Kunzwisisa Kodzero Dzebumbiro reMitemo Nerusununguko Rwevagari Vemo

United States Constitution inozivikanwa segwaro benyu rinorondedzera gadziriro yehurumende uye rinodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga. Kodzero dzeBumbiro reMitemo ndidzo idzo dzinotaurwa zvakajeka murugwaro, zvikurukuru muBill of Rights uye gadziridzo gare gare, nepo rusununguko rwavagari vemo idziviriro dzakafara zvikuru mukurwisana nehurumende idzo matare akanyengerwa neBumbiro remitemo. Mhesvo pamusoro pedziviriro idzi dzakapararira, dzinowedzerwa nokutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, mashoko, uye dzidzo isina kukwana. Nyaya ino inoparadzanisa ngano dzinopfuurira namaidi apamutemo, inogovera kujekajeka, kujeka kwakajeka, kwakajeka kweizvo Bumbiro remitemo rinotaura zvomenemene. Mistyismismss haisati pamusoro pekodzero dzako.

Kodzero dzeBumbiro reMitemo hadzina kuganhurirwa. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarangarira rataurazve kuti kodzero dzinofanira kudzikamiswa mukurwisana nefariro dzehurumende dzapamutemo, dzakadai sekotsekano yavose, chengeteko yorudzi, uye maruramiro avamwe. First Amendment haidziviriri kuzvidza, tyisidziro dzechokwadi, kana kuti kunyandurwa kumubato wedanho. Second Amendment, sezvinodudzirwa mu Driqueality of Columbia v. Heller[FLT] [2001], inodzivirira kodzero yomunhu oga yokutakura zvombo asi inobvumira miraudzo ine mufungo yakafanana nechekero dzekarefu yezvisa. Kunzwisisa miganhuro iyi kunokosha nokuda kwougari wehurumende.

Manyuko Okusunungurwa Kwevagari Vomunyika Imwe Chete

Rusununguko rwavagari vemo runomuka kubva kuBumbiro reMitemo, mabumbiro emitemo, uye mitemo yehurumende. Chitendero chekodzero, chakasimbiswa muna 1791, chakashandiswa pakuvamba bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende. Kupfurikidza ne 14neth Amendmenṯ Nhevedzano dzeClaus, Dare rapamusoro rakabatanidzwa zvishoma nezvishoma neBill of Rightss pahurumende. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kodzero yako yokutaura wakasununguka inodzivirirwa kubva muzvose zviri zviviri zvehurumende nehurumende inonzvera, uye zvakafanana zvinoshanda kumaruramiro epangiro, dziviriro pabumbiro risina mufungo, uye dzimwe rusununguko rwakakomba.

  • [ Rusununguko Rwokutaura – runodzivirirwa kuhurumende, asi runyadzi, zvinonyadzisira zvevana, uye kubiridzira kwezvokutengeserana hazvifukidzwi.
  • Kurudyi kuDare Rakanaka [ - Kunobatanidza maruramiro kudare rinobetsera vatongi risina rusaruro, zvinoitika zvavose, uye betsero yezano (Seppermendimendi).
  • [[NHAU: 0] Kururama kuvanzika - Kwete zvakajeka asi kunobva muWokutanga, Wechina, Weshanu, Ninth, uye 14th Amendments, kufukidza kudzora kubereka, roorano, uye utongi hwezvokurapa (] orgaristold v. Connecticut[FL:3], 1965; [FLT:]]Obergefell v. Hodges], 2015.
  • Kudzivirirwa Pakurwisana Nekuzvitonga – Findstmendment inodzivisa hurumende kukumanikidza kuzvipupurira umene mumhaka yeutsotsi.

Ngano Dzakakurumbira Pamusoro Pokusunungurwa Kwavagari Vemo Namaidi Anovafumura

Pasi apa pane nhema ina dzinoteverwa nemitemo.

Nhema 1: Bumbiro Remitemo Rinovimbisa Rusununguko Rwokutaura Rusingagumi

Fract: Congress inoti Congress haisati ichizoita mutemo weNhevedzo yeSangano reProfesi, Convention, ichaita kuti pave norusununguko rwokutaura, Ü asi Dare Gurusa ragara richizivikanwa mapoka ekutaura asingagamuchiri dziviriro yebumbiro remitemo. Izvozvi zvinobatanidza kunyandura masimba masimba ([[[FLT:]]] Brandenburg v. Ohio[[FLT]]], 1969), tyisidziro dzechokwadi, mashoko, kushora, kushatisa, uye zvinonyadzisa vana. hurumende ingasabatanidzawo kutaura kwapachena kwapachena.

Ngano 2: Kusunungurwa Kwevagari Vomunyika Imwe Chete Kunoshanda Kuvagari Vemo Chete

Fract: Bhishopi yeKodzero inoshandisa shoko rokuti “ vanhu ” kana kuti ̴son,” kwete ̴ Chinodzivirira. “. ” Dare Repamusoro redare rakarangarira kuti zvisipo zviri muUnited States zvine kodzero hurusa yedziviriro dzamabumbiro emitemo. Iwechina Confectionment ̱ dziviriro pakunzvera kusina mufungo kunotambanukira kumunhu upi noupi ari mukati .S. Mitemo yePremplete ̱ Mitemo inofukidza vanhu vose, pasinei zvapo mugariro wokutama. Chibvumirano chitanhatu chinovimbisa pamutemo kuvhoteranwa mumutemo. Chikamu chekodzero chapamutemo chakatina chakanziri, chakati chaita samaruramiro avagari vehurumende vomunyika yose.

Ngano 3: Hurumende Inogona Kurwisa Kodzero Pachido Panhambo Nemigariro Yematongero

FRACT: Kunyange mukati menjodzi dzinoziviswa (ingave ngwavaira dzomusikirwo, njodzi dzoutano hwavanhu, kana kuti tyisidziro dzekotsekano) Hurumende inofanira kuremekedza muganhu webumbiro remitemo. Dare gurusa rakakunda matanho ekurumidziro akasvika, akadai saPrezidenti Truman ̱ kubatwa kwemazasitare esimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea ([[[FLT:]]]] pwere REPUTSTAU; Tube. v. Sawer, 1952). Hurumende yehurumende haigoni kudzosa maruramiro okudzora kana kutonge kutoda kupandukira kana kuti kuvhotera kutorerwa, mukati me CHOVID, chikamu chikuru chezviva, mabumbiro emitemo, uye mabhiridhiromani anodzo mumitemo, mamwe mabhiridhirojeri pasi pehurumende angasasha maruramiro. Kana kuti isati kutongedzedzei maruramiro kuti ipfuuredze maruramiro.

Ngano 4: Kodzero Dzose Dzinodzivirirwa Zvakaenzana Mumutemo

FOCT: Kodzero dzeBumbiro reMitemo hadzisati dzose dzakaenzana pamwero wedziviriro yokutonga. Matare anoshandisa mitsara yakasiana--- siyana yokunzvera kutsamira pamaruramiro negadziriro inoshandiswa nehurumende. Kutaura kwakasununguka, rusununguko rworudzidziso, uye maruramiro okuvhota, uye maruramiro okunzvera, ̴ nzvero dzebumbiro remitemo, ̵ revo yehurumende inofanira kubvumikisa fariro inomanikidzira nokugadzira. Mitemo yemari nekodzero zhinjisa yezvinhu zvinogamuchira bedzi ̶ hwirudzuraniso, izvo zvinorangarirwa zvikuru kuhurumende. Rudzi nedzinza zvinowana kuyera kwakakomba kwakakomba; vatano. Utepfekero iyi inoyera mitemo inoyera sei mitemo yakasiana.

Mavambo Enhau: Bhiropo raMaruramiro Nedonzo Rawo Rinogara

Ratisimudzwa pana December 15, 1791, Bill of Rights yakanga iri mhinduro yakananga kuitiro hanya dzeAnti-Federalist kuti Bumbiro reMitemo idzva rakanga risina dziviriro dzakajeka nokuda kwerusununguko rwomunhu. James Madison pakuvamba akakarakadza kugadziriswa kwegumi navaviri; gumi vakagamuchirwa nenyika. Zvipiri zvokutanga zvemisangano yemibatanidzwa uye mari yesangano yakatambira mari yakatarwa(kugamuchirwa) (kusvikira 1992 seChine makumi maviri neSandeth Amend Reformation). Bill of Rights yakapesssss yakaitwa neChirungu yekodzero dzechiNgezi ya1689, vazivi vakajekerwa vakafanana naJohn Locke naMontesquieue, uye varwi vehurumende &517; ruzivo rwokuzviwanira muhurumende yeBritain, iyo yakabatanidza masungiro, 25 echiuto, uye ganhuriro pagungano.

Bill of Rights yakanga isina kuitirwa kupa maruramiro asi kubvuma maruramiro omusikirwo asati avapo uye ganhuriro yesimba rehurumende. Ninth Amendment inotaura zvakajeka kuti kurongwa kwekodzero dzakati hakusati kuchizotongova ne#8220;dhini kana kuti kuparadzanisa dzimwe dzakachengetwa navanhu. 𔄣 ichi chitsama chamashoko chakashandiswa kudzivirira kodzero dzisina kuiswa pachivande nedzomuviri. Tenth Amendment References inochengeterwa kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende kana kuti vanhu vose vasingapiwi murairo wehurumende inopfuudzira kuumba gakavariro pamusoro pehurumende nechiremera chehurumende munharaunda dzakafanana nokudzorwa kwepfuti, tarisiro dzoutano, uye dzidzo.

Mitemo Yakagadziriswa: Zvavanodzivirira Chaizvoizvo

Nepo Bill of Rights yose iri fandesheni, kuchinja kunoverengeka kune revo zvikurukuru mukuumba kupokana kwerusununguko rwevagari vemo rwazvino uno.Hekuno kusanonzvera gadziriro huru imwe neimwe ine mutemo wakafanira negakava razvino uno.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga: Kutaura, Rudzidziso, Kubudisa, Gungano, uye Kukumbira

First Amendment inowanzonzi “ rusununguko rwokutanga ̵ nemhaka yokuti Vavambi vakarurangarira kuva runokosha kuhurumende inotonga yehurumende. Inorambidza Congress (uye kupfurikidza nokubatanidza, matauriro) kutanga rudzidziso kana kuti kudzivisa kurovedzwa kwarwo kwakasununguka, kubva mukutaura kwakaganhurirwa kana kuti rusununguko rwokubudisa, uye mukuganhurira gungano rine rugare nokukumbira hurumende.

  • Free Execlosing Claus: Hurumende haigoni kurongera chitendero chorudzidziso, asi mitemo isina kupindirana yehurumende ingaremedza muitiro worudzidziso ( Employment Division v. Smith, 1990). Hurumende yakapindura neReligious Freedom Reformation Act (RFRA) nokuda kwomutemo wenyika, uye nyika dzakawanda dzine shanduro dzadzo dzimene.
  • Rusununguko Runotaura: runodzivirira kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika mukati, asiwo runofukidza kutaura kwounyanzvi, kutaura kwokutengeserana (kana kusingadzivirirwi), uye kunyange kutaura kworuvengo (kana kusinganyanduri masimba masimba kana kuti kuparira kunetsa).
  • Prefects:[ Mapepanhau hausi sangano rehurumende pasi peBumbiro reMitemo asi anogamuchira dziviriro imwe chetedzo dzakasununguka dzokutaura somunhu mumwe nomumwe. Mitemo inodzivirira vatori venhau ’ manyuko anosiana nehurumende.
  • Chirango: Kodzero yokukumbira hurumende kugadzirisa zvigumbu zvinobatanidza kukwirira mhaka, kukwidza, uye kuratidzira.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechina: Kutsvaka Nokusashanda

Wechina Amendment inodzivirira “ maruramiro avanhu kuva akachengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye tapuro, mukunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari. ̵ vaWarrants vanofanira kutsigirwa nechinhu chinobvira uye zvikurukuru kurondedzera nzvimbo yokunzverwa uye zvinhu. Chisaririra chinobatanidza: chiono chakajeka, kubvumira, mamiriro ezvinhu echinonzvera kuti abatwe, uye khangela mamiriro emotokari. Mu [[FLT:] Katz v. United States[FLT:] (1967), Dare rakagadza ̴ kariro dzinobetsera dzezvakavanzika, idzo zvinodzora nhau dzakafanana nenzvimbo dzinoteverwa nero, foni, mamiriro emo yemichero yemite yemite yemamo yemamoteji, uye ufakazi hwemitemuronze. [FFFFF]

Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu: Kuitwa Kwakakodzera Nokuzvipopotedza

Find mendment ine dziviriro dzakawanda: maruramiro kudare guru rinobetsera vatongi nokuda kwemhosva huru dzomubatanidzwa; dziviriro panjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri; maruramiro mukurwisana neaposvo (kazhinji kazhinji inonzi “ kutungamirira Fifth ̵); maruramiro kumuitiro wakafanira womutemo; uye kutora Claus anoda kuripirwa bedzi apo nzvimbo yakavanzika inotorwa nokuda kwokushandiswa navanhu vose. Chiratidzo chako chakavanzika chinoshanda kupupurira ufakazi, kwete mirairo yomuviri seropa kana kuti minwe. Miranda ([FL:] Mirda] Manda. v., 1966) ndicho chinodikanwa chinogamuchirwa kubva muna iyi, chinozivikanwa kuti chivene maruramiro chokuvarira.

Mutezo Wechitanhatu: Kodzero Dzisina Kukanganisika Dzokutongwa

Dare reSikisi reMitemo rinovimbisa munhu kodzero yokutongwa nokukurumidza uye noruzhinji, vatongi vasina rusaruro muruwa apo mhaka yacho yakaitika, kodzero yokuziviswa nezvepomero, kodzero yokutaura neZvapupu, uye kodzero yezano repamutemo. Kodzero yokupa zano inoshanda kumhosva dzose dzinoguma nokusungwa, kubatanidza kukanganisa. Rubatsiro rwezano runodiwazve, sezvinotaurwazve mu Gideon v. Wainwright[[ [1963], iro rinoita kuti vatongi vapedzeri vemhosva.

Kuchinja Kwezvisere: Utsinye uye Chirango Chisiri Chomuzvarirwo

Dare rakarambidza chirango chorufu nokuda kwavanhu vakaremara ( Attins v. Virginia, 2002 [na] , uye vechidiki vanopara mhosva ( r.SM [[FLT] r. [FLT][FLT]]] [[FLT]3], 2005]). Dare richangobva kugumisa kuti upenyu hunokosha pasina kuuraya vana hunenge husiri hwemasvokone ([FLT:]] MEIll v [FFFFF:], 2012]).

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Kukusunungurwa Kwevagari Vomunyika Imwe Chete

Zana remakore rechi21 rakatanga zvinetso zvisingaenzaniswi zvinoedza miganhu yemabumbiro emitemo anodzivirira.

Kuva Wega Nekuwedzera Kwehurumende

Kuwanda kwedzidziso yemitengo nenhevedzo ya(#821; (kuna mashoko anobva pamitemo, nzvimbo dzinoshandiswa nevemasangano, nhau dzenzvimbo, zvakashandura nzvimbo yakavanzika. [Frenetermendimendial ’s ̴ frate-partice-partry i ̵ (kunapora mashoko akapiwa vamwe nokuzvidira) akashatswa nezvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zveDare. California[FLT] [20] [2014], Dare rakabatana rairangarira kuti mapurisa kazhinji anoda maruramiro enhau yokutsvaka chiitiko chokusunga kusungwa. [FLT3]], Dare renguva dzose reseromendero, rinoshandisa purogiramu dzehurumende yeSakramendi yeChina (AS.)

Kutaura Wakasununguka Munguva Ino Yemazuva Ano

Masangano ezvokukurukurirana azova nzvimbo yavose yazvino uno, bva makambani akavanzika ane Mitemo yeBasa anogona kuganhurira kutaura kupfuura zvinobvumirwa neBumbiro reMitemo. First Amendment haiganhuriri makambani emunhu oga, asi pane gakava rinopfuurira pamusoro pokuti maplatifomu akadai seFacebook neTutter anofanira kubatwa savatambi vehurumende apo anoshandisa kudzora. Chikamu 230 cheMitemo yeNheyo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeSangano yeMitemo inodzivisa kutaura, asi chakatsoroporwawo nokuda kwokuita kuti zvose zviri mukati mazviri zvivei zvinokuvadza uye kugovera dziviriro kukurusa. Dare Rapamusoro mu [FT.[FLD]Pritan:] v. North Carolina [FLT] [FF:1] [17] (2017]) chisarupuwerepu renzanga chisaru chazvinoregwa nokuda kwechipapuko, mutemo unorambidza kubatira vanhu vanoshandisa zviteshi zvevatano zvenzanga.

Ruramisiro Yedzinza Neruramisiro Youtsotsi Kuchinja

Rusununguko rwavagari vemo runowiriraniswa zvikuru neruramisiro yedzinza. Amendment yeChina ’ dziviriro pahosha dzepfari dzisina mufungo dzakakwikwidzwa muzvinoitika zvinobatanidza kushandiswa kwamapurisa (Graham v. Connor[, 1989). Gadziriro yeSikisi rePremendement inodzorwa negadziriro dzedziviriro dzavanhu dzinosakafanira munyika dzakawanda. Refected Amendment Agandment inobatanidza ̱ kurambidzwa kweringi kwakadenhwa mumiitiro yemariro yakashorwa kuti ipedzedze zvikuru vakwidzisi varombo uye vanhu vane ruvarara. Sangano yokuzvidavirira yamapurisa yakaparira mitemo mitsva inoda mabharami, kunzvera kwazvigaro, uye kurambidza mamwe mabasa akafanana neavha.

Munhu Woga Woga Ane Kodzero

Post-9/11 Mitemo yakadai sePORTIOT Act, dare rehondo rougandanga rinonyumwira, uye NSA̱ ipurogiramu yemichina mizhinji yemitauro yemitauro yakaedza dzikamo pakati pechengeteko nerusununguko. Mu HAmdi v. Rumsfeld [2004], Dare rakati U.S. vagari vemo vemo vevavengi vanofanira kugamuchira muitiro wakafanira, kubatanidza kodzero yokudenha kusungwa kwavo pamberi pomugadziri wechisarudzo asina wirirano. .[FLT] V[FLT] [FLT] [3]] [2013], Dare rakatonga kuti U.S.S.S.S.S.

Mugumisiro: Basa Rinokosha Redzidzo Yemibatanidzwa

Zivo yekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo uye rusununguko rwevagari vemo hachisi chinhu chinoshamisira, asi chinodiwa nokuda kwehurumende. Vavambi vaidavira kuti vagari vemo vakadzidza vangabatira secherechedzo yokupedzisira pakudzvinyirira. Dzidzo yeCOVICO inoshongedzera vanhu kuziva apo kodzero dzavo dzinotyorwa, kufambidzana nemitemo, kutora rutivi runobudirira muhurukuro yavose, uye kuva nemhosva kuhurumende. Kusada kodzero kunogona kutungamirira kumigumisiro ine ngozi: vagari vemo vangarasikirwa nedziviriro dzapamutemo nemhaka yokusaziva, kana kuti nenzira inopesana, kurayira kodzero dzakakwana dzisati dziripo, kutsigira mutemo.

Zvikoro, maraibhurari, uye masangano enzanga anofanira kuisa pakutanga kudzidzisa mashoko chaiwoiwo eBumbiro reMitemo, zvisarudzo zveDare gurusa, uye kurwisa kunopfuurira kutambanudzira rusununguko kuvose. chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinotarisana netyisidziro itsva kurusununguko, kungava kubva mukuedza kukurira hurumende, simba rebhizimisi, kana kuti kusada kugarisana. Kungogona bedzi kubvisa nhema uye kutsigira uchokwadi hwebumbiro remitemo yedu kunogona kuchengetedza dzikamo yakaoma pakati penhevedzano norusununguko zvinorondedzera United States.

Nokuda kwokunzverazve, bvunza Constitution Center yerudzi nokuda kwezvishandiso zvinobatanidza uye rugwaro rwakazara netsinhiro. project yeOyez [ inopa nhau ine udzame nenzwi renhau dzeDare Rapamusoro. [[FLT:] ALLU AZI maruramiro AKO inogovera mashoko anoshanda, mashoko enhau. Pakupedzisira, Fidiary Judiary ̱ nzvimbo yedzidzo yedzidzo [FLT:] inopa chidzidzo namapepa enhau.