Chikonzero Nei Mitemo Yemari Yakarongerwa Ichiva Nhau

Gadziriro iri yose yesarudzo, mabhiriyoni amadhora anodira munhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika muUnited States. Mari iyoyo inobhadhara nokuda kwokushambadzira, vashandi, kufamba, kuvhota, uye kutora mabasa apamutemo. Pasina mirau inodzora makurirwe amadhora iwayo ndokushandiswa, tsika yaizova ine ngozi kuuori, pesvedzero yapachivande, uye vhiringidzo dzokumwe. Mitemo yemari iripo kuparira nzvimbo yokutamba ine mavara akanaka uko vavhoti vanogona kuona kuti ndiani anowana mari uye anogona kuita zvisarudzo zvezivo.

Kunzwisisa mitemo iyi hakusi kungodzidza chete, kunokupa simba rokutevera mari, kuita kuti vanoda kubvunzwa vazvida vazvida, uye kuziva kuti apo zvinhu zvisiri zvechitendero zviri kuedza kuumba mutemo wezvemari.

Kushanduka - shanduka Kwemitemo Yemari Yemuitiro

Kuziva nhoroondo iyi kunobatsira kutsanangura kuti nei nyika iripo iye zvino ichitarisika sezvainoita, kwakatanga kudarika makore zana.

Nhamburiko Dzapakuvamba: Muitiro weTillman uye Federal Horactics Act

Mutemo wokutanga wehurumende waikosha wakanga uri , wairambidza makambani nemabhangi enyika kupa zvakananga kuvatendi vehurumende. Uku kwakanga kuri kuita kumurangariro wokuti bhizimisi guru rakanga richitenga sarudzo. Muna 1910 na1911, Congress yakapfuudza Federal Model Practics Act, iyo yaida House neDare kuti vazivise mipiro nendyiko. Zvisinei, kuchengetwa kwakanga kune simba, uye kupfuudza kwakawanda.

Nhambo yeWatergate neMuitiro Wekusarudza

Gadziriro yenhimbe dzemari yazvino uno yakavamba chaizvoizvo pashure pechinonyadzisa cheWatergate, icho chakazivisa mari yepachivande nemipiro yesangano. Muna 1971, Congress yakaita Federal EFuction Campaigment Act [FECA], iyo yakagadza miganhu yomupiro nokuda kwavanhu vamwe navamwe uye zviito zvezvamatongerwe enyika (PAC) uye yaida kuziviswa kwamashoko ose. Federal Ectation Commission (FC)[FLT]

Zhinji dzeidzi gadziriro dzakadenhwa mudare. Mu Buckley v. Valeo [797], Dare rapamusoro rakatsigira miganhu yezvipo nezvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa asi rakabvisa ganhuriro dzokushandisa, richifunga kuti kupedzera mari pakutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika chimiro chokutaura kwakadzivirirwa pasi peFirst Amendment. Iyi mhedziso inogadza nzvimbo nokuda kwegadziriro umo nhimbe inotepfuudzo isingaganhuriwi, nepo mipiro inoramba iripo.

Muitiro Wokuchinja Wechibipartisha wokurwisa uye Kuwedzera Kwemari Yakapfava

Muma1990 ose, mabato ezvamatongerwe enyika akashandisa chisaririra chinozivikanwa se mari yenhando .Nguva dzinoganhurirwa mipiro kumapoka orudzi nokuda kwe “kuvaka" mabasa aiwanzobetsera hurumende kuva vapindi nenzira isina kunanga. Kuvhara iyi mhosho, Congress yakapfuudza Bipartidan Reform Act (BCRA) ya200, inozivikanwawo seMccieondrome. BCRA yakarambidza mapoka enyika kugamuchira mari yakapfava nenhau dzakaganhurirwa zvinotsigirwa namasangano namasangano anoshandiswa kuvhota.

Vagari Vakabatana NepapC Yakanyanya

Mutambo wakachinja zvikuru nechisarudzo cheDare rapamusorosoro ra2010 mu Citizens United v. FEC. Dare rakatonga kuti makambani namasangano aigona kupedza zvitsama zvawo zvemari zvawo zvamagariro zvavanhu vamwe navamwe (masheya emari) uye dzimwe kurukurirano dzisingatsinhirani navadaviriri. Izvi zvakatungamirira zvakananga kukusikwa kwe [[FLT:] PACICS, izvo zvinogona kukwira nokupedza zvitsama zvitsama zvisakakwana kubva kuvanhu vamwe, masangano, uye masangano marefuti anoshanda zvakazvi. Kutongawo kwakazarurira mari ku [[FLT:] mari inopfuura kupfurikidza namasangano asingapindutsigiri.

Zvisarudzo zviviri zvinotevera zvinotevera [[FLT]Speech Zvino.org v. FEC uye [FLT]Mccheon v. FEC]. [[[FLT]]]

Zvikamu Zvemitemo Yemari Yemuitiro Nhasi

Kunzwisisa zvinhu izvi kunokosha kuvagari vemo vose vanoda kushandura mishumo yemari uye kutevera mari yacho.

Miganhu Yezvinoita

Mutemo weFederal unogadza ganhuriro dzakatsiga pamusoro pokuti munhu anogona kupa marii zvakananga kumubhapatidzi, dare rebato, kana kuti PC. nokuda kwenhambo yesarudzo ya2025 296, munhu anogona kubvumira $3,300 pasarudzo kudare raida kuvhotera (kuverengwa kukuru uye kwavose kwakaparadzana). Vanhu vamwe navamwe vanogonawo kupa $5 000 pagore kudare rePACI uye $41,300 pagore kudare rebato rorudzi. Iyi ganhuriro inogadziridzwa nokuda kwokukwira kwemitengo iri yose makore maviri.

: Iyi ganhuriro inoshanda bedzi ku mari yakaoma zvikuru [] .Mipiro inoenda zvakananga kuvadaviri kana kuti matare uye iri pasi pemiraudzo yose yehurumende. Ndyiko dzezvidzo hadzina kuganhurirwa, uko kuri chikonzero nei maPACI makuru namapoka emari matema achigona kukwidza ndokushandisa zvitsama zvikuru.

Zvinodikanwa Zvokudzivirira

Kuona chitarisiko ivavariro huru yomutemo wenhimbe wemari. Macandidate, mapati, uye PCAC anofanira kunyora mishumo yenguva dzose neFEC iyo inoronga mupi mumwe nomumwe akapa anopfuura $200 mugore rekarenda. Iyi mishumo yavose uye inowanika paIndaneti. Zvisinei, zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa nokuda kwamapoka anotora mari yakazvimirira hazvina simba. Zvikamu zvikuru zvemari zvinofanira kuzivisa vapi vazvo, asi masangano asingapinduri akaita sa 501(c)(4) “garikanoro renyika. Mapokano anopinda mubasa rezvamatongerwe enyika haafaniri kuzivisa manyuko okutsigira mari, kugadzira mukoto wemari inotambirwa [[FT:0]] mari yemari.

Zvibharo Zvokuzvimirira Nemapepa Akakwirira

Boka ripi neripi rinoshandisa mari pakushambadzira kana kuti dzimwe kurukurirano idzo dzinotsigira zvakananga nokuda kana kuti nokuda kwomubhadhari(apo) asi haritsinhirani nemubhadhari iyeyo(aposva iri kuita ndyiko yakazvimirira). MaPUII madare ezvamatongerwe enyika aungasimudzira mari isina kuganhurirwa nokuda kwendyiko dzakazvimirira. Anorambidzwa pamutemo kupira zvakananga kuvadaviridzi kana kuti kubatira pamwe. Muitiro, maPC akawanda anodzorwa neyaichimbova yamuro, uye mitemo yokubatira pamwe inooma kazhinji kazhinji inooma kutevedzerwa.

Mari Yakaoma Kubata

Musiyano pakati pemari yakaoma nemari yakapfava unoramba uchikosha. Mari yakaoma inosimudzirwa ndokupedzerwa pasi peganhuriro dzehurumende uye yaziviswa zvizere. Kukwira mari [ yakarambidzwa nenzira inobudirira nokuda kwemapati ehurumende neBCRA, asi mapoka ehurumende namapoka anozvimirira anogona kusimudza mari yakapfava nokuda kwehurumende nesarudzo dzomunzvimbomo, izvo zvinogona kupesvedzera nenzira isina kunanga pamutemo makwikwikwikwi omubatanidzwa. Mukuwedzera, kukwira kwe [[FLT] PACID [FLT]] uye matare okufunga.]

Zvinofanira Kucherekedzwa Nevagari Vemo

Kunyange nemirau pamabhuku, zvibudiso nokudzikamisa zvinobvumira zvitsama zvinokosha kupinda mugadziriro yacho nokuoneka kushoma. Hedzino nharaunda huru muvhoti ari wose anofanira kungwarira.

Mari yakasviba na 501(c)(4)

Mari yakasviba inonongedzera kukushandiswa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza namapoka asingapinzi ayo asingadikanwi kuzivisa vapi. Munsi meInternet Revenue Code, 501(c) (4) masangano anofanira kushanda zvikurukuru nokuda kwegarikano yenzanga uye angapinda bedzi mumubato wakaganhurirwa wezvamatongerwe enyika. Asi IRS haawanzomanikidzira iyi ganhuriro, uye mapoka akafanana naCrosstrands GPS naPS USA akapedza mazana amamirioni amadhorandi pashambadziro pasina kuzivisa. Maererano ne

Kupesvedzera Kwokumwe uye Mipiro

Zvisizvo kuti nyika dzokumwe dzipe mupiro kurusarudzo rupi norupi rweU.S.(_federal, State, kana kuti nharaunda. Havagoniwo kushandisa mari kupesvedzera sarudzo, kubatanidza kupfurikidza nendyiko dzinozvimirira. Zvisinei, kuchengetwa kunodenha. Masangano edzimwe nyika eU.S. anogona kuumba maPC, uye marudzi okumwe anogona kupa kuPACIPUP kupfurikidza namakambani makuru kana kuti purofiti kana mavambo akavharwa. Zvishamiso zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvinobatanidza mipiro inobva kumanyuko okumwe matsva akasimbisa kudikanwa kwedziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru.

Kuronga

Ndyiko dzokuzvimirira dzinofanira kuitwa pasina kutsinhirana nemutezo kana kuti nhimbe. FEC yakabudisa mitemo yokushanda pamwe ine udzame, asi kazhinji kazhinji inotsoropodzwa seyakatetepa zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, aichimbova mushandi wenhimbe anogona kumira nguva pfupi uye ipapo kumhanya zvikuru PC anoziva nzira yenhimbe. Makomba akafanana neaya akavhara mutsetse pakati pokuzvimirira nokushandisa kwakabatana.

Michina Yepakombiyuta uye Mari Inoshandiswa Nemadhigirii

Mitemo yemibato yemari yakanyorwa pamberi penhepfenyuro yeInternet, uye kushambadza kwemichina inzvimbo inovakwa nemirau. Nepo zvinyorwa zvegamuchidzanwa, TV, uye kushambadzira kweredhiyo izvo zvinotsigira zvakajeka kana kuti kurwisana nomubhadhari kunofanira kubatanidza madhaka (se “Njokwapanopirwa ne...), paIndaneti, zvikurukuru zviziviso zvemicrocrocroset pascream inters. [FLT:] zvinoshuma neBrennant Center zvakawana kuti kushaidzwa kwakawanda kwemichina yokushambadza kushambadza kushaidzwa kupfurikidza ne...), kuchikuita kuti kuve nesimba kuziva kuti ndiani ari kubhadhara mashoko anoona.

Nzira Iyo Vagari Vayogona Kusarudza Nayo Mari Yemuitiro

Maturusi akawanda nezvipo zvinoita kuti mashoko emari asvike panzvimbo yezvokushandisa zvirongwa zvemari.

Commission Dederal Enuction (FEC)

Website yeFEC (fec.gov) inogovera mapepa anonzverwa emishumo yemishumo yemishumo yemishandirapamwe nokuda kwehurumende, PCs, uye matare ebato. Unogona kutsvaka kuti ndiani akapa kumumwe mutezo, kuti dare rakamutsa mari yakawanda sei, uye kuti mari yakabva kupi.

Opensets

Kudzorwa neResponsive Politics (zvino rutivi rweOpensecrets), OpenSEgrets. org inoronga FEC muukama hweshamwari yenhengo imwe neimwe yeCongress, mutezo uri wose wapurezidhendi, uye zviuru zvamapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika. Inoita kuti mipiro yebhizimisi, PCs, mari yakasviba, uye batano dzinobatanidza. “Kutevera mari" kunokosha nokuda kwevagari vemo vanoda kuona mufananidzo mukuru.

Hurumende Nemapepa Okushandisa Omunzvimbomo

Mitemo yemari yenhimbe inosiana zvikuru nehurumende. Masangano akawanda ane masangano awo amene okuzivisa uye makombiyuta paIndaneti. Conferenceal of State Legislatures [NCSS:1] inogovera nhungamiro yehurumende nehurumende kumiganhu yemari, zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa, uye masangano anodzika mutemo.

Zvinetso Zviri Kuvapo Iye Zvino uye Kuchinja Zvinhu

Kunyange zvazvo pamutemo uripo, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinotaura kuti haina kukwana.Heino kurukurirano huru uye chinjo dzinokarakadzwa.

Kuneta Kunosimbiswa

FEC inoumbwa navamiririri vatanhatu vanobva mubato rimwe nerimwe(*) uye zvinenge zvivhoti zvina zvinodikanwa nokuda kwezviito zvikuru zvokuchengetedza. Iyi gadziriro inowanzotungamirira kuruvara, namaodha anovhara mitsetse yebato kuti vaongorore kana vaipomerwa kuputsa. Somuuyo, kuputswa kwakawanda hakurapiswi, uye sangano racho rinoonekwa zvikuru serisina mano. Mushumo wakabva kuProject On Government Oversight wakawana kuti FEC yakanga yafairwa panhau dzakawanda dzinochengetwa, ichibvumira kubatana kusiri kwapamutemo nemari yakasvibira kupfuurira kusingadzorwi.

Chiito Chokupera Mwoyo

Chimwe chezvikarakadzo zvechinjo zvakatanhamara zvikurusa ndi DISCLOSE Act (Ukuru hwemitemo hunosimbiswa kupfurikidza nokukanda Light on Money in Evolutions). Iri gweta ringada masangano ose anopedza $10 000 kana kuti kupfuura pakushambadza kunowirirana kuti azivise vapi vepamusoro vavo. Yave yatangwa kanoverengeka muCongress asi yakakundikana kupfuudza. Vatsigiri vanoi vanotaura kuti yaizodzivisa mari ine rima; vashori vanoti angaputsa kodzero dzeFirst Amend Reformation ndokudzivisa kutora rutivi rwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuedza Kuchinja Tsika Dzomutemo

Vatsoropodzi veManities United vakasunda nokuda kwechinjo yebumbiro remitemo kuti itsive chisarudzo. Shanduro inozivikanwa navose zvikurusa ingabvumira Congress nehurumende kugadza ganhuriro dzine mufungo pamipiro yenhimbe nendyiko. Zvisinei, kuderedza Bumbiro reMitemo kunoda voruzhinji vane matatu mudzimba mbiri uye vakwanisiswa nezvikamu zvitatu nezvina zvikuru zveruwa .*chipamberi chakakwirira zvikuru chisati chasangana.

Kugadziridzwa Kwenzvimbo Kwehurumende

Nepo zviteshi zvokugadziridza zvehurumende, nyika dzakawanda dzakagadza mitemo yadzo dzimene yenhimbe dzemari. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neCalifornia neNew York, dzine zvinodikanwa zvikuru zvokuzivisa uye gadziriro dzemari yavose. Dzimwe, kufanana naArizona naMaine, dzinopa mari inowirirana nokuda kwavapi vemipi yezuva duku. Mukupesana, dzimwe nyika dzakasunungura ganhuriro pakushandisa mari kwadzo dzinozvimirira. Vagari vemo vanogona kutarira kugadziridza nharaunda serabhoratori dzezvingashanda munyika yose.

Kupedzisa: Basa Romugari Womunyika Ino Achazvidavirira

Mitemo yemari yenhimbe haichinji - chinji - chinji - chinji - chinji - chinji - mira nemitemo yedare, chiito chemitemo, uye dzvinyiriro yavose.

Unogona kutanga nokushandisa zvishandiso zvadudzwa pamusoro apa kunzvera mari iri shure kwavanoda kufunda uye matanho okuvhota munharaunda yako.Apo unoona chitambi, bvunza: ndiani akachibhadhara? Apo anobhapatidzwa anotaura pamusoro penhau, nzvera ndaza dzawo dzinopiwa. uye apo unosarudza, rangarira kana manyuko emari echibhadharo echipo achiwirirana nezvinotanga kutaurwa.

Kunzwisisa mitemo yezvemari yenhimbe kukupa simba rokuona kutenderera kwacho woita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa pane zvinopfuura bedzi vanzwi.