Chitanga: Chivako cheAmerican Federalism

Kukamukana kwesimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende yehurumende kurondedzera rutivi rwegadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yeUnited States. Ichi chivako, chinozivikanwa sechibvumirano chehurumende, chakaitwa namaune naMadzibaba Kudzivisa kuiswa kwechiremera muboka rimwe riri pakati apo vachiri kugovera sangano rakabatana renyika. Dare reMitemo rinobatira segadziriro youkama uhwu, kuronga kupiwa simba kwakananga neganhuriro izvo mwero yose iri miviri yehurumende inofanira kuremekedza. Kunzwisisa icho mwero mumwe nomumwe unogona uye usingagoni kuita chinokosha nokuda kwavagari vemo, vagadziri vemitemo, uye munhu upi noupi anotsvaka kudzora kuoma kwehurumende yeAmerica. Nyaya inopa kunzverwa kukuru kwesimba rehurumende, ganhuriro dzavo, uye kuganhuriro dzinoshanda pakati pavo.

Masimba Ane Simba eHurumende Inotonga Nyika Dzakabatana

Hurumende yehurumende yehurumende ihurumende yamasimba akaganhurirwa, akatemwa.Chikamu I, Chikamu 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo chinoronga zviremera zvakati zvakapiwa kuCongress, zvizhinji zvazvo zvakadudzirwa zvikuru munguva. aya masimba anodudzwa anoumba hwaro hwechiremera chehurumende uye anobatanidza nharaunda huru dzinotevera:

  • Kudzikamisa Hurumende yeInterstate and Foreign Creator: Commerce Claus anopa Dare simba roku "ita kuti Kutengeserana naMarudzi okumwe, uye pakati peNyika dzinoverengeka, uye neIndian Centrals .] Simba iri rakashandiswa kururamisa mutemo wehurumende pachinhu chiri chose kubva kumitemo yechibharo kusvikira kumiraudzo yemhoteredzo, chero bedzi mubato unotapura zvikuru kutengeserana kwenyika.
  • Kukosha Mari neChikamu I: Chikamu 8 chinopa hurumende chiremera chakakwana chehurumende kuumba mari ndokudzora ukoshi hwayo. Nyika dzinorambidzwa zvakajeka kuumba mari yadzo dzimene kana kuti kukumbira zvikwereti, kuvimbisa gadziriro yemari yenyika yakafanana.
  • Kubatanidza Affairs yokunze neRegiateding War:[[FLT: 1] Hurumende yehurumende inodzora ukama hwemibatanidzwa, zvibvumirano zvezviratidzo (netendero yeDare), uye ine simba rapose rokuzivisa hondo. Nyika hadzigoni kupinda muchibvumirano chipi nechipi, mubatanidzwa, kana kuti mubatanidzwa, uyewo hadzigoni kupinda muhondo kutoti dzavhozhokera kana kuti mungozi iri pedyo zvakadai sokuda chiito chapakarepo.
  • Kuzivisa Mahofisi ePost Post nePost Roads: Pestal Claus inoita kuti Paramende ive gadziriro yenyika yepositi, iyo yakapfavisa kurukurirano nekutengeserana mumitsetse yenyika. Nepo vatakuri vehurumende vari kukwikwidzana zvino, hurumende yehurumende inochengeta chiremera chokudzora panzvimbo yeposita.
  • Kuzivisa nokuda kweNational Defense: Congress ine simba rokusimudza nokutsigira mauto, kugovera nokuchengeta mauto egungwa, uye kuita mitemo nokuda kwokudzora kwamauto ane zvombo. Ikoku kunobatanidza chiremera chokudana masangano kuti aite mitemo yehurumende, kudzvinyirira, uye kudzinga kuvhozhokera.
  • Mitemo iri madikanwa neIkafanira: Chinodikanwa neChinowirirana Claus, chinozivikanwawo seEllastic Clause, chinopa Dare simba ku "ita Mitemo yose ichava iri madikanwa neyakafanira yokuita kuti Masimba achangobva kududzwa ashande. Iyi ndima yave iri manyuko ewedzero huru yomubatanidzwa, inobvumira kuti Dare ripfuure mitemo inowirirana nenzira ine mufungo namasimba aro anorongwa kunyange kana isati yarongwa zvakajeka.

Mukuwedzera kuaya masimba emitemo, bazu rinotungamirira rinoita mitemo yomubatanidzwa, mufambiro wokumwe, uye rinobatira somutungamiriri mukuru wehondo. Mutongi wehurumende anodudzira mutemo womubatanidzwa uye anopedza gakava rinomuka muBumbiro remitemo nemirau yehurumende.

Masimba Akasiyiwa eHurumende Dzehurumende

Musi weTenth Amendment, "Masimba asingapiwi United States neBumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti anorambidzwa naro kuUnited States, anochengeterwa kuUnited States, kana kuti kuvanhu." Uku kugoverwa kwamasimba kunoreva kuti ane chiremera chakafara panhau dzomunzvimbomo. Aya masimba akachengetwa anowanzonongedzerwa kwaari se "masimba ehurumende," anobatanidza mano okubatanidza utano, chengeteko, garikano, uye tsika dzevanhu. Nheyo huru dzehurumende dzinobatanidza:

  • Traxation: United States dzine mutoro mukuru wokutanga nokushanda zvikoro zvavose, kugadza zvikoro zvechikoro, kuzivisa vadzidzisi, uye kutungamirira zvikoro zvavanhu voga nezvinobvumira. Nepo hurumende yehurumende ichigovera mari uye inoisa zvinodikanwa zvapasi nemitemo yakadai seAll Students Foundations Act, masangano anochengeta udzori hukuru pamuitiro wedzidzo.
  • transportation and Infractive: nyika dzinotarisira kuvakwa nokugadziridzwa kwemigwagwa yenyika, migwagwa, mabhiriji, nezviteshi zvengarava. Dzinodzorawo zvokufambisa zvenyika, kubatanidza zvitima nezvinoshandisa zvinoshanda mukati memiganhu yenyika.
  • Kurapa neUtano Hwevanhu: nyika dzinodzora zvipatara, nyanzvi dzezvokurapa, uye dzinoshandisa gadziriro dzoutano dzavanhu dzakadai seMedicaid mubatira pamwe nehurumende yehurumende. Vanewo chiremera chokuisa zviteshi zvokuparadza nokumanikidzira utano nemitemo yekotsekano.
  • Mutemo Wapanzvimbo Yacho weEnforcement and Public Safety: nyika dzinochengeta mapurisa adzo dzimene (mutoo, kutenderera kwehurumende) ndokupazve chiremera kuruwa, mapurisa, uye masangano omunzvimbomo. United States inoshandisawo gadziriro dzadzo dzimene dzokururamisa uye pfuti mukati memiganhu yadzo, mukuwirirana neganhuriro dzehurumende.
  • Mhuri neRwisano dzeMasha:[[[FLT: 1] roorano, chatanuro, kuchengetwa kwavana, kurera vana, nhaka, uye dzimwe nhau dzemhuri zvinodzorwa zvikurukuru nomutemo wehurumende. Ikoku kunoguma nemisiyano pakati penhambo yeroorano, migariro yechatanuro, uye kutsigira kuchengetwa kwavana.
  • [ propect and Contract Law: Masangano anorondedzera maruramiro ezvinhu, kudzora kutengeserana kwenzvimbo, uye kutanga gadziriro yapamutemo yezvibvumirano. Kukakavadzana kwezvinhu zvizhinjisa, nhau dzemuri wenzvimbo, uye zvibvumirano zvebhizimisi zvinoiswa mumatare ehurumende pasi pomutemo wehurumende.
  • Mutemo woutsotsi: Uzhinjisa hwemhosva dzoutsotsi hunotongwa mumutemo wehurumende. Mitemo inorondedzera mhosva, zvirango, uye kushandisa matare avo vamene namajeri. Mhaka dzakaganhurirwa kumhosva dzinobatanidza fariro dzomubatanidzwa, dzakadai soutsotsi hwenyika, kutengesa mirimo, ugandanga, kana kuti kuputswa kwemitemo yehurumende.

Simba Riri Kubatanidzwa Nenzvimbo Dzose Dziri Dzose

Hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende kazhinji kazhinji dzinoshandisa chiremera panguva imwe cheteyo munzvimbo dzimwe chetedzo dzemiitiro, pfungwa inozivikanwa semasimba enguva imwe cheteyo. Aya masimba anogoverana anobvumira batira pamwe asi anogonawo kutungamirira kunyanduko nerwisano dzokudzivisira. masimba makuru epanguva imwe cheteyo anobatanidza:

  • : Zvose zviri zviviri hurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende (seimo nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo) zvingamanikidzira mitero pamari, zvinhu, kutengesa, uye mimwe mibato yemari. nepo hurumende yehurumende isingagoni kutora zvirongwa zvehurumende zvemitero, mwero yose iri miviri inowanzokwikwidzana nokuda kwemari mukati mechivako chomubhadhari mumwe cheteyo.
  • Mari yokukwereta: Hurumende yehurumende inoronga zvisungo zveTreasury nemimwe michina yechikwereti, nepo nyika dzichipa zvisungo zvemari zvezvirongwa zvedzimbahwe zvakadai sezvikoro, migwagwa mikuru, uye zvivako zvavose. Mwero mumwe nomumwe une chiyero chawo umene chechikwereti uye kukwereta chiremera, mukuwirirana nemitemo nemitemo.
  • Dare rokuparidzira: Dare rehurumende rinobatanidza Dare rePuremhesa, matare edunhu ekwidza, uye matare oruwa. Masangano ematare ehurumende anoshanda zvakafanana negadziriro yehurumende, nematare avo amene okutonga, matare apakati, uye matare makurusa ehurumende. Mitezo yose iri miviri ine chiremera pamarudzi akati enhau, uye dzimwe mhaka dzingakwidzwa mumatare ehurumende kuU.S. Dare rapamusorosoro kana mubvunzo wehurumende ukabatanidza.
  • Kugadza mitongo: Sarudzo dzinotungamirira mahofisi ehurumende nehurumende, kugadza maawa okuvhota nenzvimbo, uye kutanga miitiro yokuvhota. Zvisinei, hurumende yehurumende ingaisa zvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo, zvakadai seProving Rights Act's dziviriro parusaruraganda, uye kugadza misi yedare rinoyera nokuda kwesarudzo dzehurumende.
  • Kuvaka Indaneti: Mwero yose iri miviri yemari yehurumende negadziriro dzezvirongwa zvezvirongwa. Somuenzaniso, hurumende yehurumende inogovera zvipo kupfurikidza namapurogiramu seHighway Trust Fund, apo hurumende dzinovaka, uye dzinochengeta migwagwa. Nenzira yakafanana, mari yehurumende nehurumende inowanzobatanidzwa nokuda kwezvirongwa zvemvura, manhandare endege, uye gadziriro dzezvifambiso zvavose.
  • Mabhangi neMasangano: Hurumende yose iri miviri yehurumende (kupfurikidza neHofisi yeComproller of the Intare) uye inotonga mabhangi echatabher uye mibatanidzwa yechikwereti. Masangano anodzorwa zvapamutemo wehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji Delaware, asi mutemo wehurumende unodzora mazango, maantix, uye mibato yebhizimisi yenyika.

Ganhuriro Pasimba Rehurumende

Bumbiro reMitemo rinoisa nzvero dzakawanda pachiremera chehurumende kuti richengetedze basa rehurumende nokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga. Iyi ganhuriro inobatanidza:

Masimba Akapiwa Dzidziso

Hurumende yehurumende haigoni kuita chiito kutoti yagona kunongedzera kukupa simba kwebumbiro remitemo. Iyi nheyo yakasimbiswa muzvinoitika zvakafanana neUnited States v. Lopez (1995), apo Dare Gurusa rakarova mutemo unorambidza pfuti pedyo nezvikoro, ichitonga kuti mubato hauna kutapura zvikuru kutengeserana kwenyika. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, NFIB v. Sebelius, Dare rakaganhurira simba reHurumende kupfurikidza nokuganhurira simba rehurumende rokuita mari pamugariro weMédic , kusimbisa ganhuriro yeChikamu chamasimba I.

Kodzero Dzenyika neTension Yegumi

Dare reThith Amendment rinobatira sechiyeuchidzo chebumbiro remitemo chokuti masimba asina kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende akachengeterwa hurumende. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakashandisa iyi kugadziridza mitemo yehurumende iyo inoraira gadziriro dzemitemo dzehurumende kana kuti inoda vakuru vakuru vehurumende kumanikidzira gadziriro dzehurumende, sezvinooneka mu Printz v. United States (1997).

Bhuku Rekodzero Nekuhwirudzura

Bill of Rights yakashanda pakuvamba bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende, seinosimbiswazve mu Barron v. Baltimore (1833). Nepo gadziriro zhinjisa dzakabatanidzwa kubva panguva iyoyo kupesana nehurumende kupfurikidza ne 144th Amendment, ganhuriro yapakuvamba inoramba iri inokosha. Mitemo yetsika inodzorwa pakodzero dzakadai sekutaura kwakasununguka, kurovedza kworudzidziso, kana kuti muitiro wakafanira unogona kuparadzwa nejadhidhiary kupfurikidza nesimba rehwirudzurudzuro yakagadzwa mu Marbury v. Magnesel [FL:3] [18]]

Miganhu Yemipimo: Muganhu We Amendedzero uye Muganhu

Kukwidziridza Bumbiro reMitemo kunoda vhoti hurusa muCongress uye kuchinjwa kupfurikidza nezvikamu zvitatu nezvina zvenyika, kuchikuita kuti kuomere hurumende yehurumende kukudza masimba ayo pasina kurangarira. Uyu muitiro unovimbisa kuti chinjo huru kudzikamo yenyika dzinoda bvumirano huru pakati pehurumende dzimene.

Ganhuriro Pasimba reHurumende

Chiremera chehurumende chinodzorwa neganhuriro dzinokosha dzebumbiro remitemo dzakarongedzerwa kuchengeta kubatana kworudzi mumativi makuru ndokudzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga.

Claus Ane Mukurumbira

Chikamu VI chinozivisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo, mitemo yehurumende, uye zvibvumirano mutemo mukurusa wenyika. Mitemo yehurumende inorwisana nomutemo wehurumende haishandi mudzidziso yesununguro. Ikoku kunoshanda kana mutemo wehurumende wakashurikidza zvakananga murairo wehurumende (kudzikunurwa) kana kuti apo mutemo wehurumende unova norutivi rwakakwana kwazvo zvokuti murairo wehurumende hauwirirani (kusunungurwa). Somuenzaniso, mutemo wehurumende wokupinda munyika yose unodzivisa zvikuru hurumende kuedza kudzora kutama, seizvo Dare Rapamusorosoro rinosimbiswa mu Arizona v. United States]

Kutengeserana Kwakaipa kwaClaus

Kunyange apo Congress inenge isina kuita chiito, ganhuriro dzeChommerce Claus dzinorevesa mitemo inosarura kana kuti kuremedza zvisina kufanira mumitoro iri pakati penyika. Iyi "njo" inorambidza kuda zvinhu zvemari zviri kunze kwenharo dzenyika. Somuenzaniso, hurumende haigoni kuisa mutongo pazvinhu zvinobva kune imwe nyika kana kuti kuganhurira kupinza kwezvigadzirwa zvakati pasina ruramiso yomunzvimbomo inogombedzera.

Kubatanidzwa kweBhiri reKodzero

Kupfurikidza neKinaith Amendment’s Accommus Claus, Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa zvishoma nezvishoma gadziriro zhinjisa dzeBill of Rights kuhurumende. Ikoku kunoreva kuti nyika dzinofanira kuremekedza kutaura kwakasununguka, rusununguko rworudzidziso, maruramiro okutakura zvombo, kodzero yokudzivisa kunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari, uye dzimwe maruramiro makuru. Mitemo inoputsa idzi kodzero inogona kudenhwa muzvose zviri zviviri matare ehurumende nehurumende.

Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana Nezvakakodzera

Nyika hadzigoni kuramba munhu upi noupi ari musimba radzo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo (Forenth Amendment).Iyi inorambidza mitemo yorusaruro yakavakirwa padzinza, vatano, kana kuti mamwe marudzi anofungidzirwa. Hurumende dzinofanirawo kugovera muitiro wakafanira pamberi pokunyima munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Iyi miganhu yenyika inodzvinyirira munharaunda dzakadai semuitiro woutsotsi, betsero dzegarikano, uye basa ravose.

Kurapa Nokurambidza Kumwe

Nyika hadzigoni kupinda muzvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose, kuzivisa hondo, mari, kana kuti kupinda mukurukurirano dzokumwe.

Gadziriro Yechinjo Yesimba Renyika Nerenyika

Munhau yose yeAmerica, kuenzana kwacho kwachinja nemhaka yezvinetso zvemari, hondo, masangano enzanga, uye tsananguro dzokutonga.

Mubato Mutsva Nokukura Kwesimba Renyika

Mukati meKuderera Kukura Kwoupfumi, Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevel purogiramu dzakakudziridzwa nenzira inoshamisa kubatanidzwa kwemubatanidzwa mune zvemari. Dare Gurusa rakatanga kukunda dzakawanda dzeidzi purogiramu asi gare gare rakagamuchira kududzira kukuru kweChongedzero Claus Claus mu NLB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. [1977] na[[FL:] Wickard v.Filburn [[FL:3] [192]]).

Nguva Yekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nekutsigirwa Nehurumende

Chibvumirano cheCivil Rights cha1944 chakashandisa simba reChurream rezvokutengeserana nePrefendment yechigumi namana kurambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mudzimba dzavose nemabasa. Mu ungwaru hweAtlanta Motel v. United States (1964), Dare Guru rakatsigira mutemo, richifunga kuti rusaruro rwakatapura zvikuru kutengeserana kwenyika. Nguva ino yakaratidzira pfundo rakakwirira resimba rehurumende kumanikidzira maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo mukurwisana nehurumende uye vatambi vapamberi vehurumende.

Dare Rehnquist Nokuchinja KwechiFederalism

Kutanga muma1990, Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa pasi poMutongi Mukuru William Rehnquist rakaisa ganhuriro itsva pasimba rehurumende. Zvisarudzo zvakadai se United States v. Lopez (1995], Printz v. United States (1997), uye United States v. Morrison[FL:] [2000]) akaganhurira mano eDare rokudzora mubato usiri wemarikeri uye mutungamiriri wenyika. iyi "New Federationism" yakasimbisazve kuti hurumende inofanira kuremekedza uchangamire hwehurumende neganhuriro yemasimba anonyorwa.

Mitengo Yepanguva Ino: Urefu, Marijuana, uye Kutora Miviri Yevanhu

Gakava razvino uno pamusoro pounani hwehurumende rinopfuurira munharaunda dzakadai sezvoutano (kuraira kwomunhu oga, kukura kweMedicaid), kunyoreswa kwapamutemo kwembanje (kubatanidzwa pakati pemitemo yehurumende nerambidzo yehurumende), uye kutama (mitemo yapanzvimbo tsvene yoga yoga inorwisana nemitemo yehurumende). Idzi nharo dzinoratidzira kusawirirana kunopfuurira pakati pesimba rehurumende nechiremera chehurumende, nematare kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji aikumbira kurondedzera miganhu chaiyoiyo yechiremera chomumwe nomumwe.

Kupedzisa: Basa Rine Simba uye Rinogara

Kukamukana kwamasimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende ibwe renheyo reAmerica. Mwero mumwe nomumwe unoshandisa zvakajeka kana kuti masimba akachengetwa, unogoverana chiremera chakabatana mumativi akawanda, uye unoshanda pasi peganhuriro dzinokosha dzebumbiro remitemo. Chirongwa ichi chinovimbisa kuti hurumende yehurumende inogona kukurukura zvinetso zvenyika nedzemarudzi ose apo inenge ichichengeta chiremera chehurumende pazvinhu zvomunzvimbomo zvinotapura upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwavagari vemo. Kunzwisisa icho mwero mumwe nomumwe unogona uye usingagoni kuita hachisi chinhu chokungoshandisawo bedzi dzidzo yedzidzo muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye kunokosha yehurumende muUnited States. Sezvinoratidza nhau yacho, dzikamo yesimba ichapfuurira kuumba upenyu hwenyika inowirirana nemitemo inoramba iri yazvinowirirana nhasi seyakafanira apo Bumbiro remitemo remitemo rakagadzwa.

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