Table of Contents
Kodzero dzeBumbiro reMitemo Mumuitiro: Mienzaniso Yenyika Chaiyoiyo
Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States imutemo mukurusa wenyika, uchigovera gadziriro yehurumende yehurumende apo inoisa ganhuriro dzakasimba pasimba rayo panguva imwe cheteyo kupfurikidza nedziviriro yekodzero dzomunhu oga. Kunzwisisa idzi maruramiro asina mufungo kunoda kufunda kushanda kwawo mumagakava chaiwoiwo enyika. Iri kupfurikidza nenhau dzeChivimbo chikurusa, kupesana kwemirangariro, uye kuita kwemitemo kuti nheyo dzakafara dzeBill of Rights dzinopiwa revo chaiyo. Kubva pachikoro kusvikira kufoni, dziviriro dzamabumbiro remitemo dzinokurukurwa naVavambi veChigaro dzinopfuurira kuumba upenyu hwevagari vemo vose. Iyi nhungamiro inonzvera kugadziriswa kwemifungo inokosha kupfurikidza negiramupi, inonzvera zvisarudzo zvemitemo izvo zvakarondedzera revo yazvo uye nzanga yeAmerica.
Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga: Chivako Chokubatanidzwa Kwehurumende Dzechiito
Note: First Amendment inovimbisa rusununguko rushanu rwakabatana: rudzidziso, kutaura, pepanhau, gungano, uye kodzero dzokukumbira hurumende. Idzi kodzero dzakarongedzerwa kusimudzira nzvimbo yemisika yepfungwa dzakajeka uye kudzivirira hana yomunhu oga pakumanikidzwa nehurumende.
Rusununguko Rwokutaura Nokutaura
Kutaura kwakakurumbira pakutaura kwavadzidzi kunobva [FLT][FOLT]Tinker v. Des Moine Independent School District [[FLT] [69]. Muna December 1965, boka ravadzidzi muDes Moines, Iowa, kubatanidza Mary wegore ramakore 13 Beth Tinker, akapfeka tsvimbo dzebhura kuti atsunge hondo yeVietnam. Chipata chapa chikoro, chinotya kumiswa. Dare rapamusoro redzidzo rakatonga mukufarira vadzidzi. Abeta rakanyora pfungwa zhinji, kuendesa mutsetse wemifananidzo uyo vadzidzi vasingasati vadzoredze maruramiro avo kurusununguko rwokutaura kana kuti kutaura pasuokero yechikoro. Chitendero chechikoro chinodzorwa mutsika dzamashoko nokuda kwamakumi amakore akawanda nokuda kwezviito zvenzanga zvenzanga.
Kudzivirirwa kweFirst Amendment kunotambanukira zvikuru kupfuura chikoro. Mu [FLT] . Johnson [1998], Dare rakatonga kuti kupisa mureza weAmerica sechimiro chokuramba kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunodzivirirwa kutaura kwokufananidzira. Ichi chisarudzo chakamutsa gakava renyika nerinombo yemitemo. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, nhambo yemifungo yakaita miganhu mitsva yokutaura. [FLT:][5] [FLT] .[FLT] V . North[FLT] [FL:] ] [FLT] , Dare rakaita muganhuro wetsika inorambidzwa pamutemo kuti vabudire munzanga renzanga renyika-pasipombiyazvino uno"
Rusununguko Rworudzidziso
Chivako chaClaus neFree Execree Clause (1962), Dare rakatonga kuti munyengetero wakanyorwa nehurumende muzvikoro zvechitendero udzivirire rusununguko rwechitendero. [FLT]] Engel v. Vitaire [[FLT]] [[FLT]62] [62], Dare rakatonga kuti munyengetero wakanyorwa nehurumende waidzokororwa muzvikoro zvehurumende wakaputsa kugadza Clauslaus, kunyange zvazvo munyengetero wacho wakanga uri wokuzvidira uye wakanga usina kubatana. Mutongi weBlabhuruzi akataura kuti hausi rutivi rwebhizimisi rehurumende nokuda kweboka ripi neripi neripi rokuimba. Iyi yaisimbiswazve mu [F] KG.[5]
[ Kurava Tinker yose v. Des Moines chisarudzo paOyez
Kuchinja Kwechipiri: Munhu Mumwe Nomumwe Ane Chirango Chakasiyana Nechokuchengeteka Kwevanhu
Kwakawanda kwezana ramakore rechi20, Second Amendment yakaongororwa neDare rapamusorosoro. Dare renhau rakabatanidza kodzero yokutakura zvombo nebasa mumauto anodzorwa zvakanaka, sezvinoonekwa mu [FLT]] United States v. Miller[FLT] [193]. [FLT] [33]
Heller Nechinjo Yakachinjwa
Direcule of Columbia v. Helter[FLT] [2008], Dare Gurusa reChipiri rakataura kana Dare reRemendement raidzivirira kodzero yomunhu kuva nepfuti nokuda kwedamato, isina kubatanidzwa nebasa rehondo. Muchisarudzo chakaitwa naMutongi Antonin Scalia, Dare rakapindura hungu, rairova Washington D.C.'Svumbamu. Dare rairangarira kuti kuzvidaidza i "chikamu chekufambisa. Makore maviri gare gare gare gare, mu [FLD] [FF] [5]
Mupimo Weutsinye Nemuuyo Wawo
Chinoitika chinokosha zvikurusa muChinjo Yechipiri yeFirst Amendment chakauya [FLT]] New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen. Dare rakarova "chisakiso chapamhene" chokutakura pfuti yakavanzwa muruzhinji. Mutongi Thomas akatanga muedzo mutsva: mitemo yepfuti yazvino uno inofanira kuva "yakabatana negamuchidzanwa rerudzi retsika dzepfuti, rugwaro, nhau, uye gamuchidzanwa zvakatoedzwa kubvira panguva yapamberi yakaderera kudenha kuwanda kwemitemo yepfutibhara, kubatanidza kuva nepfuti nokuda kwenhau yavanhu vazhinji kuti vadzorerwe. [FF] [5]
[ Verenga chisarudzo cheBruen (PDF) pawebsite yeDare Rapamusoro-soro
Kugadziridzwa Kwechina: Kuva Woga Muzera Reruzivo Rwezvigadzirwa Zvenyika
Wechina Amendment inodzivirira "kodzero yevanhu kuva vakachengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye migumisiro, pakutsvaka kusina mufungo uye kubatwa nepfari." Chinoumba kunzvera kusiri kwendangariro" kwakachinja zvikuru sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rwachinja.
Tariro Ine Mwero Yokuva Woga
Kuedza kwehwaro kwazvino uno kweFFOLT yeTreement yeChina kwakatangwa [FLT][FLT] v. United States (1967). Charles Katz akawanwa ane mhaka yokubhejera kusiri kwapamutemo pashure pokunge FBI yaisa kombiyuta yakasungirwa kombiyuta. Dare rakatendesa kupwirira, rikawana kuti chiito chehurumende chakava "seasea" pasi peRemendement yeChina. Mutongi John Harlan II akanyoresa mashoko ePGenetic anobva zvino-ffasties: munhu anofanira kuva "abhiijeka chinhu chaichoicho chakavanzika" uye kuti atarisire kuti aonekwe kuti nzanga izivike kuti iveirwo zvakanaka.
Tsamba Dzemasero Nezvinonyorwa Nemadhigita
Muzana ramakore rechi 21, Dare rakanetseka nokushandisa Dare rechina Remisi yeMitemo kumashoko emitauro. [FLT]] California [2014] [[2014, Dare rakabvumirana rakatonga kuti mapurisa anoda maruramiro okunzvera zviri mumipimo yemibatanidzwa yenhepfenyuro yeserura yabatwa kuti vasungwe. Chirevereri chikuru John Roberts akanyora kuti serura haisi imwe nzirawo zvayo yokugadzira zvinhu" uye kuti kuwanda kwemashoko azvo ane dziviriro yakakwirira.
Mu Kamber v. United States [[FLT] [2017], Dare rakaita nhanho, richitonga kuti hurumende inoda mvumo yokuwana mashoko enhau enzvimbo yesero-sitiki (CSLI) inobatwa negweta remagetsi. Dare rakaziva kuti vanhu vane kariro ine mufungo yokuva voga mumativi avo ose, kunyange kana mashoko iwayo achigoveranwa nebato rechitatu (kambani yorunhare). Iyi "rondedzero yenhau yezvakavanzika" inokarakadza kuti mufambiri wezvinhu zvenguva refu, mashoko anogona kuzivisa udzame hwemunhu upenyu, kudzivirira kwechina.
Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu: Kurongwa, Kudzivirirwa, uye Kuzvishora
Mutezo weFirimpi wePendeko weThona unogovera chiverengero chakati chamaruramiro okutsoropodza: kodzero inopesana nokuzvirongera umene, vimbiso yomuitiro wakafanira, dziviriro pangozi dzakapetwa kaviri, uye chinodikanwa chokuripirwa bedzi nokuda kwokutora zvinhu zvapachivande.
Kodzero Yokuramba Wakanyarara
Rutivi rwakakurumbira zvikurusa rweFindth Amendment runobva [FLT]] Manda v. Arizona [[FLT]] (196]. Ernesto Miranda akasungwa nokuda kwokuba nokubatwa chibharo. Pashure pamaawa maviri okubvunzurudza, akasaina kutaura kwakanyorwa kwaibatanidza kutaura kwaibatanidza kodzero dzake. Dare Rapamusoro rakachinja kupwisa kwake, rikabata kubvunzurudzwa kwake kuri kwomuzvarirwo. Mutongi mukuru Earl Warren anoiswa kunze kweicon "Maia nechemondssstion zvino. Mvumoss aidzorw'idzodzodzodzodzodzodzo muro mukurusa.[4][4]
Kufambira Mberi Kwakafanira Norusununguko
Chibvumirano cheshanu Chitendero cheChibvumirano chaMamiriro okunze (nechikamu chayo mu 144t Amendment) chinodzivirira kwete bedzi ruramisiro yomutemo asiwo maruramiro akaderera. Dzidziso yeSubstantive Declaration yakashandiswa kudzivirira rusununguko runokosha rusingatsaurwi zvakajeka murugwaro. Kunyange zvazvo yaiitirana nharo huru, yakanga iri hwaro hwekodzero yokuva woga mu [FLT] grold v.Connectic[[FL:][FLT][12] [195]] [196] uye kururamagarisanisa ku [[FLT:][FL:][5][5]][FLT]
Kutora Claus
Gemende yeshanu inopfigwa neKutora Claus: "Hakuna zvinhu zvapachivande zvichatorwa nokuda kwokushandiswa kwavose, pasina muripo bedzi." Chitsama ichi chinoraira hurumende kubhadhara ukoshi hwemari yemari yakaisvonaka apo inotora nzvimbo yakakurumbira. Ukuru hwe "basa ravose" hwakaturikwa zvikuru mu [[FLT][1] Kello v. City yeNew London[FLT][2005], apo Dare rakabvumira guta kutora pfuma yapachivande nokuda kwegadziriro yezvemari yapachivande, richitaura kuti betsero dzemari kunzanga yakaitwa kushandiswa navanhu vose.
Kuchinja Kwechitanhatu: Kodzero Yokutongwa Zvakanaka
Dare Rechitanhatu Rekupedza Kuipa rinovimbisa boka rekodzero dzakagadzirirwa kuvimbisa kuti kutonga kwemhosva kunofanira kutongwa zvakanaka, kusanganisira kodzero yokutongwa nokukurumidza uye nevanhu vose, vatongi vasina rusaruro, kuziviswa nezvemhosva dzacho, kuudza zvapupu, uye kupiwa zano.
Kodzero Inokosha Yezano
Chinoitika chechiratidzo pano ndi . Gideon v. Wainwright [1963]. Clarence Earl Gideon akanga ari muparadzi akaderera akapomerwa kuvhura imba yedare muFlorida. Asingagoni kubhadhara gweta, akakumbira dare kumurongera mumwe. dare rakaramba, uye Gidheoni akamanikidzwa kuzvidzivirira amene uye akapomerwa mhaka. Muchitokori wake wetorongo, akanyora chikumbiro chakanyorwa nomuromo wakanyorwa kuDare Gurusaru. Dare rakatora mhaka yacho uye rakabatana kuti zano reSixth rekodzero yekuti: Rwesvom, uye kuti ridikairwe pasi pekutongwa kwechine chipfupitina kuti chive chipfumiswe kugoveranwa kuti chigamutsiri.[5][5]
Mukakavadzano waClaus
Washington[FLT][FLT]] [2004], Dare rakachinja zvikuru mutemo pamusoro porusarudzo uye uchapupu. Mukwiridziri, Michael Crawford, akapomerwa kudenha nokuedza kuponda. Mushonga akatanga kutaura kwakanyorwa nemudzimai wake, Sylvia, uyo akanga apupurira utsotsi asi asina kupupurira pakutonga (kurangarira ropafadzo yeroorano). Dare guru rakatonga kuti Sylvia akashora kurwisana naClauslaus. Dare rakarangarira kuti "reftial" harigoni kubvumwa kunze kwokuva nomukana wokupa uchapupu nokuda kwechipo. [Fod]
Kuchinja Kwezvisere: Utsinye uye Chirango Chisiri Chomuzvarirwo
Dare Repamusorosoro ragara richidudzira chitsama ichi ne “mipimo inochinja yetsika inoenderana netsika iyo inoratidza kufambira mberi kwenzanga inokura.
Kurohwa Nerufu
Georgia[FLT] [[FLT]] [77]], Dare rakaita chisarudzo murusarudzo rwa 5-4 rwokuti chirango chorufu, zvikurukuru chirango charo chedzinza, chakachibvisa sechakashandiswa ipapo. Chisarudzo chakadzikamisa nokubudirira kuuraya kwose muUnited States. Makore mana gare gare gare, mu [[FLT: 4.] [FLT:] v] Georgia [FLT][5][5]
[[FLT]] , Dare rakaisa miganhu yakakwana paanogona kuurawa. Attins v. Virginia[[FLT:][[2002] [[2002], Dare rakatonga kuti vanhu vaibata urema hwendangariro vaiputsa Hurumende ye8. [FLT]] v.. Simmonds[[[FLT:][5][FLT:] [2005], Dare rakatambanurira iyi nheyo, richiita kuti vanhu vave vanhu vakasarira (panenge 18) panguva yavo youtsotsi.
Mamiriro Ezvinhu Mujeri Nezvipfeko Zvakanyanyisa
Dare reRefession reSendment rinoshandawo kumigariro yokupfigirwa nokuzvirango zvemari. [FLT] timbs v. Indiana [2017], Dare rakatonga kuti Dare raMasworo Erethh Amendments Reconfrective Claus rinoshanda kunyika (kubatanidzwa). Muchiitiko ichocho, nyika yeIndiana yakatsvaka kutora Land SUV, yainopfuura $2040 000, pashure pokunge apomerwa mhosva yokutengesa chitsamachi shoma. Dare rairangarira kuti upfumi hwevagari vemo hunoshanda kunzvimbo inokosha yakavakirwa pautsotsi huduku hwemirimo hungagona kubvisa proportation neon.
Amendeji Yechigumi Nechina: Chepfuwo Yorusununguko Nekuenzana
Note: Hapana kukurukurwa kwekodzero dzebumbiro-mitemo dzinoshanda kwakakwana pasina Indaneti ye14th Amendment, yakasimbiswa muna 1868. Nepo Bill of Rights yakaganhurira pakuvamba bedzi hurumende yehurumende yehurumende, IPramende ye144th yakachinja zvikurukuru ichi chivako. Its Claus yeChibvumirano cheCurvesmendity yave iri chiwirirano chikuru nokuda kwe "kubatanidza" Bill of Rights mukurwisana namasangano, uye Dziviriro dzayo dzayo dzeChibvumirano chaClaus yave hwave hwava hwaro hwekukunda kwamaruramiro avagari vemo kwakakurumbira zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica.
Kubvunzurudza: Kuita Kuti Kodzero Dzishande kuUnited States
Muitiro wokubatanidza wakavamba zvishoma nezvishoma. Dare rakatanga kushandisa chitsama chemashoko eFirst Amendment yakasununguka kuhurumende mu . Gitrow v. New York [12]. [[FLT] [25]. Muzana ramakore rakatevera, inenge dziviriro iri yose muBill of Rights yakabatanidzwa nenzira yakasarudzwa nehurumende. Ikoku kunoreva kuti mukuru wamapurisa muCalifornia kana kuti dare rechikoro muTexas rinosungwa nebumbiro remitemo rimwe chetero renyika yose. Kubatanidzwa kweChinjo yeChinjo yeChinjo yeChipiri mu[FLGenec:]. [FLDNDict:] v[FFF:] [5] [20]
Dziviriro Yakaenzana Namaruramiro Avagari Vemo
Kudzivirira Kukaenzana kwe 144 Demendment kunoraira kuti hakuna hurumende icha "kudzorwa kumunhu upi noupi mukati moudzori hwayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo". Iyi rugwaro rwakanga rwuri chombo chapamutemo chaishandiswa kubvisa dzinza. Mu ] Brown v. Board of Education[[FLT]] [1954] [1954] [), Dare rapamusoro raitonga kuti mitemo yaigadza zvikoro zvavose zvevoruzhinji zvevatema nezvichena yakanga isina kuenzana, ichishayisa dzidziso ye [FLT].[FLT] v[FFLD] [FOLD] [5] [5] [96] [186].General Earnigs yakanyora kuti "magate processs" (iiiiiiiii yedzidzo yavana]
Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwave kuriwo hwaro hwezvisarudzo zvetsika parusaruro rwechirume. Kwakadai se [FLT] United States v. Virginia[FLT][[3] [1966], yakauraya mutemo wevarume pa Virginia Military Institute. Muzana ramakore rechi21, yakanga iri nheyo ye [FLT]] OF:5] wafell v. Hodges[[FLT:][5] [25] [25], [20], iyo inonyoresa pamutemo muchato wamarudzi akawanda, uye [[FLT:][F]
[ Kurava zvakawanda pamusoro peDikiso yokutsinhiranisa kubva kuCornell Law School
Mupeto: Bumbiro Romutemo Ripenyu Riri Kushanda
Kodzero dzakaiswa muUnited States Constitution hadzisi dziviriro huru dzinobatanidza mativi okuvapo kwedu. Dzinoda kutsanangurwa kwenguva dzose nokushandiswa kuzvinhu zvinochinja zvoupenyu hweAmerica. Kubva pamicheka mitema yeDes Moines kusvikira kunhare dzeserura muhomwe dzedu, nheyo dzeBill of Rights dzinodzora mativi epedyo zvikurusa neevoruzhinji okuvapo kwedu. Nhau dzinonzverwa pano muenzaniso muduku bedzi wekurukurirano inopfuurira pakati pematare, hurumende, uye vanhu. Nokuda kwevadzidzisi navadzidzi zvakafanana, kubatanidzwa neiyi mienzaniso chaiyoiyo yenyika kunzwisiswa nedzikamo pakati pechiremera chehurumende nerusununguko rwavanhu urwo runorondedzera gadziriro yapamutemo yeAmerica. Koserodzi dzamaruramiro iwaya haangori bedzi emitemo avanhu vanonzwisisa muWashington, asi vanonzwisisa kudzivirira kwavo.