). Pasinei zvapo nedenho dzapamutemo nedzezvamatongerwe enyika, EPA inoramba kuva nechemeimo yemafauni yematuro.

Basa Rokuchengetedza uye Rokuchinjana (SEC)

Yakagadzirwa pashure pekuparara kwamasheya 1929, SEC inomanikidza kuti pave neSacreties Secturaties Act ya193434. Basa rayo rinobatanidza kudzivirira vatengi vemari, kuchengetedza misika inosarira, uye kuumba zvivako zvedzimbahwe. SEC inoongorora, inounza zviito zvokuchengetedza, uye inotarisira masangano anotarisira masangano apamutemo akadai seFINRA. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, SEC yakadzosa kuteswa kwemitengidzo yeIC, mukati , mukati , uye zvipiriso zvakavanzika. Kusvika kwesangano kumitengo yemitengo yemariro yetsika, inoparira kurukurirano yakawanda. shoo yaromafaunziro yehurumende inogovera kubuda pachena kumitengi ([FFFG]]

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

FDA inovimbisa kuchengeteka nokushanda kwemishonga, biologics, zvishandiso zvemishonga, uye zvakawanda zvezvokudya. Miitiro yayo yetendero iri pakati peyakakomba zvikurusa munyika. Sangano racho rinonzverawo kuchengeteka kwepashure pemapepa kupfurikidza nezvinoitika zvakaipa zvinoshuma. Zvinetso zvinodzorwa neFDA zvinobatanidza kudzorwa kwemichina yemishonga nemishonga yekurumidziro, zvakadai seBreaktopy - tab, yakawedzera kusvika kukurapa kunoponesa upenyu. Mukati me ZvovFOV:[FP]

Nguva Yemberi Yezvirongwa: Kuchinjira Kunyika Inochinja

Kuti masangano arambe achishanda, anofanira kushanduka - shanduka achienda kumativi makuru akasiyana - siyana.

Kutanga, muganhu wedata-drive uchava wakapararira zvikuru. Mitemo iri kuisa mari muuchenjeri hwokugadzira uye mumichina kudzidza kuziva mitoo yokusashanda, kubva kumitengo yemari yokunyepedzera kusvikira kukushatisa kusiri kwapamutemo. Kushandiswa kwamashoko nokuda kwokunzvera musika muenzaniso wakatanhamara.

Chechipiri, mabhokisi ejecha anodzorwa uye kuronga kwokukurumidza kuchabvumira kuedza. FTC yakatanga nhanho dzokunzvera nzvimbo dzinokurumidza kubuda sekujeka kwemitsetse, pasina kuisa mitemo yakafara, yechigarire nguva isati yasvika. Uku kudzikamisa kugadziridzwa nokutarisira.

Chechitatu, kusawirirana uye kubatira pamwe kwamarudzi ose kuchakura. Chinjo yemamiriro okunze, kutapukira kwemakombiyuta, uye dambudziko rehosha dzinoda kushandira pamwe mumasangano epamusha (EPA, DOE, DHS) uye nevamwe. Financial Stability Board ne Basel Committee on BankSupercent inotoratidza kuti mipimo yenyika yose inogona kutsinhiraniswa sei.

Pakupedzisira, kutora rutivi kwapachena nokuoneka [[FLT: 1] kuchawedzerwa kupfurikidza nezviteshi zvemitemo. Mubatanidzwa wekushandisa mitemo, zvirongwa zvokuvhura mashoko, uye maturusi okuvimbisa nawo zvingagona kuderedza kunzwisisa masangano semasangano ari kure. Kuvaka chivimbo chavose kuchatsamira pakuzvidavirira nokugamuchira.

Mugumisiro: Kudiwa Kusingaperi Kwokudzorwazve

Masangano anodzora haasati ari masangano anobatira dzvinyiriro yamasangano anoona zvinhu zvamasangano; masangano anokosha anoshandura donzo remitemo kuva rechokwadi chezuva nezuva. Kupfurikidza nokugadza mipimo, kuongorora, uye kuisa miuyo, vanodzivirira utano hwavanhu, chengeteko, uye kusasarura kwezvemari. Asi vanoshanda mudzvinyiriro yenguva dzose mumitengo yemitengo, chinjo dzeruzivo rwezvinhu, uye masimba ezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunzwisisa mashandiro avo nedenho hazvisi basa redzidzo redzidzo yezvokungori bedzi. A sylvericromes anoshanda mumaindasitiki anodzorwa, anodzivirira, kana kuti anongovimba nereverevereverengo retsika renzanga. Sangano itsva semakemitepikinoro, kugadziridza majimerwo emavara okuzviisa pasi pevhu.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamusoro pomuitiro wokuita mitemo nesangano rokuzvidavirira, nzvera .dederal kuisa mitemo panze (Regamendi.gov) kana Conference of the United States].