Gadziriro yavose inoumba musimboti wesimba razvino uno, kutungamirira kuti nzanga dzinogovera sei zviwanikwa, dzinodzora mufambiro, uye dzinoronda nharidzano dzose. Kubva pakuwana tarisiro dzoutano kukutsiga kwezvemari, zvisarudzo zvinoitwa nehurumende zvinongodzokorora kumativi ose oupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzisi, uye vagovera vagari vemo, kunzwisisa kuti muitiro wavose unoshanda sei hausiwo dzidzo chete. Nhando inokosha nokuda kwokutora rutivi kworuzivo rwehurumende. Nyaya ino inonzvera gadziriro yavose ndokugovera mienzaniso chaiyo, yenyika chaiyoiyo inozivisa pesvedzero yayo huru pautano, dzidzo, upfumi, uye mhoteredzo.

Kunzwisisa Muitiro Wevanhu Vose: Kugadzirira Nemarudzi

Gadziriro yavose igadziriro yezviito zvemaune hurumende inoda(kana kuti irege kutora (kupedza) zvinetso uye kusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvavagari vemo vayo. Inobatanidzwa mumitemo, mirau, zvirango zvehurumende, uye dare, uye inochinja kupfurikidza nedenderedzwa rezivikanwo yechinetso, gadziriro dzemiitiro, kugadza, kurera, kushandisa, uye kuyera. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinobatanidza vatambi vakawanda: vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, mabhii, mapoka ezviwaro, uye vanhu vose.

Mitemo inodzorwa inogona kuiswa mumarudzi anoverengeka. Mitemo inoparadzira migariro yemhoteredzo nemitemo inodzivirira vatengi, semari yokubetsera kana kuti kupa zvipo zvemari, inopa betsero kumapoka akati. Mitemo yokuparadzira mitero inopa purofiti, yakadai segadziriro dzinofambira mberi dzemitero kana kuti dzegarikano, inochinja zvinhu kubva pane chimwe chikamu chenzanga kuenda kune chimwe. Mitemo yemitemo yezvakatipoteredza nemitemo inodzivirira vatengi, inodzivisa mufambiro kubatira fariro yavose. Mitemo yavose, kufanana nokuvakazve kana kuti kurongwa kwehurumende, kuumba chimiro chehurumende imene. Kunzwisisa izvi kunobetsera kunobetsera kunobetsera kujekesa chikonzero nei mimwe miitiro ichiita gakava necheteko zvikuru apo vamwe vanoshanda zvinyoro.

Mienzaniso Youpenyu Chaiyoiyo Yetapuro Yemitemo Yavose

Zviitiko zvinotevera kubva mukutarisirwa kwoutano, dzidzo, kutarisirwa kwezvemari, uye kutarisirwa kwemhoteredzo zvinoratidza kuti zvisarudzo zvemiitiro zvinopa sei migumisiro inooneka kumamiriyoni evanhu.

Utano Hunofanira Kutarisirwa

Kutarisira utano ndiimwe yenzvimbo dzinovapo somuuyo mukurusa dzemiitiro yavose, inotapura zvakananga upenyu hunotarisirwa, kunaka kwoupenyu, uye chengeteko yemari. (8) Mienzaniso miviri yakasiana - siana yeUnited States’s Affordal Care Act negadziriro yepasi pose yeCanada (8) inoratidzira mitoo yakasiana kudenho imwe cheteyo.

  • Act yeCare Care (ACA):[FFLT:1] yakasainwa mumutemo muna 2010, ACA yakamirira kunyanyova kwezvoutano kubvira paMedicare naMedicaid. Yakakudziridza kusava nomufungo wokufukidza vakuru nemari kusvika 138% yomwero wourombo wehurumende, yakaitwa yeinishuwarenzi youtano yeinishuwarenzi yezvoutano nemari inodzorwa, uye yakaraira kuti vanhu vawane chirango. Mutemo unorambidzwawo kufukidza kwakavakirwa pamigariro yapamberi mberi. Mukuwirirana neMFLD:2] BBROPA, , kusingadzorengwi nomwero wakaderera kubva muna 16%.
  • Medicare yeCanada inobhadharwa pachena gadziriro yeinishuwarenzi youtano yeCanada, yakaitwa kupfurikidza neCanada Health Act muna 1984, inogovera kubhadharwa kwesese kwezvinodikanwa zvechipatara nachiremba. Ruwa rumwe norumwe runoshandisa gadziriro yarwo, asi vose vanofanira kusangana nenheyo dzehurumende dzenyika yose, kuwanikwa, uye kuwanikwa. Gadziriro inotsigirwa nemari kupfurikidza nemitero yavose, kwete mitengo. Vagari veCanada havana kutarisana nendyiko yemari inobhadharwa nachiremba kana kuti chipatara chinogara. Nepo purofiti ichiita kuti ive inokwana mari inokwana kupfuurwa yezvosesairwa kwemitengo.
  • Advoceal Modern Monde – Universal System yeJapan: Tsika yeinishuwarenzi youtano yeJapan, yakagadzwa muna 1961, inobatanidza inishuwarenzi yapamushandi inotsigirwa nehurumende negadziriro yemidyandigere nerokushanda. Inofukidza vagari vose, mibhadharo inorongwa nehurumende, uye inoda mari ine mwero. Japan inowana nguva dzose pakati poupenyu hwakakwirira zvikurusa munyika nepo inoshandisa zvikuru tarisiro inodzivisa nokunzvera nguva dzose.

Tsika Dzedzidzo

Uzivi hunosiyana - siyana hwemazano ezvedzidzo hunopa zvidzidzo zvakajeka mumutauro wekuFinland unonzi No Child Let Behind Act uye urongwa hwokusasarura hweFinland.

Tsika Dzemari

Mitemo yezvemari inopesvedzera zvakananga basa, kukwira kwemitengo, kukura, uye kusaenzana.Mienzaniso miviri yechiratidzo chakatanhamara — Keynesian inonyandura pashure pechinjo dzezvokutengeserana dzeGreat Depression neChina dzechimuko cheChina — inoratidzira kuti chiito chehurumende chinogona sei kuvandudza upfumi hwose.

  • Keynesian Economic Policies: Kuderera Kukuru kweProfence kwema1930 kwakaputsa maraisez-faire. Nyanzvi yezvemari yeBritain John Maynard Keynes yakataura kuti mukati momugariro wemari mukuru, kuraira kwomunhu oga kwakanga kusina kukwana kudzorera basa rakazara, uye hurumende inofanira kupindira mukuderera nokushandisa mari pamabasa avose uye mamwe mapurogiramu. U.S. New Dec, zvikurukuru iProcment Progresss Administration and Social Security, yakabatanidza iyi nzira. Gare gare gare gare, Keynesian nheyo dzemitemo dzakatungamirira pashure peshure peHondo yeHondo yeHondo ye Zvendiro yeNyika II munyika dzakawanda dzokuMadokero, zvichitungamirira makumi amakore okuderera kwoutsa nokuwedzera kwomugariro wemari. Chirwerengo cheU. Chirwereso chemari chakana cha2007 chitsaro chenyika chenyika yeAmerica chitsa. Chitsa Hurumende yeSamukiremupenziro cha2007 neyamukirezi chenyika ye
  • Chachina’s Economic Reformations (Gaige Kaifang): Kuvamba muna 1978 pasi peDeng Xiaoping, China yakabva paupfumi hwakarongwa zvikuru kuenda kumari yakasimudzirwa painenge ichichengeta udzori humwe hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Chinjo dzakaparadzaniswa, dzakabvumira bhizimisi remunhu oga, kuzarura nyika kumari yokumwe, uye kutangwa kwadzorwa kwezvemari. Mugumisiro wakanga uri wewedzero isingaenzaniswi: GDP inokwira pagore rakakwirira kubva pasi pe $20 000 000 000 (Z $162 000) muna 1978 kusvikira ku $12022, kusimudza vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 800 kubva muurombo mukuwirirana [[FLD:] data yeWorld .
  • Advocation Modern Modern – Social Market Economy yeGermany: Pashure peHondo Yenyika II, West Germany yakagamuchira “mari yenzanga yebhizimisi” iyo inobatanidza makwikwi akasununguka okutengesa nehurumende yegarikano yakasimba negadziriro yemitezo yemitengo yebhizimisi. Iyi muitiro wakasimudzira“ Wartschaftwinder" (nenji remari) uye wakagonesa Germany kuchengeta mavambo akasimba okugadzira zvinhu, kushaya basa kwakaderera, uye kushandirana nzanga kunyange mukati mevhiringidziko dzemari.

Tsika Dzemhoteredzo

Mitemo yenzanga yezvakatipoteredza inokurukura zvinhu zvakafanana nemhepo yakachena nemvura, izvo misika inowanzokundikana kudzivirira. Mienzaniso miviri mikuru yokupindira kwehurumende inoratidza kuti kupindira kunogona sei kuita kuti zvinhu zvive nani kana kuti kutarisana nemhepo dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

  • [FLT Act yeMoyer (United States):[FLT 1] Kutanga yakaitwa muna 1963 uye yasimbiswa zvikuru muna 1970 na 1990, Crow Air Act inobvumira Nhungamiro yeNzvimbo neNzvimbo yeNdeve yeMoyere yeNational Appliental Sound Application yetsvine yakadai seozone, parametics, uye sulfur dioxide. Mutemo unoda kuti uite zvirongwa kuti zvisvitse mipimo iyoyo nezvinobudisa zvinobudiswa kubva mumanyuko endege namapareji. Mukuwirirana neNjoro yeNzviteshi zveNzvipo nechero yemvura [[FLD:2] EPA], pakati pa1970 na20, kubudiswa kwezvinoshatisa zvinhu zvitanhatu zvinoshatisa mvura zvinonadzwa zvinonangurira zviri pasi panzvimbo inopfukira upfumi. Chinotoko chinosanogona kudzivirira mamiriro okukura kwemari.
  • Chibvumirano cheParis (International Agreement): Chibvumirano cheParis chibvumirano chinobatanidza pamutemo chenyika yose pakuchinja kwemamiriro okunze. Chinoita kuti zvisare kudzika kupisa kwenyika yose kutopfuura 2°C panzvimbo pepamberi pemaindasi, nemipiro yokuzvidira yoga yoga (NDC) inovandudzwa makore mashanu oga oga. Kusiyana neKyotocotoco, Paris inobvumira nyika imwe neimwe kugadza zvayakananga, kusimudzira kutora rutivi rwayo rwakawanda. Kudzosera, zvisinei, kutarisana nezvinetso zvinopfuurira: nyika dzakawanda dzinotevera NDC hadzikwani kusvitsa vavariro 2°C, uye kudzokerazve pasi peUnited States.

Basa Rehurumende Mumitemo Yavose

Kunzwisisa mabasa azvo akasiyana - siyana kunobatsira kujekesa mikana uye miganhu yekuita zvinhu.

  • .LT: Bazu remitemo (Choreg, Paramende, zvichingodaro) rinogadzira mitemo inorondedzera nhevedzano yetsika dzavose. Vatongi vanokakavadzana, vatsigiri, uye vhoti pamabhiri avo vanoronga zvose kubva pamwero yemitero kusvikira kukotsekano yezvokudya. Masimba ezvamatongerwe enyika okuita mutemo (chirango, kurangarira kwedare, kurongedza, uye chivako chakabatana (jeka-kaimo)
  • Kupa mutongo: Masangano anotungamirira anoshandura zvirevo zvakafara zvemitemo kuva mitemo yakananga, inomanikidzirwa. Somuenzaniso, EPA inonyora mirau inoshandisa Cease Air Act, apo Sacial and Exchange Commission inotarisira misika yemari. Masangano aya anoongororawo kuteererwa, kuongororwa, uye kuisa zvirango. Muitiro wokuita mutemo pachawo unodzorwa kutsinhiro yavose uye pane dzimwe nguva kuhwirudzura, achiwedzera miganhu yokuzvidavirira.
  • Kuronga uye Resource Alpace: bhajeti yeHurumende ndiyo musimboti wemiitiro yavose. Kukarakadza kunosarudza kuti vangani vari kuwana mari shoma vanowana purofiti youtano kupfurikidza naMedicaid, kuti makiromita mangani emugwagwa mukuru anodzokororwa, kana kuti masayendisiti mazhinji sei anotsigirwa nokuda kwenzvero yemamiriro okunze. Gadziro yeDzidzo inoratidzira zvinhu zvezvamatongerwe enyika uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inoparira rwisano inotyisa pakati pefariro dzinokwikwidzana.
  • Kupa mipambo neKupa: Tsvaka rinoshanda bedzi sokuuraya kwavo. Masangano ehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji mubatira pamwe namabasa asingabetseri kana kuti zvivako zvavanhu, kupa mabasa akadai sebetsero dzourovha, dzidzo yavose, uye kudzikamisa mutemo. Kuparadza mikaha (kunoparirwa nokusakwana kwavashandi, mabhuretaicracy inertia, kana kuti miitiro yakagadzirwa zvakashata) inoderedza kunyange miitiro yapangwaro yakanaka zvikurusa.
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Zvinetso Mukushandiswa Kwemitemo Yavose

Kuziva mhinganidzo idzi kunokosha zvikuru kuti munhu upi noupi anodzidza kana kuti anoda kuumba muitiro wavanhu.

  • Political Resistance: Miganhu inotyisidzira fariro dzakarongwa kazhinji kazhinji inotarisana nechishoro chakarongwa chinobva kumapoka eindasitiri, vashori vepfungwa, kana kuti ruzhinji. ACA yakapukunyuka kuedza kwakawanda asi yakaona nyika dzinoverengeka dzichiramba kukura kwaMedicaid, dzichisiya mamiriyoni asina kudzivirirwa. Nenzira yakafanana, kurukurirano dzecarbon cornobyn inoitwa munyika dzakadai seAustralia neFrance dzakaparira zvinetso zvematongerwe enyika.
  • Developects: Mitemo yebhajeti inogona kuparira kuziya miitiro yezvirongwa zvemari inodikanwa kuti ibudirire. Somuenzaniso, Assel Assel ine Dicruble Education Act (IDEA) muU.S. yakavimbisa kufukidza 40% yendyiko yakanyanyisa yedzidzo yavadzidzi vane urema, asi Congress haina kutongotsigira zvizere kuzvipira ikoko, kuchinja ndyiko kunyika nenzvimbo.
  • Masangano avanhu vose angashaiwa unyanzvi, vashandi, kana kuti kuchinjika kuti ashandise miitiro yakaoma. Munyika zhinji dzichiri kusimukira, gadziriro dzokutungamirira dzisina kusimba dzinodzivisa kupiwa kwebasa guru sekuparadzirwa kwenhomba. Kunyange mumasangano anokwanisa, tsika dzomukati dzingadzivisa mitoo mitsva kana kuti kuisa mifungo mitsva pamusoro pekutangwa kwemishonga.
  • Kutsiva uye Miuyo Isingadzorwi: Sangano renzanga rakaoma, uye miitiro inowanzoparira miuyo iyo vagadziri vasina kukarira. Gadziriro dzezvirongwa zvokushanda dzingaderedza kutsamirana asi dzinosundirawo mhuri mumabasa asina kugadzikana. Mitemo inoitirwa kuchengetedza vagari vemo inogona kubvisa kushaikwa kwedzimba. Kunzvera kwakanaka kunokarira miuyo yamativi akasiana kupfurikidza namapurogiramu endege negadziriro yokugadzira.
  • Mirangariro yePublic and Trust: Tsika idzo dzisina nzwisiso yavose kana kuti chivimbo dzinotarisana nezvinopikiswa. Mirayiro, zvinodikanwa zvokuvhara mabhaisiko, uye kuvharwa kwechikoro mukati medenda yeCOVID-19 zvakanyandura rwisano nemhaka yokuderera kwechivimbo mumasangano ehurumende. Kuvimbisana kune mirangariro nemusungo wengozi kunokosha kukuchengeta batira pamwe.

mhedziso

Gadziriro yavanhu haisati iri nzira yokufungidzira kana kuti yokushandisa kwourombo iri kure. Inzira iyo nzanga dzinoita nayo zvisarudzo zvakabatana pamusoro penzira yokuparadzira nayo mikana, kudzora ngozi, uye kuronda zvishuvo zvakafanana. Mienzaniso inokurukurwa pano(kubva kuAffordcable Care Act yedzidzo yeFinland, kubva pakuderera kwourombo kusvikira kuDivious - Air Act yeChina inoderedza jeko reDesel - demon orgial (madhimoni anoderedza kuti zvisarudzo zvemiitiro zvine migumisiro chaiyoiyo, inokodzera nokuda kwegarikano yavanhu.

Bva muitiro ndewomuzvarirwo wezvamatongerwe enyika uye wemhesano. Inoda kurukurirano, mari, unyanzvi hwokudzora, uye kuva pamutemo. Vadzidziri navadzidzisi vanobatikana nomuitiro wavose, vavariro haisati iri bedzi yokuronga budiriro nokundikano asi kukudziridza zvishandiso zvemiitiro yokunzwisisa chikonzero nei miitiro ichishanda kana kuti ichikundikana. () uye kutsigira kuvandudzwa kwakavakirwa muufakazi netsika. Sezvo vatungamiriri venguva yemberi, vagari vemo, uye vatori vemo muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kunzwisisa kubatanidzwa pakati pechiito chehurumende nemiuyo yenzanga hakusati kuri kwokuzvidira muchisarudzo; inheyo yokuva vagari vanoziviswa.