Ukama pakati pehurumende dzehurumende namasangano ehurumende ikokusi yenheyo yokutonga kweAmerica, yakavakirwa muBumbiro remitemo reU.S. uye yakaumbwa namazana amakore ezvinodikanwa. Nepo Bumbiro remitemo rinoisa masimba akafara kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende ndokuchengeta yasara kuhurumende, chokwadi chakaoma zvikuru. Nyika dzinoshanda sezviwiro zvadzo nemitemo yadzo, matare edzinogarira, nematare, bvanyaidzo, bva nenzvimbo dzine simba rehurumende dzine simba dzinoshanda mukudzikamisa mitemo yenyika nemitemo. Izvi zvinoparira dzikamo yakakomba pakati pehurumende nehurumende, batira pamwe chete, kushandira pamwe nokupesana. Kunzwisisa izvo zvinokosha nokuda kwomumwe munhu upi noupi anoronga mirairo, bhizimisi, kana kuti kuronga muUnited States. Nyaya iyi inonzvera mabasa akasiyana ehurumende nehurumende, masangano adzoro, zvinodzorwa, zvinodzorwa, zvinotarisana nemhikano dzadzo dzadzo dzadzoka, mamiriro adzo adzo.

Kushandiswa Kwebumbiro Remitemo

Dare reU.S. rinogovera purani yemitemo yehurumende. Holy Expandrect Claus [Artle VI, Claus 2) inosimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende ndiwo mutemo mukuru wenyika, kureva kuti mitemo yehurumende haigoni kurwisana nemirau yehurumende kana kuti Bumbiro remitemo pacharo. Zvisinei, Transmendimendity [[[ inochengeta masimba ose asingapiwi kuhurumende yomubatanidzwa kuhurumende kana kuti kuvanhu. Iyi dzvinyiriro yebumbiro remitemo inopa mavambo kutsika kutsika umo yose iri miviri mibato yehurumende inodzorongedzero uye pane dzimwe nguva inokwikwidza.

Masangano eFederal anowana chiremera chawo muzviito zveCongress nemirairo yavakuru vakuru. Anoshanda pasi pebazu rinotungamirira uye ane mutoro wokushandisa, kusimbisa, uye kudzora gadziriro dzenyika. Hurumende, kune rumwe rutivi, dzinowana chiremera chadzo mubumbiro remitemo rehurumende uye dzine masimba makuru amapurisa kudzivirira utano, chengeteko, chengeteko, garikano, uye tsika dzavagari vemo. Iyi nzanga haina kuchena nguva dzose; nharaunda dzakawanda dzemiitiro dzakafanana nedziviriro yemhoteredzo, chengeteko youtano, uye zvokufambisa zvakagoverana kana kuti chiito chinobatira pamwe chete.

Mabasa Nemabasa

Hurumende Dzehurumende

Nyika imwe neimwe ye50 inoshanda serabhoritari inozvitonga zvishoma yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Hurumende dzine vadzo vamene vanotungamirira, vanotonga, uye mapazu okutonga. Mitoro yavo yakura uye inotapura anenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwezuva nezuva:

  • Tsamba: nyika dzinotarisira zvikoro zvavose K-12, dzinogadza mipimo yedzidzo, uye dzinotarisira mayunivhesiti avose nekoreji dzenzanga. Hurumende yehurumende inogovera mari yokuwedzera asi hadzina kutungamirira zvikoro.
  • [[FT:0] transportation: Ma States anawo uye anochengeta ruzhinji rwemigwagwa, mabhiriji, uye migwagwa mikuru. Anodzorawo kutengeserana kwenyika negadziriro dzezvifambiso zvavose.
  • [[FLT: 0] Chares:[[FLT: 1] Uniteds inotarisira mapurogiramu eMedicaid munhungamiro dzehurumende, inodzora misika yeinishuwarenzi, uye nyanzvi dzezvoutano dzerezinesi.
  • Public Safety: mapurisa ehurumende, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kwomunzvimbomo, uye matare ehurumende anobata mhaka dzoutsotsi zhinjisa. United States inotarisirawo majeri negadziriro dzezvirango.
  • Kudzorwa kwebhizimisi: United States inogadza mitemo yesangano, zvinodikanwa zvebasa, uye dziviriro zhinji dzavatengi.
  • Nyika Inoshandiswa neNyusa: nyika inodzora kuronga nyika, kodzero dzemvura, uye mitemo yemhoteredzo yakawanda mukati memiganhu yayo.

Gadziriro Dzehurumende

Masangano ehurumende akarongwa pasi pebazu rinodzora uye ane mutoro wenhau dzinotapura rudzi rwose zvarwo. chiremera chawo chinowanzotambanudzwa munzvimbo dzose dzehurumende kana kuti kubatanidza zvinhu zvinokosha zvenyika. Masangano makuru anobatanidza:

  • Environal Protection Agency (EPA) - - zvinodzora mhepo nemvura zvakanaka, tsvina ine ngozi, uye kuchengeteka kwemakemikoro munyika yose.
  • [CDC] – inogadza nhungamiro dzoutano, inodzosa hosha, uye purogiramu dzemari dzoutano. CDC
  • Nzvimbo yeZvokufambisa [[[FT:1] - inotarisira migwagwa mikuru yepasi, ndege, zvitima, uye chengeteko yengarava.
  • [ Nzvimbo yeHomeland Security (DHS) - inodzora kutama, chengeteko yomuganhu, uye kuita ngwavaira kupfurikidza neFEMA.
  • Nzvimbo yeDzidzo [ - inoparadzira mari yehurumende nokuda kwezvikoro uye inomanikidzira kodzero dzevagari vemo mudzidzo asi haiisi mapurogiramu okuchikoro.
  • Food and Drug Administration (FDA)[FDA:1] - zvinodzora kuchengeteka kwezvokudya, mishonga, uye zvishandiso zvokurapa.

Masangano ehurumende anowanzoshanda nehofisi dzomunharaunda uye kushandira pamwe nehurumende.

Mienzaniso Youkama Hwehurumende

Nyanzvi dzinotaura nezvezvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana zvinotsanangura ukama uhwu:

Kubatana Kwemasangano Maviri

Kazhinji kazhinji yakaenzaniswa nekeke romutura, maposi maviri ehurumende dzehurumende dzinotonga nehurumende dzehurumende dzinoshanda mumabhora akasiyana - siyana ane mativi mashoma. Uyu muenzaniso wakanga uchidzora muzana ramakore rechi19, apo hurumende yehurumende yakanangidzira ngwariro zvikurukuru padziviriro yorudzi, nhau dzokumwe, uye kutengeserana kwenyika dzapakati penyika, nepo hurumende dzakabata nhau zhinjisa. Mapurogiramu eNew Deal nemubatanidzwa wehurumende aidzokororwa aidzika mifungo iyi, asi pfungwa yacho ichiri kupesvedzera kurukurirano pamusoro pekodzero dzehurumende.

Kushandira Pamwe Kwehurumende

Kuvambira muma1930, chibvumirano chebatira pamwe chehurumende chakabuda semuenzaniso wakavhengana zvikuru, unowanzorondedzerwa sekeke remarble. Munzira iyi, mwero yose iri miviri yehurumende inoshanda pamwe nevavariro dzakagoveranwa. Federal inogovera mari-in, purogiramu dzemari dzinobatanidzwa, uye zvibvumirano zvokubatira pamwe zvinoratidzira. Somuenzaniso, Develop Air Act inobvumira masangano kuronga gadziriro dzawo amene dzokushandisa chero bedzi achisvitsa mipimo miduku yehurumende.

Kushanda Munzvimbo Yakatarisana Nevanhu

Fiscalism inorondedzera ukama hwemari pakati pehurumende nehurumende yehurumende. Hurumende yehurumende inounganidza yakawanda yemari yemitero nemari inoparadzirwa kuhurumende kupfurikidza nezvipo, yamuro yakakwana, uye zvibvumikiso zvokudzivisa. Mamiriro ezvinhu akabatanidzwa nemari yehurumende anogona kupesvedzera gadziriro yehurumende. Somuenzaniso, hurumende inoda nyika kukwidziridza kunwa kwapamutemo kusvikira kuzera ramakore 21 kana kuti kurasikirwa nemari yemotokari. Iyi mari chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwemiitiro yenyika, asi inoparirawo kusagadzikana apo nyika dzinonzwa dzichimanikidzwa.

Chibvumirano Chitsva

Chifo chama 1980, mapurezidhendi anoverengeka akatsigira nokuda kwe itsva yehurumende , achivavarira kubvisa simba kudzokera kuruwa. Kutanga kwakafanana nokuvandudza garikano (Mutoro woga woga naMork Opportution Act) wakapa masangano anochinjika zvikuru mukugadzira mapurogiramu ebetsero. Uyu muenzaniso unosimbisa kuedza kwehurumende uye kuderedza kutarisira kwehurumende, kunyange zvazvo inoramba ichishanda zvisina kufanira munzvimbo dzose dzemiitiro.

Nzvimbo Huru Dzokupindira

Muitiro Wedzidzo

Dzidzo ibasa rehurumende neromunzvimbomo, asi hurumende yehurumende inoita basa rinokosha kupfurikidza nokupa mari nokuzvidavirira. Mudzidzi ari wose Wekubudirira paChiito (ESA) (2015) (20) inotsiva pasina Child Chile Chirefu uye chikabvisa chiremera chinokosha kuti chidzore apo inochengeta utariri hwehurumende nokuda kwokusakwa, mipimo. Mitemo yavo inoumbwa, uye gadziriro dzechikoro, kana zvichidzorwa netendero yehurumende. Umutwe I Nhaka yezvikoro zvinowana mari yakaderera uye Avecult yeDration Act (IA) ndiyo gadziriro huru dzinoshandiswa nehurumende dzinotaura kuti ishande.

Kudzorwa Kwemhoteredzo

Gadziriro yemhoteredzo inoratidzira zvose zviri zviviri batira pamwe nerwisano. Hurumende yehurumende, kupfurikidza neEPA, inogadza mipimo yenyika nokuda kworudzi rwemhepo nemvura. Zvisinei, hurumende dzinowanzopiwa chiremera kumanikidzira iyi mipimo mugadziriro dzehurumende dzinotenderwa. California ine nzvimbo yechienzi: inogona kukumbira vadzori vanobva kuEPA kuisa mipimo yemotokari yakatsiga pasi peCheaoc Air Act. Dzimwe nyika dzinoverengeka dzakasarudza kutevera nhungamiro yeCalifornia, kugadzira basa rakaoma remitemo. Iyi gadziriro yakaparira hondo dzapamutemo, zvikurukuru pamusoro pesimba reEPA rokubvisa mipimo yemotokari yemotokari pasi pemagasidhiragi egreenhouse.

Kurapwa

AffordIble Care Act ya2010 (ACA) yakakudza kubatanidzwa kwehurumende mukutarisira utano apo inochengeta mabasa ehurumende. Nyika dzinotarisira Medicaid nemari yehurumende inowirirana, uye ACA yakakurudzira nyika kufutunura Médicaid rerigigial. Kusvikira muna 2024, zvikamu 40 uye Diviti yeColumbia zvakakudza Mdhicaid, nepo hurumende 10 dzisina, kududza mari nehurumende inodzorwa. Hurumende yehurumende inoitawo purofiti yeHeal Health Inshuwarence MCentry, asi hurumende dzine chisarudzo chokushandisa kuchengeteka kwemirimo yemirimo. Njongowo, , , , zvipataradzo zvemirio, asi dzinotaura nezvezvipatara nera. CHOVAD shaRAD yakasimbisa uku kusawirirana nokuvhara, sezvo CDC inopa migano inopa mira mira mirano inobvumira.

Zvekufambisa Nezvirongwa

Hurumende yehurumende inogovera mari inokosha nokuda kwemigwagwa mikuru, mabhiriji, uye zvirongwa zvokufambisa kupfurikidza ne Tsamba yeNhamba ne[FLT]FEDAL Highway Administration [. Mitemo inoisa migwagwa iyo imene, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji nemari yehurumende inofukidza chikamu chemari. Hurumende inogadzawo mipimo yekotsekateko yekotsekano (g., mipimo yemari inoisa mari, mipimo yemari yokupfumisa yemari) apo inotaura kuti mitemo yemotokari yemotokari itsigire nokufambisa mutyairi. [FLT] 201] .

Kutarisira Kwekurumidziro

Kupindura njodzi muenzaniso wakatanhamara webatira pamwe yehurumende. Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relation and Emergency Act inoita kuti pave nesimba kuFederal Emergency Management Agency Agency (FEMA) kutungamirira rubatsiro rwehurumende apo gavhuna wehurumende anozivisa ngwavaira. Masangano anochengeta masangano avo amene anotarisira njodzi (zvirevo, Cal OES muCalifornia) anobata mhinduro yokutanga nokukumbira yamuro yehurumende apo upfumi hunokurirwa. CHOVID nedurcan naMary CHOVID zvinoputika zvose zviri zviviri neuteramo muiyi batirano.

Matambudziko Muukama Hwacho

Pasinei zvapo nemashandiro ebatira pamwe, ukama hwehurumende hunotarisana nedenho dzinopfuurira idzo dzinogona kutungamirira kukusakwanisa, kurongeka kwapamutemo, uye kuvhiringidzika kwavanhu.

Kudzikamisa uye Kurwisana

Kana mitemo yehurumende neyomubatanidzwa yakasiyana, kuzviisa pasi kunova mutoro kumabhizimisi nevagari vemo. Somuenzaniso, mbanje inoramba iri isiri pamutemo pasi pomutemo wehurumende, asi nyika dzinopfuura 20 dzinoshandisa nhandaro zviri pamutemo. Izvi zvinoita kuti mabhangi, vashandirwi, uye vatevedzeri vemitemo vashande zvakanaka.

Kutsigira Kusaenzana Nengoma

Mipiro yemari inowanzouya nemigariro iyo nyika dzinofanira kugamuchira. Ikoku kunogona kumanikidza nyika kupedzera zviwanikwa zvadzo panzvimbo yokutanga yehurumende, pane dzimwe nguva pandyiko dzezvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo. Mandadaides Act yeReform [ [1995]) (idzo) dzakaedza kuganhura mirairo yakadaro, asi dzinopfuurira. Kune rumwe rutivi, dzinotaura kuti dzinoramba kupiwa mari nehurumende (mutorwe, kukura kwaMedicaid) dzingabvisa upfumi hungagona kubetsera vagari vemo vavo.

Kuedzwa uye Matambudziko Ari Mumutemo

Hurumende yehurumende inogona kufanosunungura mutemo wehurumende munharaunda umo Congress yagara iri mundima. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatonga panhau dzakawanda dzinodenha ganhuriro dzesimba rehurumende, kubva kurongedzero yokupinda munyika (Arizona v. United States) kusvikira kuhureshi (NFIB v. Sebelius). Iyi mhaka kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inotsamira pa Commerce Claus nePentemplitement.

Kuchinja Zvematongerwe Enyika

Sezvo matongerwe enyika enyika anokura kuva anopesana zvikuru, kusawirirana kwehurumende kwakawedzera. Mitemo ine mativi makuru anorwisana nezvamatongerwe enyika ingadzivisa nokushingaira miitiro yehurumende, sezvinoonwa ne "maguta okutama" pamirairo yemhoteredzo yehurumende inodenha. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukumira kwapamutemo kunoderedza kuitwa kwomuitiro ndokuparadza chivimbo chavanhu.

Misiyano Yokukurukurirana Nokubatana

Zviremera zvikuru zvinotambura kazhinji kazhinji nekurukurirano isina kutsarukana. Masangano eFederal angapa mitemo pasina kubvunza kwakakwana nezvishandiso zvehurumende, kuchitungamirira kukushanda kwenguva kusingakwaniswi kana kuti miuyo yomunzvimbomo isingakanwi. Nenzira inopesana, masangano angakundikana kushuma mashoko nenzira inobudirira, achidzivisa tarisiro yehurumende. Nhenda yeCOVID-19 yakapfuudza iyi mipata apo hurumende dzakakwikwidzana nokuda kwemigove nenhungamiro yehurumende yakavambadza nokukurumidza.

Kuongorora Vara

Fundo Yenhau 1: Kupindura kweCHOVID - 19

Dambudziko rakaedzwa muukama hwehurumende serisina chiitiko chinobva paHondo Yenyika II. Hurumende yehurumende, kupfurikidza neCDC ne Nzvero yeUtano neMaripidhia avanhu , yakabudisa nhungamiro pakuedza, kuvhara, uye kudzivirira. Mitemo, zvisinei, yaiva nechiremera chikuru pamipimo youtano yavose: vakabudisa mazai enzvimbo dzinogara, mazai akaiswa muzvikoro, uye vaikwanisa kuparadzira nhomba. Dzimwe nyika dzakasanotevera nhungamiro yehurumende; dzimwe dzakairamba. Mitemo yemitemo yakaparira vhiringidzo asi yakabvumirawo kuchinjika kwomunzvimbomo. Hurumende yakagoverawo mabhiriyoni muyamuro kupfurikidza nerwendo dzinogovera njodzi.[FLT:]

Fundo Yenhau 2: Kudzorwa Kwemhoteredzo — California Yemipimo Yokurega

California yave iri mutungamiriri wezvakatipoteredza, zvikurukuru pamusoro pekubudisa motokari. MuMusi weEcle Air Act, EPA inogona kupa California mhosho yokugadza mipimo yorumano kupfuura yemubatanidzwa wehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzinogona ipapo kusarudza kugamuchira mipimo yeCalifornia. Munguva yokutarisira Trump, EPA yakabvisa simba reCalifornia rokudenha chiremera chayo chokugadza mitemo yayo yemari yepetroli, inotungamirira kudare. Vatungamiriri veBiden vakadzorera mutengi, vachibvumira California kupfuudzira utungamiriri hwayo. Iyi nhau inosimbisa pamutemo newezvamatongerwe enyika yemhoteredzo yehurumende, uye basa rehurumende semiteo yavanhu vanotangazve kukwikwidza.

Nguva Yemberi yeHurumende Neyamasangano

Kutarira mberi, miitiro inoverengeka ichaumba nzira iyo hurumende dzehurumende namasangano ehurumende zvichashanda nayo.

Kuwedzera Kwezvirongwa Zvehurumende Mumitemo Yemadhigirii Nezveruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu

Mitengo iri kupinda nenzira inowedzera munharaunda idzo hurumende yehurumende isina kutaurirwa zvizere, zvakadai sechakavanzika chemadata (California’s CCPA), mirau yokugadzira, uye kusatora rutivi kwemimbure. Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runopfuura mutemo wehurumende, runova vadzori veidi. Ikoku kungagona kutungamirira kunzvimbo yakakamukana, asiwo kukurukurirano yorudzi iyo pakupedzisira inoparira mipimo yehurumende.

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze uye Kuchinja Kwesimba

Nehurumende yehurumende ichiita nharidzano dzenzvimbo dzinoda zvikuru, masangano achava anokosha mukushandisa kuderedzwa kwokubudisa, gadziriro dzesimba dzinomutsidzirwa, uye gadziridzo dzemarongerwo ezvirongwa. Gagree New Deal nhiviro dzenzira pamwero wehurumende (mhis. California, New York, Washington) angabatira semienzaniso kana kuti kuparira kusawirirana kana mitemo yehurumende ichirangarirwa seyagara imo. Masimba ebasa rehurumende, akadai seatrust - derration, angabuda kubvumira nokubetsera.

Kutarisira Utano Nezvirongwa Zvoutano Zvevanhu Vose

Denda racho rakafumura kudikanwa kwegadziriro dzoutano dzavanhu dzakasimba zvikuru pamwero yose. Kuiswa kwemari mumadhipatimendi outano enyika uye kugadziridzwa kwamanyuko kwazvino uno sezvingabvira. Zvisinei, gakava pamusoro penguva yemberi yeACA, kuiswa kwemirimo inotenderwa napamutemo, uye zvinodikanwa zvebasa zveMedicaid zvichapfuurira kuedza kubatira pamwe.

Kumanikidzwa Kutama

Kutama kunoramba kuri chinhu chinooneka. Chiremera cheFederal pamusoro pokutama chakajeka, asi masangano akaedza kuumba kuchengetwa kupfurikidza nemitemo yakadai seSB 1070 yeArizona kana kuti kupfurikidza ne “mitemo ye”. Dare Rapamusoro rinopfuurira kubvisa miganhu, uye zvinoiswa pakutanga zvemitemo zvinotapura zvakananga bhajeti uye ukama hwokuchengeta mutemo.

Tsananguro Yedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Dare rapamberi rehurumende razvino, navazhinji varo vasingachinji, rakaratidza kudisa kuganhura simba renyika mune dzimwe nharaunda (mutomo, West Virginia v. EPA) uye kutsigira uchangamire hwehurumende mune dzimwe. Zviratidzo zvenguva yemberi pa mibvunzo yemibvunzo yedzidziso yehurumende [ uye hurumende yehurumende inogona kuderedza zvikuru kusvika kwamasangano ehurumende, ichigona kupa nzvimbo huru yokuita chiito. Nenzira yakasiana-pa, kuraira uko kunokudza simba renyika munharaunda dzakafanana nedzezvo kana kuti kodzero dzavagari vemo vadzo.

mhedziso

Ukama pakati pehurumende dzehurumende namasangano ehurumende hahuna kusipo; igadziriro yokurarama, yokufema inowirirana nechinjo dzezvamatongerwe enyika, dzenzanga, uye dzeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Nepo Bumbiro remitemo richigovera gadziriro, chinhu chaichoicho chinobatanidza kukurukurirana kwezuva nezuva, batira pamwe, uye rwisano dzapanhambo nenhambo. Nyika dzinobatira senzvimbo dzinovanza mipimo yemitemo yehurumende, nepo masangano ehurumende achivimbisa mipimo yenyika uye achigovera zvitengo. Kudzora kunoshanda kunoshanda apo dzose dziri mbiri dzinoremekedza simba ravo uye dzinochengeta nzira dzakazaruka kurukurirano. Vagari vemo, kunzwisisa uku kunokosha mukubatanidzwa kwemitemo, kuti mari yemitero inotengwa nayo, uye kuti mabasa avose anoendeswa sei. Sezvimo inotarisana nezvinetso zvitsva. Kuchinja mamiriro okunze enzvimbo dzavose kuti mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende aende kuutano hwehurumende zvichatsamira pamasangano makuru makuru akabatana uye pasina kuzvidavirira.