Kubatana Kusingaperi Pakati Pekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nokutonga Kwomutemo

Kurwira kodzero dzevanhu hakusi chinhu chisati chiri chenhau asi simba ripenyu, rinofema rinopfuurira kuumba chipfeko chapamutemo nechenzanga cheUnited States. Pamavambo acho, mutemo wekodzero dzevanhu wakarongedzerwa kuvimbisa kuti munhu wose anogamuchira kubatwa kwakaenzana pasi pomutemo, asina rusaruro mudzidzo, basa, pokugara, pokugara, nzvimbo dzavose, uye zvakawanda. Nyaya inopa nzvero huru yenzira iyo gadziriro dzemitemo dzinodzivirira nayo vanhu mukati menzanga yedemocracy, kutevera rutivi rwenhau, mutemo, kududzira kutonga, zvinetso zvazvino uno, uye basa rinokosha rokuva mwana muchikoro munhambo dzose dziri mbiri dzefambiro mberi uye kudzokera shure.

Kurondedzera Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Mukati Megadziriro Yepamutemo

Pamberi pokunzvera majekerwe, kunokosha kutsauranisa pakati pekodzero dzevanhu nerusununguko rwevagari vemo. Rusununguko rwavagari vemo rusununguko rukuru runodzivirirwa padzongonyedzo dzehurumende, dzakadai sekutaura nerudzidziso. Kodzero dzavagari vemo, mukupesana, dzinoitira hanya musengwa wakananga wehurumende wokuva nechokwadi chokubatwa kwakaenzana nokudzivisa rusaruro. Sangano remitemo rinomanikidzira maruramiro avagari vemo kupfurikidza nemiraudzo yavagari vemo, mirairo yavakuru vakuru, uye gadziridzo dzinodzivisa rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvaradziko, vatano, mavambo orudzi, zera, uye, uye, mumativi mazhinji, maruramiro evatano nechiratidzo chouhuhuhuhuhuhumwe pamutemo.

Gemende yegumi namana Expandment Protection Claus iko kuisa pamutemo maruramiro avagari vemo mazhinjisa. Inodudza kuti hakuna hurumende icha "ramba kumunhu upi noupi mukati moudzori hwayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo" Nokufamba kwenguva, matare akashandisa iyi rugwaro kuputsa mitemo yemhosva uye kuraira kusvika kwakaenzana kuminamato yavose. Kunzwisisa iyi nheyo yapamutemo inodenha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti nyika yasvika papi uye kuti inofanira kufamba kusvika papi.

Zviitiko Zvenhau: Kubva Pakuchinja Kuenda Kuboka Rekodzero Dzevanhu

Kungoongorora zvishomanana zvinhu zvakachinja zvikuru kunoitwa nevanhu kunoratidza kuti masangano evanhu akabatana uye kuchinja kwemitemo kwakabatana chaizvo.

Nguva Yokuvakazve Nechipikirwa Chayo

Pashure peHondo yeChivil, chipikirwa chechi 13th Amendment (1865) chakabvisa uranda. IPramende yechi14th (168) yakapa kuva mugari wemo nedziviriro yakaenzana kuvanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikirwa muUnited States. 15th Amendment (1870) yakarambidza rusaruro rwokuvhotera rwakavakirwa padzinza. Kunyange zvakadaro chipikirwa chekuvhotera chakabviswa nokukurumidza nemitemo yaJim Crow, kubvisa uranda, uye kudzvinyirira nechisimba. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro mu Pnecty v. Ferguson (1866) chakatsigira "67, asi anowirirana" anodzosa kodzero dzavagari vemo kwamakumi amakore.

Kubudirira Kwezana Remakore Rechi20

Kushanda kwekodzero dzevanhu kwemazuva ano muma1950 nomuma1960 kwakamanikidza mutemo kuti utarisane nemusiyano uri pakati pemitemo yepamutemo uye zvinhu chaizvo zviri kuitika zuva nezuva.

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Dare rapamusorosarudza kuti kusarura dzinza muzvikoro zvavose kwakaputsa Kudzivirira Kwakaenzana Claus, kuputsa [[FLT:] Places .
  • Chivil Rights Act ya 1964: Uyu mutemo wehurumende unorambidza rusaruro mumabasa, pokugara pavose, uye gadziriro dzinotsigirwa nehurumende. Unoramba uri mutemo wakakwana zvikurusa wekodzero dzavagari vemo munhau yeAmerica.
  • Vating Rights Act ya 1965:[[FLT: 1] Iyi nzvero yokurava nokunyora nemhinganidzo dzakarongedzerwa kubvisa vavhoti veAfrica, uye yaida utarisiri hwehurumende hwezvidzo nenhau yorusaruro.
  • Fair Homes Act ya 1968:[[FLT: 1] Yakapfuura pashure porupanduko rwaMartin Luther King Jr., uyu mutemo wakarambidza kusarura mukutengeswa, kubhadharwa, uye kupiwa mari kwedzimba dzakavakirwa padzinza, rudzidziso, mavambo orudzi, uye vatano yapashure, urema, uye mugariro wechibharo.

Mitemo Yedare Inorondedzera Dziviriro Dzekodzero Dzevanhu Dzazvino Uno

Kunzwisisa mitemo inokosha kunokosha kuti munhu wose anoda kushandisa kana kuti kumanikidza kodzero dzevanhu akwanise kutevedzera mitemo iyi, anotanga kodzero dzinoita kuti zvizoitwa kuti zviitwe.

Murayiro Wekodzero Dzevanhu wa1964: Cornerstone

Umutwe II wezviito zvinorambidza rusaruro mudzimba dzavose (maresitorendi, mahoro emitambo). Umutwe VI VI unorambidza rusaruro kupfurikidza namasangano anowana mari yehurumende. Umutwe VII ndiwo mutemo unokumbirwa zvikurusa wetsarudzo yamabasa, inodzivirira rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano (kubatanidza mimba neshungurudzo) uye mavambo enyika. Muna 2020, Dare rapamusoro rakaitwa mu Bostock v. Clayton County

VaAmerica Vane Muitiro Wourema (ADA) wa 1990

ADA inorambidza rusaruro pavanhu vakaremara muzvinhu zvose zvoupenyu, kusanganisira mabasa, zvikoro, zvokufambisa, uye nzvimbo dzinowanikwa vanhu vose nevoga.

Rusaruro Rwezera Mumurayiro Webasa (ADEA) wa1967

THE ADEA rinoratidza kuziva kuti vashandi vakura vanotarisana nerusaruro rwakasiyana uye kuti ruzivo irworwo runofanira kukosheswa kupfuura vanhu vakura vanoona nyaya dzepabonde.

Muitiro Wedzimba Wakanaka Nedzokugadziriswa Kwadzo

Kupfuura rudzi nerudzidziso, Fair Howary Act zvino inofukidza urema nechimiro chemhuri (mhuri navana). Inodzivisawo kushambadzira kworusarura, miitiro yokukweretesa (kupfura), uye mitemo inoronga ine tapuro dzinoparadzanisa pamapoka akadzivirirwa. Pasinei zvapo neidzi dziviriro, rusaruro rwedzimba runoramba rwuri rumwe rwezvimiro zvinopfuurira zvikurusa zvokusaenzana.

Basa Remufundisi Mukukanganisa Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Kunyange zvazvo vatongi vemitemo vachipa mitemo, matare anodudzira, anoiwedzera, uye pane dzimwe nguva anoiganhurira. kutonga kweDare Rapamusoro Kwave kuchibetsera mukurondedzera ukuru hwedziviriro dzamaruramiro avagari vemo uye mukugamuchira mirau inochinja yenzanga.

Mhaka Dzakakwidziridza Kodzero Dzenyika

  • kuvhara v. Virginia (1967): Kudzorwa kwezvirambidzo zvehurumende paroorano yamadzinza, kusimbisa kuti roorano ikodzero inokosha.
  • . Reed (1971]: Nguva yokutanga Dare Gurusa rakashandisa Dare Rakaenzana Kudzivirira Clause kuputsa mutemo waitsaura vakadzi.
  • bergefell v. Hodges (2015): roorano yakaitwa yapamutemo yenyika yose, ichitonga kuti maruramiro makuru okuroora anotambanudzira kuvakwanyina vevatano imwe cheteyo.
  • [FLT]Bostock v. Clayton County [20]): Zivindiro dzakawedzerwa dzeTitle VII ku LGBTQ+ vashandi, chisarudzo chechiratidzo nokuda kwouenzani hwebasa.

Nharo Dzokutonga Dzinopfuurira

Zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zveDare Gurusa zvakamutsawo funganyo pakati pavatsigiri vekodzero dzavagari vemo. Somuenzaniso, Shelby County v. Hoder (2013) yakabvisa gadziriro yapamberi pekunyorwa kweKodzero yeRevoting Rights Act, kuchitungamirira kukukura kweganhuriro dzehurumende. Dare rinochinja rinopfuurira kupesvedzera nhau dzinobatanidza kunyoresa, kusunungura kworudzidziso, uye maruramiro okuvhotera. Nokuda kwechinjo yazvino, ACU uye [FLT:] [FLT:]] ZVINOVEREKA pamutemo ZVINOFURO.

Zvinetso Zviripo Munguva Ino Mukodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Pasinei nemitemo yakanyorwa, rusaruro uye kusaenzana kuri kuramba kuripo munzanga yeAmerica.

Kudzvinyirirwa Nekuodzwa Mwoyo Kukuru

Pashure pesarudzo 2020, nyika dzakawanda dzakagadza mitemo inoganhurira kusvika kwokuvhota, kubatanidza zvinodikanwa zvechivhotai zvakasimba, zvakaderedza kuvhota kwapakuvamba, kubviswa kwemivhoti, uye ganhuriro pavavhoti vepositi. Iyi mipimo inotapura nomutoo usingaenzaniswi vashoma, mari shoma, uye vavhoti vaduku. John Lewis Voting Rights Adment Act, yakaitirwa kudzorera zvinodikanwa zvekare, yadzika miganhu yakasununguka kuisa miganhu.

Kutaura Zvedzinza uye Chinjo Yamapurisa

Kuurawa kwaGeorge Floyd muna 2020 kwakanyandura kunyunyuta munyika yose nokumutsidzirwa kuraira kwomugumo kukubatanidza dzinza uye simba rakanyanyisa. Nepo George Floyd Justice in Policing Act yakakundikana kupfuudza mutemo wehurumende, dzimwe nyika dzakaita chinjo dzakadai sokurambidza miganhu, kuda makamera omutumbi, uye kugadzira masangano anotarisira avanhu. Zvisinei, kuparadzanisa madzinza mukusungwa, uye kushandiswa kwesimba kunopfuurira.

Rusaruro Rwebasa Mune Zvemari Itsva

Kumuka kwebasa, kurovha, uye kunzvera kubasa kwakaparira mikana mitsva yorusaruro. MaSaremori anogona kutevedzera rusaruro rwavanhu, kunze kwavanoda kutsamira padzinza kana kuti pamunhurume. The Eumeal Accomplication Commission (EOC) yakavamba kunzvera idzi nhau, asi mutemo wazvino hauna kusanogadzirirwa kuchisarudzo chokugadzira chokufunga. The EOC's Website yeE

Kusaenzana Kwedzimba Nezvemari

Mikaha yepfuma yechizvarwa inokanganiswa nokuwedzera uye kukweretesa kunoreva kuti nzanga shoma dzichiri kutarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvinokosha kumuridzi wedzimba nedzimba dzakatsiga. Kubvisa tsvina inobvisa nzvimbo dzavagari vemo kwenguva refu, uye mwero yokudzinga inoramba yakakwirira. Fair Howard Hosson Act chishandiso chine simba, asi kudzika midzi kunotsamira pakuedza nokuzvinyima.

Kuwiriraniswa: Kunyanyorova - rova Zvirevo Nedziviriro

Mutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo unowanzobata mapoka akadzivirirwa panguva imwe cheteyo, asi vanhu vamwe navamwe vanowana rusaruro rwakavakirwa pamavara akawanda. Somuenzaniso, mukadzi Mutema angatarisana nezvose zviri zviviri urudzi nevatano, izvo zvakasiana norusaruro runotarisana navakadzi vechichena kana kuti varume vechiBlack. Matare ave achinonoka kuziva zvinotaura "kutora rutivi", asi ruzivo rwapamutemo rwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi uye dare rakaderera rinobvuma kuti rusaruro rwakawedzerwa zvinoda mutoo wapamutemo wakajeka.

Masangano anobatira pamwe akafanana ne Tsamba yeHofisi yeUtano neMipiona yavanhu yeChivil Rights [ anorangarira nenzira inowedzera miuyo yokupindana pakunzvera zvichemo, zvikurukuru mumigariro yezvoutano.

Basa Rehurumende Mukunyoresa Kodzero Dzavagari Vemo

Masangano akawanda ehurumende anopomerwa kuongorora zvichemo, kurayira mitemo, uye kutevera kuongorora.

  • Dare reMabasa Akaenzana (EOC): rinomanikidza mitemo yehurumende yerusaruro rwebasa. Muna 2023, rakagamuchira chikwereti chinopfuura 80 000 ndokuwana mazana amamirioni muyamuro yemari nokuda kwavanyajambwa.
  • Dhipatimendi reRuramisiro (DOJ) Rusarudzi rweChiviko: Rinotaura kunzvera kwomuitiro kana kuti kurovedza mukurwisana namapato amapurisa, kupomera mhaka dzoruvengo, kumanikidza kodzero dzokuvhota, uye kugovera zvivako norusaruro rweurema.
  • Department of Office of Education for Civil Rights (OCR): Diviti yeIV (vara rerudzi), Tit IX (sex), uye Chikamu 504 (kushata) mumasangano edzidzo kugamuchira mari yemubatanidzwa.
  • [ Department of Home and Urban Development (HUD): Inomanikidza Fair House Act kupfurikidza nokunzvera, kuronga, uye mahestary kuDOJ.

Kuziva kuti unganyunyuta sei chinhu chinokosha pakudzivirirwa nemitemo, kunowanzova pakutaura nevanhu.

Kutendeseka, Dzidzo, uye Makwara Zvinoita

Masangano okudzora vanhu anoita basa rinokosha mukugadzirisa mukaha iwoyo.

Masangano Anokosha Okuva Akadzidza

  • American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU): Ritifaidzo zviitiko zvekodzero dzavagari vemo mumativi ose, kubvira pakuvhota kusvikira kukodzero dzokubereka, uye kugovera zviwanikwa zvepamutemo nokuda kwavanhu.
  • [CP] Eccle Legin Defense and Educational Fund:[[FLT: 1] Anotaura nezveruramisiro yedzinza, dzidzo yokusasarura, ruramisiro youtsotsi, uye ruramisiro yemari.
  • [ Vatsigiri veNational Women’s Law Center: nokuda kwekuenzana kwevarume mudzidzo, basa, uye utano.
  • Didisability Rights Education & Defense Fund (DEFFF): Mabasa kufambisira mberi maruramiro avanhu vane urema kupfurikidza nokushandura kwapamutemo uye muitiro.

Dzidzo Yenzanga uye Ziva Nhimbe Dzako Dzamaruramiro

Kupa simba vanhu vane zivo pamusoro pekodzero dzavo kudzivirira rusaruro. Masangano akawanda anoitisa "Zivai Kodzero Dzenyu" muzvikoro, kubasa, uye nzvimbo dzenzanga. Nhau dzinosanganisira kuti mungafambidzana sei nemapurisa, kuti mungaita sei kana mukasangana nebasa kana kuti kusarurana, uye kuti mungavhota sei. Nhengo dzemagetsi nedzemibatanidzwa zvinopawo mashoko anowanika kune vaya vasingagoni kupinda mumunhu.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu, Kuva Woga, uye Kubatanidza Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Zana remakore rechi21 rakakonzera zvinetso zvisina kumboitika kukodzero dzevanhu.

  • Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti gadziriro dzokuziva chiso dzine mwero yakakwirira yemhosho nokuda kwavanhu vane ruvara, kuchitungamirira kukukanganisa nokusunga kwenhema. Maguta anoverengeka akarambidza kushandiswa kweidzi tekiniki.
  • [[FLT: 0] Tsika dzeArigorithmic mukukweretesa, kurovha, uye dzimba: Gadziriro dzeII dzakarovedzwa pamashoko enhau dzinogona kupfuudzira rusaruro. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau nemamwe masangano ari kunzvera nzira yokudzora nayo "bhokisi rebhuraundi" maalgorith.
  • Ungwaru hwechipameso: Nzanga dzakaganhurirwa dzinowanzonangidzirwa navanoputsa mashoko uye vanoiswa mukunzverwa kusingawirirani. ACLU neElectronic Frontial Foundation zvinotsigira dziviriro dzakavanzika senhau yekodzero dzevanhu.

Vagadziri vemitemo vava kutanga kupindura. SaCalifornia naColorado vakabudisa mitemo yakakwana yakavanzika, uye mutemo wehurumende unoramba uri musoro wekurukurirano. REKTONIC Foundation inosanotevera idzi nhau.

Kuparara Kwekodzero Dzevanhu Munyika Yose

Kodzero dzavagari vemo muUnited States rutivi rwegadziriro yamarudzi ose yamarudzi ose yekodzero dzavanhu. Universal Declaration of Human Rights nezvibvumirano zvakadai seInternational Paravement on Civil and Politics Rights inogadza mipimo inozivisa mutemo wemhuri. Nepo U.S. isina kutendera zvibvumirano zvose zvekodzero dzavanhu, vatsigiri pane dzimwe nguva vanoshandisa miitiro yamarudzi ose kutsigira kuchinja. Somuenzaniso, United Nations yakabudisa mishumo pamusoro porusarura ganda namasimba masimba amapurisa muUnited States, ichiwedzera dzvinyiriro nokuda kwokuchinja.

Mugumisiro: Basa Risina Kuchinjwa Rokudzivirira Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Kugadzirwa kwekodzero dzevagari vemo munzanga yehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu ibasa rinoshamisa uye rinopfuurira. Kubva paBumbiro remitemo nemirau kusvika kubasa rezuva nezuva remasangano okutsigira kodzero dzavanhu, kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzakaenzana kunoda kungwarira nguva dzose. Unyanzvi hutsva, kuchinja kwamagariro enyika, uye kusasarura kunoramba kuchiedza simba remitemo iripo. Asi maturusi okudzivisa kurwisana nokuvandudza anoramba aripo: matare, mutemo, mutemo, pamutemo, uye basa rouswa. Nokunzwisisa nheyo dzemitemo uye kugara uchiziviswa pamusoro pezvinetso zvazvino unovapo, mugari wemo ari wose anogona kupa mubatanidzwa kunzvimbo refu yeruramisiro. Kurwira kodzero dzavagari vemo hakusiri pamusoro penyika, asi mutemo unoramba uripo mukuvimbisa kuti vanhu vose vabate nechiremera uye vakaenzana mumutemo.