Ukama Huri Pakati Pehurumende Nebumbiro Remitemo Rehurumende

Gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo reAmerica inowanzosanzwisiswa sechikwata chimwe, chapamusoro apo Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinomira roga roga somudziviriri werusununguko rwevagari vemo. Zvisinei, mutoo wacho unoshanda zvikuru. Mabumbiro emitemo eU.U. anopa nzvimbo yekodzero dzomunhu oga nepasi pano apo pasina hurumende ingawandisa. Asi mitemo inovaka dzimba pamusoro peuriri ihwohwo. Kunzwisisa kuti mabumbiro emitemo anobetsera sei kodzero dzevagari venyika anokosha kunokosha mukunzwisisa ukuru hwekodzero dzekodzero dzinofarikanywa neAmerica.

Ichi chimiro chakanangidzirwa chekodzero hachisati chiri tsaona yenhau asi rutivi rwamaune rwehurumende yeAmerica. Vavambi vakaziva kuti nyika dzingabatira samarabhoritari ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kuedza mitoo yakasiana - siana yokudzora nedziviriro dzamaruramiro. Nhasi, kunzvera ikoko kwakabudisa basa guru redziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo idzo dzinosiana muhurumende nehurumende, kuchiumba gadziriro yakaoma asi ine simba yokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga oga.

Basa Rebumbiro reMitemo reAmerica Munzanga

Mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende anobatira somutemo mukurusa mukati memitemo yawo yakasiana, ichishanda muwirirano yeBumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Nepo Bumbiro remitemo reU.S. richigadza gadziriro yehurumende ndokugadza maruramiro makuru, mabumbiro emitemo anokurukura nhevedzano yakafara yenhau uye anogona kupa dziviriro dzakakura zvikuru. Iyi tsika inopa mibatanidzwa miviri inobvumira masangano kuratidzira mipimo yechienzi, zvinyorwa, uye zvokutanga zvavagari vemo apo ichiri kuomerera kumipimo miduku yakagadzwa nomutemo wehurumende.

Musiyano mukuru ndewokuti mabumbiro emitemo kazhinji kazhinji marefu zvikuru uye ane udzame zvikuru kupfuura chinyorwa chehurumende. Vanokurukura nzvimbo chakananga dzemiitiro, dzakadai semari yokutsigira dzidzo, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, uye udzori hwomunzvimbomo, kuti Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinosiya kuhurumende. Uku kunoreva mitemo yehurumende inogona kugovera dziviriro dzakajeka apo gwaro rehurumende rinoramba rikanyarara kana kuti risina kujeka. Somuenzaniso, Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. haridura maruramiro kudzidzo, bva rinodokuva remaumbishonga iri yose renyika rinobatanidza gadziriro dzinovimbisa dzidzo yavose.

Rimwe basa rakakomba rebumbiro remitemo ibasa ravo mukuganhura simba rehurumende. Sezvo Bill of Rights ichiganhurira hurumende yehurumende, zvikwereti zvekodzero zvehurumende zvinoganhurira izvo matare ehurumende namasangano anogona kuita. Iyi dziviriro dzetsika yehurumende dzinogona kuva dzinokosha zvikuru apo Dare repamusorosoro reUnited States rinoganhurira kududzirwa kwaro kwekodzero dzehurumende, sezvo matare ehurumende anogona kutoita kuti dziviriro dzakakura pasi pemitemo yawo amene dzive pasi pemirayiro.

Nhoroondo: Kubva Pamahwendefa Enyika Dzinotongwa Nehurumende Kuenda Kubumbiro Remitemo Remazuva Ano

Tsika yebumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa muAmerica isati yatanga Bumbiro reMitemo reHurumende. Mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende apakuvamba akavamba nheyo yokuti simba rehurumende rinofanira kuganhurirwa negwaro rakanyorwa rinoronga maruramiro. Apo Ziviso yeKuzvitonga yakasainwa muna 1776, hurumende itsva dzichangobva kuzvimirira dzakatanga kuvamba kuita mitemo yadzo dzimene. Idzi zvinyorwa zvakabatanidza dziviriro dzorusununguko rwokutaura, kubudisa, gungano, uye rudzidziso (jererudzo) izvo zvaizobatanidza gare gare gare Bill of Rights.

Massachusetts Constitution ya1780, yakanyoreswa zvikurukuru naJohn Adams, ndeimwe yebumbiro remitemo rekaresa rinoshanda munyika. Inobatanidza Chiziviso chekodzero dzevanhu chinodzivirira kwete bedzi rusununguko rwegamuchidzanwa asiwo chinotanga gadziriro yokuparadzana kwemasimba. Mamwe mabumbiro emitemo apakuvamba, akadai seayo eVirginia nePennsylvania, akaisa zvakafanana dziviriro dzakasimba dzakapesvedzera kunyorwa kweU.S. Constitution neTracture yayo.

Muzana remakore rechi19 nerechi20, mitemo yehurumende yakashanduka kuti igadzirise zvinetso zvitsva. Mabumbiro emitemo okugadziridza mabumbiro emitemo kumaodzanyemba, somuenzaniso, akatanga gadziriro dzedzidzo yavose uye akarambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu. Kugadziridza kunofambira mberi kwakawedzera urongwa hwokutanga uye kugadziridza mitemo, zvichibvumira vagari vemo kugadza mitemo zvakananga. Zana remakore rechi20 rakava neimwezve nhevedzano yekodzero dzehurumende kupfurikidza nokugadziridza pamutemo kukodzero dzebasa, kudzivirira mhoteredzo, uye kuva voga.

Pesvedzero yeBumbiro Romutemo Rinotungamirirwa Nehurumende Pazvinyorwa Zvehurumende

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S., zvikurukuru Bill of Rights rakatenderwa muna 1791, rakagadza mupimo uyo nyika dzakawanda dzakabatanidza mubumbiro remitemo radzo dzimene. Nyika dzakagamuchira kazhinji kazhinji mutauro unoenzanisira dziviriro dzeFirst Amendment nokuda kwekutaura nerudzidziso, Kudzivirira kweFread Amendment panzvero dzisina mufungo, uye muitiro weFindmerment inovimbisa. Zvisinei, kukwereta uku kwakanga kusati kuri kungova kunyorawo zvako.

Mubatanidzwa we14 Amendment, wakasimbiswa muna 1868, wakachinja zvikurukuru ukama pakati pehurumende nekodzero dzehurumende kupfurikidza nokushandisa Bill of Rightsssss kuhurumende kupfurikidza nedzidziso yokubatanidza. Kunyange pashure pokunge dzatangwa, mabumbiro emitemo akaramba achishanda nemhaka yokuti aigona kugovera kodzero dzinopfuura mwero wehurumende. Dare Gurusa reUnited States rakaramba richidavira kuti hurumende dzingapa dziviriro huru zvikuru pasi pebumbiro radzo remitemo padzo dzimene kupfuura izvo Bumbiro remitemo rehurumende rinoda, chero bedzi dziviriro idzodzo dzisingapesani nomutemo womubatanidzwa.

Mienzaniso Yokudzivirira Kunowedzerwa Mhiri KweUnited States

Mienzaniso yakawanda inoratidzira kuti bumbiro remitemo rehurumende rinopfuura sei mipimo yomubatanidzwa:

  • Hurumende yeCalifornia inovimbisa zvakajeka kodzero yokuva voga, dziviriro isingawaniki murugwaro rweConstitution yeU.S. California Supreme Court yakadudzira iyi gadziriro yokufukidza chinhu chiri chose kubva muzvinyorwa zvezvokurapa kusvikira kumashoko echivande, ichigovera dziviriro huru kupfuura matare ehurumende akaziva pasi peGramende yeChina kana kuti pepembubra yeBill of Rights.
  • Environinment Rights: Mabumbiro emitemo anoverengeka, kubatanidza ayo eNew York, Pennsylvania, Montana, uye Hawaii, anobatanidza gadziriro dzinovimbisa mhoteredzo yakachena neyakanaka. Idzi gadziriro dzinopa simba vagari vemo kudenha kushatisa nokushatiswa kwemhoteredzo zvakananga, kuumba hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwezvakatipoteredza husina wirirano yehurumende.
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  • dziviriro yepakare: Mamwe mabumbiro emitemo anogovera dziviriro dzakafara zvikuru dzinowirirana kupfuura Bumbiro reMitemo reHurumende. Somuenzaniso, chitsama chakaenzana chedziviriro cheBumbiro reMitemo reNew York chakadudzirwa kudzivirira rusaruro rwakavakirwa pamurangariro wevatano nechiziviso chevatano kunyange dziviriro dzakadaro dzisati dzazivikanwa pasi pomutemo womubatanidzwa.
  • Procedical Procedia: Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa vakwirirwi maruramiro kukutonga kwedare kunyange nokuda kwemhosva duku apo kodzero yehurumende isinganamati. Nenzira yakafanana, Bumbiro reMitemo reWashington rinopa dziviriro dzakawedzerwa mukunzvera kusina maruramiro mune mamwe mativi akapoteredza.

Kududzira Kutonga: Kuumba Kunoita Matare Ehurumende Kodzero

Dare rehurumende rinoita basa rinokosha mukududzira bumbiro remitemo rehurumende uye kusarudza ukoshi hwekodzero dziri mukati memasangano aro. Apo dare rehurumende rinorondedzera bumbiro raro rimene, dudziro iyoyo inowanzova yokupedzisira uye isingahwirudzurwi neDare Gurusa reUnited States, chero bedzi isingaputsi mutemo wehurumende. Uku kuzvimirira kunobvumira matare ehurumende kutanga jurisprument yawo amene parusununguko rwavagari vemo, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kuronga zvisarudzo zvinopesana nemuenzaniso wenyika.

Murangariro we "uchangamire hwemunhu oga" mumutemo webumbiro remitemo unoreva kuti matare ehurumende anogona kududzira mutauro wakafanana kana wakafanana newamatongerwe enyika. Somuenzaniso, dare rehurumende ringataura kuti chitsama charo chemitemo yakasununguka chinodzivirira mufambiro unowirirana uyo Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakataura kuti First Amendment harina kufukidza. Uku hakusi kuzvidza chiremera chehurumende asi kushandiswa kwesimba rehurumende yakazvimirira.

Matare ehurumende anowanzopinda muicho nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinodana kuti "dare idzva redare rinotonga," sangano rakawana simba muma 1970 apo matare ehurumende akavamba kutsamira nokushingaira pamabumbiro awo amene emitemo kukudza dziviriro dzamaruramiro. Uku kuita kwave kuchipesvedzera zvikuru munharaunda dzakadai sokutsvaka nomutemo wokukwiza, umo matare ehurumende pane dzimwe nguva akaramba kurangarira kweDare Rapamusoro reUnited States ndokugamuchira mipimo inodzivirira zvikuru pasi pemitemo yawo amene.

Fundo Yenhau Yapanyika

Zviitiko zvakawanda zvinokosha zvinoratidza kuti kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo rehurumende kunogona sei kuwedzera rusununguko rwevagari vemo kupfuura mipimo yehurumende:

Mu Vanhu v. McCauley, Dare reNew York reZvikumbiro rakati chitsama chamashoko chakasununguka chebumbiro remitemo chakadzivirira maruramiro okupinda mumufambiro wokutaura nomutoo waipfuura First Amendment. Dare rakarangarira kuti mutauro webumbiro remitemo reNew York nenhau zvakaraira kusvika kwokudzivirira kukuru, kunyange zvazvo Dare rapamusoro rehurumende rakanga rasvika mhedziso yakasiana pasi pomutemo wehurumende.

Mu California v. Ciraolo, Dare Gurusa reCalifornia rakatonga kuti bumbiro remitemo rakagovera dziviriro dzakavanzika huru kupfuura Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakanga razivikanwa muGaramende reChina. Mhaka yacho yaibatanidza kunzvera mugwagwa kuseri kwedzimba, uye nepo dare rehurumende rakawana kusaputswa, dare rehurumende rairangarira kuti kutaura kwakavanzika kweCalifornia kwairambidza kunzvera kwakadaro kusina maruramiro.

Mumwe muenzaniso unokosha ndi State v. Hempele muNew Jersey, umo dare rapamusoro rehurumende rairangarira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo reNew Jersey raidzivirira kuvanda kwamarara akasiiwa nokuda kwokuunganidzwa, richiramba mutoo wehurumende uyo wakanga wabvumira kunzvera tsvina kusina maruramiro. Ichi chisarudzo chakashandisa murairo kuvamba mupimo wakakwirira zvikuru wedziviriro yakavanzika yavagari veNew Jersey.

Iyi nhau inoratidzira kuti kupiwa mhaka kwebumbiro remitemo rehurumende chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwokufambira mberi kworusununguko rwevagari vemo, zvikurukuru apo matare ehurumende ari kufamba murutivi runoganhurira zvikuru.

Miitiro Yazvino Mumutemo Webumbiro remitemo reHurumende

Mumakore achangopfuura, mutemo wehurumende wakatangazve sezvo vatsigiri vemitemo vaitsigira kumatare ehurumende uye kuongorora kwave kuchiitwa kuti vadzivirire kodzero dzehurumende dzakava dzinoitiranwa nharo kana kuti dzisina kudzivirirwa nehurumende.

Kutanga Kupa Vamwe Kodzero

Mitemo inoverengeka yakagadziridza mabumbiro emitemo avo kuti iwedzere kuvhota munzira dzinopfuura zvinodiwa nehurumende. Kunyoresa kwokuzvidira, kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chete, kusarevesa kusingarevi, uye nguva dzokuvhota dzapakuvamba dzose dzakagamuchirwa kupfurikidza nokugadziridza kwemitemo yehurumende kana kuti mutemo wakavakirwa mumitemo yehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Michigan vhotenzi yakatendera kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo muna 2018 uko kwakatanga kunyoresa kwokuvhota, kuvhota kusingachinjiki, uye mimwe mipimo. Florida 2018 2018 Demendition 4 yakadzorera kodzero dzokuvhotera kuidzoravhotera kuipfuura mirioni inopfuurwa kukodzero dzehurumende.

Zviito izvi zvehurumende zvinopesana nemitemo yekodzero dzokuvhota. Nepo Bumbiro Remitemo reU.S. richisiya kutarisirwa kwesarudzo kwakawanda kunyika, mabumbiro emitemo anopa gadziriro yapamutemo iyo vagari vemo vanogona kuisa nayo dziviriro dzekodzero dzokuvhota idzo dzisingadzorwi nyore nyore nomutemowo zvawo.

Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzokubereka Vana

Pashure pechisarudzo cheDare Gurusa reU.S. mu Dobts v. Jackson Vakadzi’s Health Organization, iyo yakatendeutsa Roe v. Wade, mitemo yomutemo yazova nzvimbo yokutanga yerwisano nokuda kwekodzero dzokubereka. Masangano akawanda akachinja mabumbiro emitemo awo kudzivirira zvakajeka maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri. Michigan, Ohio, Vermont, uye Kansas ari pakati penyika umo mavhotera anotenderwa kuvimbisa rusununguko rwokubereka.

Matare ehurumende akadudzirawo gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dziripo kuti adzivirire kodzero dzokubereka. Dare reMontana Supreme, somuenzaniso, rakarangarira kuti kuvandika kwebumbiro remitemo rehurumende nemirairo inodzivirira zvakafanana zvinodzivirira maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri. Nenzira yakafanana, Dare Gurusa reSouth Carolina rakaputsa mutemo wokubvisa pamuviri unoganhurira pasi pekodzero yehurumende yokuva woga, kunyange zvazvo dare gare gare rakachinja kuumbwa kwaro ndokutsigira ganhuriro yakasiana.

Uku kurangarira kwehurumende kunoreva kuti maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri zvino anotsamira zvikuru paunogara munhu nomutauro wakananga webumbiro remitemo rehurumende iyoyo. Iratidziro yakajeka yenzira iyo mabumbiro amabumbiro enyika anowirirana nayo(kana kuti muchinoitika chino, zadza kusava nechinhu kwakasiiwa ne_kudzivirira rusununguko rwevagari vemo.

Kuchinja Kweruramisiro Youtsotsi

Dare remitemo rehurumende rakavandudzawo ruramisiro youtsotsi. Madare enyika anoverengeka akashandisa mabumbiro avo emitemo kuganhurira bheray, kuvimbisa matare okukurumidza, uye kudzivirira kodzero dzevakwirirwi kupfuura mwero wehurumende. Mutezo weIllinois, somuenzaniso, wakadudzirwa kuvimbisa kodzero kukutonga kwokutanga mumhaka dzemhosva, dziviriro iyo gadziriro yehurumende isingagoveri nenzira yakafanana.

Chinjo yeBail yave iri nharaunda inoshingaira zvikuru. Mitemo yakadai seNew York neNew Jersey yakachinja gadziriro dzayo dzebheyili kupfurikidza nechinjo dzemitemo dzakapiwa munheyo dzemitemo dzehurumende dzedziviriro yakaenzana nomuitiro wakafanira. Muzvimwe zviitiko, matare ehurumende akada chinjo dzakavakirwa pamutauro webumbiro remitemo dzinorambidza bhera rakanyanyisa kana kuti dzinoda kuti bhera riitwe bedzi apo kuri madikanwa kuvimbisa kudzokera kwomupomeri kudare.

Nguva Yemberi Yomutemo Webumbiro remitemo reHurumende Murudzi Runochinja

Basa rebumbiro remitemo rehurumende mukudzivirira rusununguko rwevagari vemo sezvingabvira richakura muukoshi sezvo matare ehurumende anova akakamukana zvikuru mundangariro uye sezvo Congress inoramba ichioma panhau dzakawanda dzekodzero dzavagari vemo. Mitemo yehurumende inopa nzira nokuda kwavagari vemo kuti vadzivirire maruramiro asina kudzivirirwa zvakakwana pamwero wehurumende. Nhano dzeBallot nezvikarakadzo zvemitemo muhurumende mumativi ose ezvamatongerwe enyika zvichapfuurira kuedza miganhu yehurumende yemitemo yemitemo.

Nhau dzinobatanidza maruramiro ezvigaro zvemichina, dziviriro parusaruro rwemitemo, dzimba dzinotengwa, uye kuwanikwa kwezvoutano. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. richigovera gadziriro yakatsiga asi yakaganhurirwa, mabumbiro emitemo anogona kugadziriswa kupfurikidza nezvirongwa zvevagari vemo zvokugadzirisa zvinetso zvitsva nokukurumidza. Uku kupindura kunoita kuti mitemo yenyika ive yakakodzera nenzira yechienzi kudzivirira rusununguko rwevagari vemo munzvimbo umo ruzivo rwamabasa avanhu netsika dzenzanga zviri kugadziriswa nokukurumidza.

Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakacherekedza fariro inokura muicho vamwe vanodana kuti "ukuru hwehurumende hwakajeka," umo nyika dzinotarira kubumbiro remitemo reimwe neimwe nezvisarudzo zvedare nokuda kwenhungamiro, kuchiparira kushatisa kwapamhene kwedziviriro dzekodzero. Apo imwe nyika inovamba nedziviriro itsva yebumbiro remitemo, dzimwe dzinotevera, zvichitungamirira kukusimudzwa zvishoma nezvishoma kwemipimo munyika yose kunyange pasina chiito chehurumende.

mhedziso

Mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende haasati achingovawo zvawo zvigadzirwa zvenhau kana kuti magwaro okutarisira; iwo zvishandiso zvipenyu zvedziviriro yamaruramiro izvo zvinobatanidza Bumbiro remitemo rehurumende munzira huru. Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo reU. rinogadza uriri hwerusununguko rwavagari vemo runoshanda munyika yose, mirau yehurumende inovaka pahwaro ihwohwo nedziviriro dzakawirirana nezvinodikanwa zvavagari vemo vavo. Kubva pakodzero dzezvakavanzika nedzemhoteredzo kusvika kuvhotera nokubereka, mabumbiro emitemo azova zvishandiso zvinokosha nokuda kwokuwedzera nokuchengetedza rusununguko rwomunhu.

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vakavimbisa, kunzwisisa kubatanidzwa kwemutemo wehurumende necenic rebumbiro remitemo kunokosha kukunzwisisa ukuru hwose hwerusununguko rwevagari vemo veAmerica. Bumbiro remitemo rehurumende rinogovera gadziriro, asi mabumbiro emitemo anopa zvakawanda zvechinhu. Sezvo gakava rerudzi pamusoro pekodzero rinopfuurira kuvapo, gamuchidzanwa remitemo rehurumende richaramba riri mutoo unokosha wokudzivirira nawo rusununguko runorondedzera hurumende yeAmerica.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamusoro uyu, zviwanikwa zvinobva Center yeRuramisiro zvinogovera kunzvera kukuru kwezvisarudzo zvedare rehurumende nezvinoitika zvebumbiro remitemo. National Conference of State Legislatures zvinogovera kugadziridzwa kwemitemo yebumbiro remitemo nemwero yebhii. Mukuwedzera, [[FLT:]]Cornell Legal Information Institute [ inogamuchira shonga yetendero huru yemitemo yemitemo nenhau inowirirana.