Zvigaro zvehurumende idivi renheyo regadziriro yezvisarudzo zveAmerica, zvinobatira senzira yokuchengeta nayo masuo mukati umo mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika anodzikamisa namo munda wavo wavadaviri nokuda kwesarudzo. Sarudzo idzi dzinoitwa muruwa dzose 50 (kuwedzera ndima) pasi pemiraudzo inosiana inosiana zvikuru, kupesvedzera uyo anokwikwikwidza, kukwikwidzanisa kuchaita sarudzo yavose, uye kuti kuronga kunoitwa sei. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye munhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti United States inosarudza sei vatungamiriri vayo, kunzwisisa kwakakwana kwemarudzi makuru nemiitiro nemiitiro. Nyaya inopa kudzo inoisa muvudzano yenhau yehurumende, inovanza nhau yavo, maro, maitiro, uye kurukurirano inopfuurira kuumba masangano avo nokuda kwekurukurirano yezviwiriranwa zvose zviri nyore.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwenhau Kwemhosva Dzehurumende

Gadziriro huru yesarudzo seinoziva nhasi haina kuvapo mumakore apakuvamba eRepublic. Kuvambira pa 1790s kusvikira kumavambo ezana ramakore rechi 20, vaminees vakasarudzwa mu kapus nekokorodzano[ zvinodzorwa namasangano. Iyi “kamuri rakazadzwa" rakaitwa navakuru. Vapindiri vakagadzirwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji avo vairatidzira fariro dzapakati panzvimbo pemitezo yakafara kupfuura mitezo yebato. Nhamba inofambira mberi yakaunza chinjo huru yakana nokuchinja mufambiro. Wisconsis yakananga mutemo wokutanga mukuru mukuru mu1903, uye na19173 yakava nechimiro chakagamuchirwa nemitemo yapakuvamba. Iyi mifungo yapakuvamba yakabvumira zvikurukuru kuvhotera kuvhotera mubato upi noupi mukusatora rutivi rwamatomubato. (896) kupfuuremho.

Marudzi Ezvirevo Zvehurumende: Kunzvera Kwakakwana

Zvigaro zvehurumende zvinowira mumapoka akasiana - siana anoverengeka, rimwe nerimwe rinorondedzerwa naani angavhota mumakwikwi ebato. Sarudzo yegadziriro inogona kutapura zvikuru pfungwa dzavada kuvhota, muvhoti, uye dzikamo yebato. Pasi apa tinonzvera marudzi mana anozivikanwa zvikurusa, pamwe chete nebetsero dzawo, zvikanganiso, uye mienzaniso yapanguva ino.

Mari Dzakavharwa

Mune yakavanzwa, vavhoti bedzi vakanyoreswa nebato rakati vangavhota mubato guru. Muvhoti akazvimirira kana kuti asina kubatana anobviswa chose chose, semitezo yerimwe divi ripi neripi. Iyi gadziriro yakarongedzerwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti vatsigiri vakavimbika bedzi ndivo vane kutaura mukusarudza mupimo webato. Vatsigiri vanodzivisa kuti kuvanza chiverengero chinodzivisa “kuvhara” uko mitezo yebato rimwe inoyambuka kuti ivhote nokuda kwokuvhotera mumwe munhu ane simba duku zvikuru mubato rinopesana. (na) uye kuti vanokurudzira zvikamu zvakajekasha zvikuru. Vatsoropote, zvisinei, cherekedza kuti muganhu anobvisa nhamba inokura yokuvhotera yakasununguka (zvino unova mumwe weva muvhotera) ndokuendesa kunzvimbo huru zvikuru yenzvimbo dzenyika inopesana. Florida, mahofisi anodzorwa zvikuru edzosa.

Zvikwereti Zvakazaruka

Mune dzimwe, vanogamuchira muvhoti mumwe chete anoronga vapindi vose vovhota muvhoti ipi neipi, pasinei zvapo nesonganiro yomuvhoti amene. Muhurumende dzakawanda, vavhoti vanongokumbira zvavo kuti vasarudze mubato pazuva resarudzo; mune dzimwe, vanogamuchira muvhoti mumwe anoronga vatendi vose ndokusarudza rudzi rupi rwebato rwokuvhota. Iyi tsika inochengetwa nokuda kwokukurudzira kutora muvhoti uye kupa inzwi rine rechokwadi mumuitiro wokusarudzo. Somuenzaniso, Michigan neMinbergatmos anoshandisa nzvimbo dzinovhurwa. Chikanganiso chikuru ndicho bviro chekubvira nokuda kwokuvhotera. Vatsoropotesi mukuru havagoni kubvumirani kutsigira namaunei.

Michina inovhara

Vavhoti vasingadiwi vanotora mwero mukuru wokudzora pakati pegadziriro dzakavharwa nedzakazaruka. Mitezo yebato inonyoreswa ingavhota bedzi munzvimbo dzavo huru, asi vasingabhadharwi (vasingazvishandisi) vavhoti vanogona kusarudza kuti idzipi dzinotanga kutora rutivi. Iyi gadziriro inochengeta mwero wakati wokudzora kwebato apo ichiri kuisa kuvhozhokera. Inoshandiswa muruwa rwakadai seColorado, Oklahoma, uye Massachusetts. Vavhekistes vanogona kutsiva nokugamuchira nokuzvimirira nokuzvininipisa apo mitezo yemamwe mapoka ingaedza kuvhozhozhotera. Zvisinei, vachiri kuvhara vanyoreswa neboka duku (g.g.g., Greenbert, kana avo vaishuva kubatanidzwa mumakwikwikwidzano makuru.

Midziyo iri pamusoro-pasoro (napamusoro-soro)

Mugadziriro yapamusoro-pamberi yemapati maviri, vadaviriki vose vanobva mumativi ose vanooneka paboka rimwe. Vavoters, pasinei zvapo nechikwata, vanosarudza muvhoti. Vanoda kutora vapamberi vasarudzo, pasinei zvapo nesonganiro yebato. Iyi gadziriro, yakakurumbira, yakagadzirirwa kusimudzira kuva nomwero uye kuderedza kuderera kwenzvimbo inoiswa pamwero nokukurudzira vapapatika kuti vakwirire pamuchinjikwa wakafara. Kusiyana, [[FLT: 0] kumusoro-hine , inotumira pamusoro pezvina [[FLT], vapamberi pamusoro pezvisarudzo kurusaru ruzhinjisarudzo runoshandiswa kuvhoteravhotera rusingaregi; Alaskairwo urwu rwapamusoro muna 2020. Vatsigiriki vose vari vaviri vanowanawo.

Miitiro Nemichina Yokudzidzisa Varidzi Vemari

Kupfuura mitemo yokuvhota, miitiro yenzungu nebhoroti yokuita sarudzo huru inosiana zvikuru kubva kuhurumende kuenda kuhurumende. Uhu udzame hwezvirongwa (hwu urongwa hwekunyoresa kwevoritesi, mapurani, kuverenga, uye kurongwa kwemaprimendis (hwune revo huru) hune revo dzinokosha nokuda kwokuwana, kururama, uye chivimbo chavose.

Zvinodikanwa Zvokunyoresa

Chipingamupinyi chokutanga chinowanika muhurumende seVermont, Maryland, uye Wisconsin, inobvumira kunyoresa kwakakodzera kunyoresa kana kuti kunyoresa zuva rimwe chete. . [FLT] .SDR] (SDR), kunoitwa mudzimwe nyika dzakadai seVermont, Maryland, uye Wisconsin, inobvumira vavhotera kunyoresa nokukanda bhorati pazuva rimwe chete, kubatanidza zuva guru. SDR yaratidzwa kuwedzera kubuda, zvikurukuru pakati pepwere nemotokari inotakusvutswa. Kupesana, inotaura kuti [] Kunyoresa kunyoresa kunoitwa [FLFL:3] kazhinji kazhinji [act] pamberi pokunge pachineidzorwa chikamu chikuru.[9]

Kugadzira Marongerwo Ebharuti Nemagadzirirwo Aro

Garaunda inopesvedzera kuti vavhoti vanogona sei nenzira iri nyore kuratidzira zvakarurama zvavanoda. Maruwa mazhinji anobva paari pashure pekuvhota kwa2016. Mapepa anoshandiswa zvikuru, kazhinji kazhinji ane mascan anoona anobvumira kunzvera kwemaoko. Michina yemagetsi yokuvhotera (DRE) inogovera nokukurumidza asi inogovera zvinhu zvinoda kuchengeteka. Majeni akawanda akabvisa zvinhu zvinonaka pashure pekuvhotera kwa2016. Mail-in blottes, ayo akawana mukurumbira mukuru mukati memasvorand, anodzorwa zvakajeka muruwa rwakadai seOregon, Washington, uye Coloradows, kubatanidza marusarusarusarudzo ose. Mail anopa majeri anopa manyoro asi anoda kusaina kwakaisvonaka kuti adzivise kunyengera kubiridzira. Magenwo ebhora makuru ebhorasi, anowana mumidhorotesi inodzodzo inopfura zvakajeka.

Kuverenga Nokuongorora

Pashure pokunge kuvhota kwapera, mavhota anoverengwa zvibharo zvichibva pamaoko kana kuti pakombiyuta. Kuverenga nokunyora kunoshanda asi kunobvumira utariri hwavanhu uye kunoshandiswa mudzimwe nzvimbo duku kana kuti nokuda kweminzvero yepashure. ] Kuverenga [ kunomhanya zvikuru [kudzokerwa] kunogona kushumwa mukati mamaawa anenge anenge angoshandiswa zvakanaka uye mabhaisirwa. Zvizhinji zvinoshandisa purotegisi: kunzvera kwapapepa resitori resitoreti resitorendiro, asi mapepa anochengetwa nokuda kwokuvara kana kuti muganhu. Kuverenga kwengozi kunoshatsatsamura kwemagaro nokuda kwemagariro avose; zvinogovera zvirongwa zvinogovera kugovera kuoneka zvakanaka uye zvirongwa zvokupariranisa zvisarutsi. Zvinowanzova zvinobvumira kubvumira kutarira kutevedzerwa kuoneka zvikuru.

Kutapura Kwemhosva Pajeri uye Pamifanikiso

Sarudzo huru munhau dzinokwezva vavhoti vashoma zvikuru kupfuura sarudzo dzinotevedzerwa. Mumakore makuru, kubuda kunogona kuva kwakakwirira mumadzinza amakwikwi (g., 2020 akaona nhamba dzezvinyorwa mune dzimwe nyika), asi pakati penhambo dzinowanzoona kuderera pasi pe 20% yevoti vakakodzera. Rudzi rwetsika huru dzinogona kupesvedzera avo vanovhota. [[FLT:]] [FLT]]] [FOLD]] [0] inogona kubudisa shanduro dzakakwirira zvikuru asi dzinova nedaviro shomanenesa zvikuru nemhaka yokuti dzinobvisa vanhu vakasununguka, asi vanobatanidzwa vari vazhinji. [FLT] [FFM] inosimudzira zvikuru, kana kuti vatsigiriki vapfumi vanopfuura, vanotongedzeka vanokwanisa kuratidzira chiverengero chikuru chezvipo.

Magakava Azvino Uno Nenhamburiko Dzokuchinja

Mitemo inodzora zvigaro zvehurumende haigari; kazhinji kazhinji inhau yomutemo, kuronga kuvhota, uye hondo dzedare.

  • Mitemo yapamusoro-pamberi neRanked-Choice Voting: Muenzaniso weAlaska unobvumira vavhoti kuisa vose muvhoti, kuva nechokwadi chokuti mukundi ane tsigiro huru. Zvikarakadzo zvakafanana zvakatangwa mune dzimwe nyika.
  • Nonpartarisan Primis: Dzimwe nyika (musati, Louisiana ine “gadziriro yehwaro” yemahofisi ose) inobvisa maPrimejiri ose chose chose, kuisa vose vanoda kuenda kumigodhi imwe cheteyo uye kubvumira vapedzisi vapamusoro kufambira mberi pasinei zvapo nepati.
  • Vatsigiri vapamhi vapamhi vapamhi vapamhi vapamhi vapamhi vapamhi vapamhi vasarudzo vapfigirwa, vachiramba kuti sarudzo dzinobhadharwa mutero dzisanofanira kubvisa vhotera vakasununguka. Sangano rerudzi rinobudisa marekitro [
  • [ Kunyoresa nokunyoresa kweZuva zvakafanana: Iyi mipimo inovavarira kuwedzera kutora rutivi, zvikurukuru pakati pamapoka asingapiwi.

Chishoro kukuchinja kazhinji kazhinji chinobva mumidziyo yebato inotya kurasikirwa nokudzora muitiro wokuzvidzwa. Somuenzaniso, mapoka makuru akapomera kuvhara nhamburiko dzokuzarura vaparidziri mumibatanidzwa yakadai seArizona neCalifornia (kunyange vakuru vaviri vakatsigirwa neDare Rapamusorosoro). Gakava rinoguma nomubvunzo mukuru unoti: Kufanira kuva kudzorwa kwebato kana kuti kusarudzwa kwavose? Mhinduro inosiana nehurumende, asi kombamiro mugumi ramakore rapfuura yave iri kujeka zvikuru uye kutora rutivi.

Kuchinja - chinja Kwepfungwa Mhiri KweUnited States: Kuongorora Kunoenzaniswa

Kuenzanisira, rangarira mienzaniso inotevera inosiana:

  • California inoshandisa pfundo guru rapamusoro-viri nokuda kwenzvimbo dzose dzisiri dzenguva ino. Voters ingasarudza murongi upi noupi pasinei zvapo nepati, uye vaviri vakakwirira vanokwikwidza kunyange kana vose vari vaviri vachibva mubato rimwe.
  • New York inochengeta gadziriro huru yakavharwa zvikuru. Vavhoti bedzi vakanyoreswa namavhiki omubato leyo sarudza isati yagona kutora rutivi. Vavhoti vamaodha vanovharwa chose chose.
  • Alaska nguva ichangobva kupfuura iyi yakagamuchira nzvimbo huru yehofisi dzehurumende nehurumende, nevhotera yakarongwa musarudzo yavose.
  • Text inoshandisa chinhu chikuru chakajeka: vavhoti vanosarudza pazuva resarudzo kuti muvhoti ipi munofanira kutora, asi vanofanira ipapo kuvhota mumakwikwi ebato iroro bedzi. Chisarudzo chacho ndechavose, chinogona kuparira dzvinyiriro yenzanga.
  • Shashington State inoshandisa mativi maviri okutanga apamusoro (kufanana neCalifornia) nokuda kwamahofisi ose anotora rutivi kunze kwapurezidhendi.

Iyi misiyano inoita nzvimbo yapamutemo neyoudzori. Somuenzaniso, vanoda kumhanyira hofisi yehurumende munyika dzakawanda vanofanira kushandisa misi yakasiana--- siyana yokuronga, mitemo yokupinda, uye mipimo yevhoti. Ndyiko yenhimbe huru yakwira zvinoshamisa, ne Conference of State Legislatures mashoko anoratidza kuti kudyira kukuru mumakwikwikwi kunogona kudarika kupedza marusarudzo ose zvawo muzvigaro zvakakotseka.

mhedziso

Hurumende isati iri gadziriro yokutanga bedzi kurusarudzo rwavose; idzo idzo dzinodzorwa umo pfungwa dzemukwikwidziridziridziro, gadziriro, uye kuvhota dzinoitwa. Chisarudzo pakati pevhara, yakazaruka, kana kuti yakaiswa, kana kuti yapamusoro ine miuyo mikuru nokuda kwokuva nomubatanidzwa, kuti kukwikwikwidzana kwokuvhota ndiko sei, uye kuti muuyo wokupedzisira ndewechidoichoi. Kurangarira kwapamhindera nokuda kwechirongwa chokuvhotera, kurongwa kwechirongwa, uye kuvhotera kunoumbazve zvimwe zvimiro zvegadziriro. Sangano yakadai sokuvhotera yakarongwa nemhindu inodzorwa yebasa nokunyoresa, kunzwisisa uku kunokosha sei nokuda kwavadzidzisi, vagadziri vemiitiro, uye vagari vemo vomunyika imwe chete. Kufunda mhindurira kumipimo yetsika yetsika yeboka guru renyika yenhauro.