Table of Contents
Apo Federal Reserve inokwidza mwero yemubereko nedanho rechikamu chimwe chezvina, mamirioni eAmerica anoona mari yavo yemakadhi okutenga nechikwereti ichiwedzera mukati mevhiki. Apo inoderera, vatengi vedzimba kamwe kamwe vanowana kuti vanogona kubhadhara dzimba dzakanga dzisingasviki. Apo inosarudza kupinza mamirioni ane mitauro muupfumi mukati menjodzi, tapuro dzinopfuura nechinhu chiri chose kubva mumisika yebasa kusvikira kumitengo yeshopu yezvitoro. Kunyange zvazvo Féderal Reserve Reserves yakapararira pavagari vezuva riri rose [, vaAmerica vazhinji zvikurusa vane nzwisiso isina kujeka kujeka kwakananga kweicho chinoitwa negadziriro ino kana kuti zvisarudzo zvavo zvinotapura sei upenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva.
Foderal Reserve System.
Uku kupesana pakati poukoshi hweFed nenzwisiso yavose kunoparira zvinetso nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri democracy nemari yomunhu oga. Vagari vanoparapatika kuyera mitemo yemari kana kuti kuita kuti vatungamiriri vazvidavirire apo vasinganzwisisi mipimo yemari. Vanhu vamwe navamwe vanoita zvisarudzo zvemari zviduku apo vasinganzwisisi kuti zvisarudzo zveFaced zvinotapura sei chikwereti chemonetic, mari inochengeteswa, uye mari inochengetwa. Kupfurikidza nokubvisa Federal Reservey netapuro yazvo muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, tinogona kuva vagari vemo vakazvizvarwa vakazvidzwa navaiti vechisarudzo chemari vakachenjera.
Chii Chiri Federal Reserve System?
Kuvakwa Nokuzvimirira
Federal Reserve System inomirira mubatanidzwa wechienzi wezvinhu zvavose nezvakavanzika, wakagadzirirwa kudzikamisa kuzvidavirira kwehurumende nedzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Yakaitwa neCongress kupfurikidza neFederal Reserve Act ya1913 kutevera nhevedzano yokuvhunduka kwemari, Fed inoshanda sebhangi guru renyika nepo ichiri kuchengeta utongi husiri hwenguva dzose kubva kudzori dzose dzehurumende nedzehurumende.
Gadziriro yacho ine zvinhu zvitatu zvinokosha zvinoshanda mukonzati. Board yeGavhuna muWashington, D.C., inobatanidza mitezo minomwe yakagadzwa naPurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare remashoko 14 . Iyi miraudzo mirefu, inopfuura mirairo mizhinji yapurezidhendi, inobetsera kudzivirira muitiro wemari kubva kudzvinyiriro pfupi dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Chair neVice Chaice Chair, inobatira mashoko amakore mana, inova chiso chavose nechaikuru.
Mabhanki ane gumi namaviri eruwa Federal Reserve Banks anoshanda munyika yose, rimwe nerimwe rinobatira maruwa akati enyika. Mabhangi aya (jeri) akaiswa mumaguta kubva kuBoston kusvikira kuSan Francisco. Anogovera mativi eruwa uye anochengetedza batano nepfuma yomunzvimbomo. Akarongwa semasangano ehurumende namabhangi emitezo sevachengeti vemari, asi anoshanda nokuda kwamadonzo avose panzvimbo pokuwana mhindu. Iri purani inovimbisa kuti Fed inzwisisa migariro yemari kupfuura Washington neWall Street.
Komiti yeOpentral Market Komiti (FOMC) inoita zvisarudzo zveFed's zvinoguma nemuuyo zvikurusa pamusoro pomuitiro wemari. Dare iri rinobatanidza magavhuna ose eBoard ose manomwe, purezidhendi weNew York Fed, uye mamwe mana apurezidhendi veruwa vari kushanda mumitemo inochinja. Vanosangana nakasere gore negore kuti vaone migariro yemari ndokugadza muitiro wemari, nezvisarudzo zvavo zvinotapura mwero yemubereko, basa, uye kukwira kwemitengo muupfumi.
Kuchinja Kwebvudzi
Congress yapa Federal Reserve mitoro mitatu mikuru inotungamirira zviito zvayo zvose. Chokutanga, basa gurusa [ rinoreva kuti Mvura inofanira kusimudzira migariro umo munhu ari wose anoda kushanda anogona kuwana basa. Ikoku hakurevi kuti dooro (mwero mukuru we "kushaikwa kwebasa" ndewenguva dzose sezvo vanhu vanochinja mabasa (asi panzvimbo pezvo kudzivisa kusashaiwa basa kusina kufanira nemhaka yemigariro yemari yakaneta.
Chechipiri, kudzikama kwemari kunoda Fod kuti ichengete kukwira kwemitengo kwakaderera nokusingachinjiki. Fed yakadudzira ikoku sokunodenha 2% yemitengo yegore negore, kudavira kuti mwero uyu unobvumira kukura kwakanaka kwemari nepo uchidzivisa zvinetso zvezvose zviri zviviri kukwira kwemitengo kwakakwirira nokuderera. Ichi chipfuro hachisati chiri chepamutemo. Chinopa chitsama chinodzivisa kuderera nokuderera kwemitengo inodzosera mberi kwapasi zvikuru zvokuti vanhu havasati vachingonetseka pamusoro pemitengo inokwira.
Chechitatu, mwero yemhindu yenhambo refu yemipimo yenhando [ inobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti mabhizimisi anogona kukwereta uye mhuri dzinogona kukwereta nokuda kwemisha pamutengo une mufungo. Iyi vavariro namamwe .Kubhadharwa kwamabasa makuru nedzikamo yemari kazhinji kazhinji zvinotungamirira kumwero yemhindu yakadzikama neinochengetwa, mwero yefariro inowana mwero wakadzikama uyo usinganyanyodzoreki kana kuti unodzoresa mubato wemari.
Iyi mirairo inowanzorwisana, kumanikidza Fed kuita zvinangwa zvakaoma. Kuderedza urovha kungada miitiro inoisa mungozi kukwira kwemitengo kwakakwirira zvikuru . Kukwira kwemitengo kungaparira zviito zvinowedzera kusava nebasa. Fed inofanira nguva dzose kudzikamisa idzi nharidzano dzinokwikwidzana, kuita rutongeso pamusoro pedzinoparira tyisidziro huru zvikuru kukuva zvakanaka kwezvemari panguva ipi neipi.
Kushanda Kwazvinoita Michina Yendege
Kuzvimirira kweFederal Reserve mukudzorwa kwakananga kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunorangarirwa kuva kunokosha nokuda kwomuitiro wezvemari unobudirira. Vezvamatongerwe enyika vanotarisana nokusarudzwazve kungaedzwa kusimudzira upfumi kwechinguvana kupfurikidza nomuitiro wemari wakashata, kunyange kana kuchiparira zvinetso zvemitengo yemari yenguva refu. Chimiro cheFed chinoedza kudzivirira zvisarudzo zvemari mudzvinyiriro dzenguva pfupi dzakadaro dzezvamatongerwe enyika.
Uku kuzvimirira hakusi kwakakwana(-* Conrever akagadzira Fed uye anogona kuchinja chimiro chayo kana kuti chirevo. Mutungamiriri weSangano anogona kupesvedzera mirau kupfurikidza nokugadza. Congress inoita kuti vakuru vakuru varambe vachitonga apo vakuru vakuru vanofanira kutsanangura nokudzivirira zvisarudzo zvavo. Ikoku kunoparira kuzvidavirira apo kunoramba kuzvimirira kwavo.
Mari yakagadzirwa iyo imene zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nemhindu inowanwa pachengeteko dzehurumende dzainoita kuti ive yakasununguka mune zvemari kubva kuCongregational apropriations. Uku kuzvifadza kunodzivisa vatambi vezvamatongerwe enyika kushandisa tyisidziro dzemari kuti vadzore nhevedzano yemari. Zvisinei, Fed adzosera mhindu yayo kuVhiziro pashure pokufukidza ndyiko dzebasa, achichengeta donzo ravose.
kuzvimirira kwapachivande kunoramba kuri kunomutsa nharo. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti vakuru vakuru vasina kusarudzwa havafaniri kushandisa simba guru rakadaro rezvemari muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Vatsigiri vanodzivisa kuti muitiro wemari unokosha zvikuru kuti uve pasi pemiganhu yezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuti unyanzvi hweFed's technocratic hunoparira miuyo iri nani kupfuura kuita chisarudzo chezvamatongerwe enyika. Uku kuoma kwehurumende nehurumende kuzvimirira kunopfuurira kuumba nharo pamusoro pebasa rakafanira reFed.
Mashandiro Emitemo Yezvemari
Kutarisirwa Kwemwero Wefariro
Chishandiso cheFederal Reserve chinooneka zvikurusa uye chinoshandiswa kazhinji kazhinji kugadza mwero wemari yemari ].Nguva dzemubereko dzinobhadharirana nokuda kwezvikwereti zvenguva pfupi. Nepo ikoku kungaratidzika kuva kwakajeka, mwero mumwe unopesvedzera mhindu yose muupfumi. Apo Fad inokwidza kana kuti kuderedza mwero uyu wechinotarwa, inoparira muuyo mukuru mukuru unotapura chinhu chiri chose kubva kumakadhi okutenga nechikwereti kusvikira kumakambani ebhizimisi.
Fed haidzori zvakananga mwero wemari yehurumende asi inoipesvedzera kupfurikidza nemabasa okutengesa. Kupfurikidza nokutenga kana kuti kutengesa mazango ehurumende, Fed inowedzera kana kuti kubvisa mari mugadziriro yebhangi, ichisundira mari kunzvimbo yayo yainenge ichidiwa. Kana Fed ichida kuva yakaderera, inotenga mari, inoisa mari mumabhangi uye inoita mari yakawanda zvikuru. Kuwedzera mari, inotengesa zvikwereti, inobvisa mari uye inoita mari shoma.
Chinjo mumwero wemari yehurumende inopfuudzwa nokukurumidza kupfurikidza negadziriro yemari. MaBank anogadziridza mwero yawo mikuru [. Mwero inogoverwa kuvatengi vakanakisisa(panodokuva pashure pokufamba kwePFed. Mwero yechikwereti, yakasungirwa pamwero mukuru, inochinja mukati mechitsama chemari chimwe kana zviviri. Mitengo yemari, inopesvedzerwa nekariro dzenguva refu, ingafamba mukukarira zviito zvapamberi panzvimbo pokumirira chinjo chaidzo.
Kufamba kwemikoto inoshanda nemikoto mizhinji. Mwero inoderedza kukwereta, mabhizimisi anokurudzira kuisa mari uye vatengi kuti vazoshandisa. Zvinoitawo kuti mari ive shoma, zvichikurudzira vanhu kuchengetedza mari kana kuti kuisa mari pane kuchengeta mari mumaakaundi asina kutsarukana. Kuiswa kwemitengo kunowanzokwira sezvo varonzeri vanotsvaka mibhadharo yakakwirira, zvichiparira migumisiro yepfuma inonyandurazve mari. Iyi migumisiro yakabatanidzwa inogona kuwedzera kukura kwezve mune zvemari nebasa.
Kurerutsa Kunoita Kuti Zvive Nyore uye Dzikamo
Apo mwero wemhindu wegamuchidzanwa unoratidza kusakwanira / kunyanya apo mwero inoswedera zero(pamwero weFT:0] misha yokuderedza (QUT). Ikoku kunobatanidza kutenga zvitsama zvikuru zvezvisungo zvehurumende nechikwereti chemota kuti zviise mari zvakananga mugadziriro yemari. Kusafanana nemibato yemari inovhura yenguva dzose inotanhamara mwero mipfupi, QE anovavarira kuderedza mwero yenhambo refu yemari uye kuwedzera migove yemari apo zvishandiso zvenguva dzose zvinopera.
Panguva yakaitika njodzi yemari ya2008, Fed akatanga mapurogiramu eCE asina kumboitika, achiwedzera mapepa ake akaenzana kubva pa $4,5 000 000 kusvika ku $4,5 mabhiriyoni. Dambudziko reCHOVID rakaita kuti pave nechinhu chakatonyanya kushamisa, pakazowedzera chitsama chemari kusvika ku $9 mabhiriyoni. Zvinhu izvi zvaiitirwa kuderedza mari yaidiwa panguva refu, kutsigira mari, uye kuvimbisa kuti misika yemari yaive nokuderera kwakakwana.
COE inoshanda kupfurikidza nemiitiro inoverengeka. Kupfurikidza nokutenga mibatanidzwa mizhinji. Fed, inokweva mitengo yavo uye inoderedza mibayiro yavo, ichideredza mutengo wokukwereta mumari. Vatengesi veiyi mibatanidzwa vanofanira kugamuchira mari kune imwe nzvimbo, sezvingabvira muzvinhu zvinoiswa mungozi zvakadai semasheketi kana kuti makambani, kuderedza ndyiko nemutezo unotsigira mari. Iyi "Portolio inopa mari inofambiswa pamwero wemari.
Pepa reFed redzinodzikamisa rakakura rinoparira denho itsva. Kudzima QE.
Zvinodikanwa Zvokuchengeta Nezvishandiso Zvekurumidziro
Mutsika, Fad mari yaipesvedzerwa kupfurikidza ne zvinodikanwa zvinobatira ]. Zvinotonga pamusoro pekuti mabhangi emari anofanira kuva akawanda sei panzvimbo imwe chete. Kupfurikidza nokukwidza zvinodikanwa. Zvikwaniriso zveFid zvaigona kumanikidza; kuderedza mari nokuda kwechikwereti. Zvisinei, muna 2020, zvinodikanwa zveFed chengeteko zvakaderedzwa kusvikira kuzero, kuratidzira chinjo mumashandire anoita mabhangi namamwe maturusiro azvino uno, akakwana zvikuru.
Fed inochengeta maturusi akasiyana- siyana enjodzi. hwindo rokuisa mumugwagwa inobvumira mabhangi kutarisana nezvinetso zvechinguvana kukwereta zvakananga kubva kuFed, kuchidzivisa zvinetso zvakaparadzana kupararira. Mukati menjodzi yeCHOVID-19, Fed akatanga zvivako zvinokosha zvakawanda zvokutsigira zvinhu zvose kubva kumari yemari kuenda kumabhangi, zvichiratidzira mano awo okugadzira maturusi matsva apo mamiriro ezvinhu aidiwa.
"Kutungamirira" kwazova chishandiso chinokosha zvikuru. Kupfurikidza nevavariro dzemiitiro yenguva yemberi zvakajeka, pesvedzero dzeMiitiro nemufambiro zvino. Kuronga kuchengeta mwero yakaderera nokuda kwenhambo dzakarebeswa kunogona kunyandura kushandiswa kwazvino uno neshavo kunyange pasina mwero wazvino uno. Iyi nzira yekurukurirano inoziva kuti kariro pamusoro pomuitiro womunguva yemberi dzinogona kuva dzine simba segadziriro dzemiitiro yazvino uno.
Mitsetse yokuchinjana yokumwe ine mabhangi apakati anovimbisa kuvakwa namadhora munyika yose mukati menjodzi. Sezvo kutengeserana kwakawanda kwamarudzi ose kuchiitika mumadhora, mabhangi okumwe pane dzimwe nguva anotarisana neperevedzo dzemadhora idzo dzinogona kudzongonyedza kutengeserana kwenyika yose nemari. Izvi zvibvumirano zvokuchinjananisa zvinobvumira Fed kugovera mabhangi okumwe, ayo anogovera mari yawo mukudzorera, achichengeta chengetera chengeteko yemari yenyika yose.
Kubatsira Kunoita Zvisarudzo Zvaunoudzwa Nemunhu Waunoda Kusarudza
Tapuro Yakananga Pandyiko Dzokukwereta
Apo Federal Reserve inogadziridza mwero yemhindu, tapuro dzinooneka mubhokisi rako rebhokisi retsamba nemashoko ebhangi mukati mevhiki kana mwedzi. Credit mubereko wemakadhi [, inowanzochinja uye yakasungirwa pamwero mukuru, inogadziridza nokukurumidza pashure pokufamba. Mwero weFedd wedzero we 0.25% inoshandura zvakafanana pamwero yemakadhi okutenga nechikwereti. Kana munhu akatakura mari yechikwereti ye $5 000, iyi inoratidzika kuva chinjo duku inoreva mari yokuwedzera yemari inopfuurirwa pagore. $2.50 mundyiko dzegore rose dzinopfuurwa mamirioni eAmerica, uye mumiuyo yemari inova huru.
Mwero yeMortgage[[FT: 1] inopindura kutsika inodzorwa asi nenzira dzakaoma zvikuru. Nepo Fema inodzora zvakananga mwero yenhambo pfupi, mwero yembavha inotsamira zvikuru pamibatanidzwa yenhambo refu inobereka nokukwira kwemitengo. Zvisinei, muitiro weFid unopesvedzera zvakasimba izvi zvinhu. Apo mwero wezviratidzo womunguva yemberi unowedzera, mwero wechikwereti chechikwereti unowanzokwira nokukurumidza sezvo misika yebhizimisi inokarira kuva murairo wakaoma. Nenzira yepaniko, misengwaro yemari yokuchengeta mwero yakaderera inogona kuchengeta mwero yechikwereti yakadzikiswa nokuda kwenhambo dzakaregwa.
Rangarira muenzaniso unoshanda: Muna 2020-2021, mitemo yechikwereti yakasunda mwero yechikwereti chechikwereti kukuva yakaderera zvikuru munhau inodokusvika 2,5% nokuda kwechikwereti chamakore 30. Mumwe munhu anokwereta $500,000 pa 2,5% anobhadhara inenge $1,185 pamwedzi nomwedzi. Apo mwero unokwira kusvika 7% (apo yakaita 2023) chikwereti chimwe chetecho chinodya $1,996 pamwedzi. Uyu musiano we $911 unoreva mari inobhadharwa inokwana inokwana mari inodokusvika $30 000 mumhindu paupenyu hwechikwereti. Iyi mwero unogona kubhadhara zvikamu zvose zvavagari vemo vachibva pamusha.
Zvikwereti zvinongoda kukwereteswa, zvikwereti zvomunhu oga, uye mitsara yechikwereti yapamusha zvose zvinotevera mitoo yakafanana. Mwero yechikwereti chechikwereti chemari inobhadharwa, zvikurukuru nokuda kwezvikwereti zvomunhu oga, zvinochinja-chinja nemitemo. Kunyange zvikwereti zvavadzidzi vehurumende, nemwero yakarongwa neCongress, Koretation inopa pesvedzero dzinopesvedzera purogiramu. Mabhizimisi maduku anonzwa iyi miuyo yakakwirira zvikuru. Mitengo yakakwirira inogona kureva musiyano pakati pokuwedzera kushanda kana kuti kuchengeta mugariro, pakati pokupinza vashandi vatsva kana kuti kuita navashandi vazvino.
Basa Nesimba Zvinochinja
Pesvedzero yeFederal Reserve pa misika yejob inoshanda mumikoto mizhinji, kunyange zvazvo ine mutengo mukuru. Apo Fidhi yakaderera inowedzera mari, mabhizimisi anokuwana kwakaderera kukwereta nokuda kwokuwedzera. Teni yeresitorendi ingavhura nzvimbo itsva, mugadziri angawedzera mitsetse yezvigadzirwa, kana kuti mavambo echeni angakurumidzisa kubhadharwa. Zvisarudzo izvi, zvakawanzi zvakawedzera kupfuudzira upfumi, zvinoparira mabanza ebasa.
Nenzira yakapesana, apo Feded inokwira kuti irwise kukwira kwemitengo, musika webasa unowanzova unotonhora. Makambani anotarisana nendyiko yechikwereti yakakwirira zvikuru uye kuderera kwezvinodikanwa zvevatengi, zvichitungamirira kukurovha mazakwatira kana kuti kubvisa basa. Zvikurukurukuru Anoshandisa urovha sechishandiso kudzora kukwira kwemitengo ne(a compoff inoparira gakava rinokosha. Ped Heair Jerome Powell akabvuma muna 2022 kuti kuderedza kukwira kwemitengo kungaparira marwadzo akadai kudzimba namabhizimisi, zvikurukuru kubvumwaro mukurusa wakanga uri mutengo unodikanwa nokuda kwokuchengeteka mutengo.
Ukama pakati pomuitiro weFed nemiripo hwakaoma uye kazhinji kazhinji hunopesana. [[FLT: 0] Muitiro wemari yemari yemaose [[[FLT: 1] uyo unoparira mabasa anofanira kuita kuti basa riwane mibhadharo nenzira yekuti vanoshandira vakwikwikwidzane nokuda kwavashandi. Zvisinei, kana zviito zveFid zvakanyanyonyanyisa mukusimudzira basa, muuyo wokukwira kwemitengo unogona kupedza simba rokutenga nokukurumidza kupfuura mibairo. Vashandi vangawana mari yakawanda asi vanowana madhora mashoma.
Makambani akasiyana - siyana anowana miuyo yakasiana-- siyana. Maindasi anotapurwa nefariro kufanana nokuvakwa nenzvimbo inowana chinjo nokukurumidza uye zvakakomba. Mwero unotapura zvishoma zvikuru kambani yesoftware ungaparadza muvaki wemichina. Mansactive, nokuvimba kwayo nedzimbahwe rinokweretwa nokuda kwemidziyo, kazhinji kazhinji inopindura zvakasimba kumiitiro yeMitemo. Maindasitiri ebasa angawana miuyo yakadzikamiswa zvikuru, kunyange zvazvo achiri kunzwa tapuro dzisina kunanga kupfurikidza nechinjo dzinoshandiswa.
Kukwira Kwemari Nesimba Rako Rinotenga
Mutoro mukurusa weFederal Reserve ( unova nedzikamo yemutengo [] [chakananga inokuvadza icho cheki yemari yako inogona kutenga. Kana Fad ibvumira mari yakawanda zvikuru muupfumi, mitengo inokwira muboka. Kana ichiganhurira mari zvikuru, kuderera kunogona kuitika, kuunza zvinetso zvayo yemari. Kukwira kwemari 2% kwegore negore senzvimbo inobvumira kukura kwemari apo inochengeta simba rokutenga.
Rangarira kuti mitengo yokukwira kwemitengo inosvika sei munguva. Padanho reFed' 2%, mitengo inopetwa kaviri makore 35 ari ose zvinooneka asi inodzoreka. Pa 4% yemitengo, mitengo yakapetwa kaviri mumakore 18 chete. Pa 9% yokukwira kwemitengo inooneka pakati-2022, mitengo ingapeta nakaviri mumakore 8 bedzi. Iyi misiyano inotapura zvikuru kuronga basa, zvinangwa zvokuchengeta mari, uye kurukurirano. Rubudiriro rweFed kana kuti kundikano mukudzora kukwira kwemitengo inosarudzwa inoparira kana kuti kuderera zvishoma nezvishoma.
Miuyo chaiyoiyo yokukwira kwemitengo yenyika inosiana zvikuru mumapoka okushandisa. Ndyiko dzedzimba, dzinomirira ndyiko hurusa dzemhuri, dzinopindura zvishoma nezvishoma kutsika yakaitwa nemhaka yenhambo refu nembavarira. Zvokudya nesimba, zvinopesvedzerwa nezvinhu zvenyika yose zvisingadzoreki, zvingasadavidza nomutoo unotemwa. Fed inonangidzira pa "core" kubvisa zvokudya nesimba, asi mhuri hadzigoni kubvisa izvi zvinodikanwa mumari yadzorwa.
Kurwa kwokukwira kwemitengo kweFed kunoparira vawiridziri navakundi vanorasikirwa. Kurega basa pamari inotanhamari kunotambura apo kukwira kwemitengo kunodarika kariro. Vakweretesi vane zvikwereti zvakatsiga vanobetserwa sezvavanoripira ne $36. Vachengetedzi vanochengeta mari vanoona kuderera kwesimba ravo rokutenga, nepo avo vane mari inodzivirirwa pakuderera kwemitengo vangabudirira. Kunzwisisa aya masimba anobetsera vanhu kuzvimirira vamene nenzira yakafanira nokuda kwezvinoitika zvakasiana zvendyiko.
Mienzaniso Yenhau: Zviito Nemigumisiro Yazvo
Kuchinja Kwenhamo Yemari ya2008
Tsinhiro yeFederal Reserve yakaratidza simba rayo guru neganhuriro dzemiitiro yemari ya2008. Sezvo matura edzimba akaputsika uye masangano ezvemari, Federal midziyo yose yakashandiswa yakatanga itsva. Mwero wemari yehurumende wakaderera kubva pa5,25% kusvika padereji rakabudirira pakasvika December 2008. Pazvakabvumikisa kuva zvisina kukwana, mapurogiramu eFed QE angadai akanga asina kufungwa makore akapfuura.
Kupfuura mwero wokucheka nokutenga zvinhu, Fed yakagadzira nzvimbo dzekurumidziro dzakawanda. Term Auction Facility yakagovera zvikwereti kumabhangi asingadi kushandisa hwindo rependi rinonyadzisa. Commercial Paper Funding Facial yakatsigira misika yokukwereta yemakambani. Fad yakatobha kana kuti bhegi rabviswa AING, kambani yeinishuwa yeinishuwa kunze kwerusaru, ichiirangarira kuva yakanyanyokundikana zvikuru. Zviito izvi, nepo zvichimutsa nharo, zvimwe zvakadzivisa kuputsika kwakakwana kwemari.
Mhinduro yenjodzi yakaratidza kuti miitiro yeFed inoparira sei miuyo isingakanwi. Nhamba dzechikamu chegorosi kwamakore manomwe dzinoranga vaponesi, zvikurukuru vanorega basa zvichitsamira pamubereko wemhindu. Kutenga zvinhu zvakakwidziridzwa nemitengo yezvisungo, zvikurukuru kunobetsera varidzi vepfuma vakapfuma. Zviito zvaFed zvingave zvakadzivisa kuora mwoyo asi zvakaparira kupfuma inopfuurira kuparira kusawirirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Iyi miuyo inoparadzira inoratidza kuti mitoo yeMitemo yePropu, nepo ichiita nharidzano dzemari inokwenetsa, inoparira vawiri vepfuma vapfumikoro duku nevanorasikirwa namari.
Kunaya munjodzi kwakabvumikisa kuva kunodzongonyedza nenzira inokangaidza pasinei zvapo netsigiro yeFed, kuchiratidzira ganhuriro dzemiitiro yemari. Fed ingagona kugovera mvura nemwero yakaderera asi haigoni kumanikidza mabhangi kukweretesa kana kuti mabhizimisi kuisa mari. Uku ku "kumhanya parukungedzero" chinetso kunoratidza chikonzero nei mutemo wemari nemutero wemari uchidiwa nemutero wemari. Matururo eFed anofanira kubatira zvakanakisisa apo pombi dzemari dzinoda kugadziriswa, asi zvinetso zvemari zvinoda zvigadziko dzakasiana.
Kupindura kweCOVID - 19
Dambudziko reFed's rakaita kuti zviito zvaro zva2008 zviratidzike kuva zvakaderera mukuenzanisa. Muna March 2020, sezvo kuvhara kwakavamba, mwero yakatemwa kusvika kudongo mumisangano yekurumidziro uye yakaziviswa kuti QE(ine ushingi hwokutenga chinhu chipi nechipi chiri madikanwa kutsigira misika. Chikamu chemari yakaputika kubva pa $4 mabhiriyoni kusvika ku $7 mabhiriyoni Zhinji mumwedzi mitatu. Fad nzvimbo dzakavakwawo kuti dzitenge zvisungo zvebhizimisi, chikwereti chemaakasitiri, uye kunyange ETFVs / EtFventures (zvikwereti) zvasakasito yaisareve zvakananga.
GNOME yeMupandi Wemari inotemwa yakaedza kutsigira mabhizimisi maduku nepakati, kunyange zvazvo yakabudirira zvishoma. Muchimbindi weMaritifality Faceficity yakadzikiswa nyika nehurumende yomunzvimbomo. Primarymaket Creator Corporate Cerfacity yakatotenga zvisungo zvesangano zvebhizimisi zvakanga zvapiwa, zvikurukuru zvichigovera mari yakananga yesangano. Zvirongwa izvi zvakawedzera donzo reFed ndokumutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pemiganhuro yemabhangi rapakati.
Iyi mhinduro youtsinye, yakabatanidzwa nokunyandurwa kukuru kwezvikwereti, yakabudirira kudzivisa kuputsika kwemari asi yakagovera wedzero yokukwira kwemitengo yakatevera. Kupfurikidza nokuchengeta mwero pedyo nezero uye kupomba mabhiriyoni muupfumi apo zvisungo zvokugovera zvaivhiringidzwa, Fed yakabetsera kuita migariro yokukwira kwemitengo kukurusa mumakore 40. Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa Fd vanoramba vachinyandurwa kwenguva refu zvikuru, nepo vatsigiri vanocherekedza kushaya mabasa kunoparadza uko kungave kwakabva mukudzikamiswa nguva.
Murakatira wakasimbisa kuti mitemo inobatira pamwe sei nomuitiro wemari munzira dzakaoma. Hurumende inonyandura nokuwedzera betsero dzourovha dzinogoverwa simba rokushandisa, nepo mitemo yemari yakavimbisa kuti misika yemari ingagona kuronga uku kukura kusina muenzaniso. Uku kuenzana pakati pezviremera zvemari nedzemari, nepo kuri madikanwa mukati menjodzi, kwakamutsa funganyo pamusoro peFed kuzvimirira uye nhevedzano yemari.
Kurwisana Kunokwira Kwenyika kwe2022 - 2023
Pashure pokuomerera pakukwira kwemitengo kwakanga kuri "kudzikamisa" muna 2021, Fed yakatenderera zvinoshamisa muna 2022, ichitanga nhimbe yayo inodenha zvikurusa mumakumi amakore. Mwero wemari yehurumende wakwira kubva pazero kusvikira ku 5% mumwedzi 16 bedzi. Fid yakavambawo kuderedza pepa rayo rechiyero, ichibvumira mabhiriyoni kuva akakura pasina kutsiva. Uku kusimbisa kumhanya kunovavarira kuderedza chinodikanwa ndokudzoserazve kukwira kwemitengo.
Miuyo yaifamba mumari chaizvoizvo sezvinodiwa(nakutyiwa. Mwero yeMortgage yakakwira 7%, kupwanya kutengeswa kwapamusha nokuvakwa. Makambani eCC, anotapurwa zvikuru nemwero yemhindu, akarasika mazana ezviuru zvavashandi. Mabhangi eruwa akatarisana nenjodzi sezvo mwero inoderera ukoshi hwawo hwechisungo, kuchiguma nokukundikana kunoverengeka kwebhangi mukuvamba kwa 2023. Kuderera kwemari yeFed's yakabudisa marwadzo chaiwoiwo emari.
Bva upfumi hwakabvumikisa kuva hwakasimba zvikuru, huchiomesa zvisarudzo zveFed. Urovha hwakaramba huri pedyo nenzvimbo dzakaderera dzenhau pasinei zvapo nedzinokwira. Vatengi vakapfuurira nokushandisa pasinei zvapo nendyiko dzakakwirira. Uku kugadziridza kwakamutsa mibvunzo: Dai kuchinjwa kwomugariro wemari here? Dambudziko raichinja zvechigarire here? Fed yakatamburira kududzira zviratidzo uye muitiro wokushanda zvakanaka nenzira yakafanira, ichisimbisa denho yokuita muitiro wemari pakati pokusava nechokwadi kwezvivako.
Ichi chinoitika chakaratidzira kuti Tsvakarorororo yemiitiro inotapura sei kubudirira kwemiitiro. Pashure pokunonoka kuziva kupfuurira kwemitengo, Fed yaifanira kuita nesimba zvikuru kupwisa misika yakanga yakakomba pamusoro pedzikamo yemari. Uku kurasikirwa kwaireva marwadzo makuru emari kupfuura angadai akadikanwa nechapakuvamba. Chinoitika chacho chakasimbisa chikonzero nei mabhangi makuru achichengeta zvisakiso zvawo zvokukwira kwemitengo.
Kunzwisisa Kurukurirano Dzakapinzwa
Kutaura Kwakaipa
Federal Reserve inokurukura nomumikoto yakasiana--- siyana, imwe neimwe inobatira vateereri vakasiana--- siyana namadonzo. tsinhiro yeFOMC [ inobudiswa pashure pomusangano mumwe nomumwe inogovera chisarudzo chemitemo nenzvero yemari. Aya magwaro akaitwa nokungwarira anoshandisa mutauro wakananga apo kunyange mashoko akavanzika anochinja mirau yezviratidzo. Apo chinjo dzeFedi "nguva inofungwa" ku "mhedzero" pamusoro pemwero inowedzera, misika inoendesa mabhiriyoni emadhora emari yakavakirwa paidzi gadziridzo dzechisamari.
Musangano weChisariro unomanikidzira unotevera misangano yeFOMC unopa kurukurirano huru zvikuru yemafungiro eFed. Vatori venhau vanonzvera kujekeswa kwemashoko asina kujeka nevavariro dzomunguva yemberi. Chigaro chinofanira kudzikamisa kujeka nokuchinjika, kugovera nhungamiro pasina zvisarudzo zvenguva yemberi. Shoko rakaipa rinogona kunyandura musika, kuita izvi zviito zvinotanhanhanhamisa mukurukurirano.
Mukuru mukuru mumwe nomumwe anopa hurukuro nebvunzurudzo izvo zvinogovera ruvara rwakawedzerwa pakurukurirano dzemiitiro. Idzi kurukurirano dzinotevera nhambo dzokunyangarika munhambo dzekupoteredza misangano yeFOMC uye dzinofanira kungwarira kusafanofungira dare zvisarudzo. Fedding" shop" yakabva mukujeka kwamaune pasi paAlan Greenspan kusvikira kujeka zvikuru pasi pevhuro dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, kunyange zvazvo mutauro uchiri chaizvoizvo unongwarira uye unokwaniriswa.
Fad inobudisa nzvero huru yezvemari kupfurikidza namabhangi eFed neBoard. Beige Book inounganidza magweta ematunhu kasere gore negore. Kaviri kana kuti kaviri kana kuti kaviri, Monetary Policy Report inopa kurukurirano yemari nemitemo. Mapepa aya anobetsera vacherekedzi kunzwisisa mashoko nenzvero yemiitiro yetsika.
Kutevera Zvisarudzo Zvakaipa
Nokuda kwavagari vemo vezuva riri rose vanoda kuronda muitiro weFomse, zviwanikwa zvinoverengeka zvinoita kuti muitiro wemari wakaoma usvike. Website yeFEderal Reserve inogovera kurukurirano dzose dzapamutemo, kubva kukutaura kweFOMC kusvikira kuhurukuro dzevhu. Fed inogarawo nzvimbo dzinonangidzirwa dzinotsanangura kuti muitiro wemari unotapura sei mari yomunhu oga.
Manyuko ezvemari anofukidza zvikuru zvisarudzo zveFod, kunyange zvazvo kunaka kuchisiyana zvikuru. Manyuko anokudzwa anogovera mashoko akapoteredza nenzvero yenyanzvi kubetsera kushandura zviito zvamanyuko kuva revo dzinoshanda. Zvisinei, kufukidzwa kunonyandura kunogona kukatutsira miuyo kana kuti kurukurirano dzinorangarirwa zvisina kururama. Kutanga kurava nokunyora mashoko paFid kunobetsera kuparadzanisa chiratidzo neruzha.
CD CD CD CD ROPA inoshandisa mitengo yemisika yemisika yenguva yemberi kutema bviro dzezvifambiso zvenguva yemberi. Nepo zvisina kukwana, uku kudeya kutaura kwakavakirwa pamusika kunowanzobvumikisa kuva kwakarurama zvikuru kupfuura kudeya kutaurwa kwenyanzvi. Kunzwisisa izvo misika inokarira zvinobetsera kukarira zviito zvingangova zvinotyisa izvo zvinogona kuparira 936.
Zviratidzo zvemari mishumo yeFed wachir($Marobhoti okushanda, mashoko okukwira kwemitengo, kukura kwe GDP(chikamu chenguva yemberi) zvinogovera zviratidzo pamusoro pomuitiro womunguva yemberi. Mabasa emwedzi nomwedzi wokutanga weChishanu neConsumer Price Index pakati pomwedzi zvinopesvedzera kufunga. Kudzidza kuti imashoko api ane chokuita nezvakawanda anobetsera kukarira kuita kweProvice kuzvinoitika zvoupfumi.
Mirangariro Inozivikanwa Navose Pamusoro PeFederal Reserve
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Nepo vanhu vanowanzoti Nhamba inovhura mari," iyi inopfuura kuisa mubato wakaoma kunzwisisa. Fed haitsikiri chaizvoizvo mari inosiiwa nechemo. Iyo Bhenikiti reHofisi yeMari yeEngraving nePrincing. Panzvimbo pezvo, Fed inogadzira matura omagetsi ayo mabhangi anogona kukwereta, zvinowedzera mugove wemari. Apo Fed anotenga zvisungo kupfurikidza ne QE, inopa mbiri yokutengesa maakaunzi ebhangi echi akachengeterwa enzvimbo dzemari ne $1 ichangobva kugadzirwa.
Iyi chisiko chemari yemagetsi hachisati chiri chisina kuganhurirwa kana kuti chisina muuyo. Chisiko chemari yakanyanyisa chinoparira kukwira kwemitengo, chinosekesa ganhuriro yomutengo weFed'. Fed inofanira kudzikamisa kugovera mari yakakwana nokuda kwokukura kwemari pasina kuparira kukwira kwapasi. Ichi chiito chokudzikamisa, kwete michina yokutsikirira, chinosarudza mugove wemari.
Ukama pakati pezviito zvechinyakare nokugoverwa kwemari hwazova hwakaoma zvikuru. Rondedzero dzamagamuchidzanwa dzakakarakadza ukama hwakananga pakati penzvimbo dzinochengeterwa zvinhu nokukweretesa, asi mabhengi azvino uno anoshanda nenzira yakasiana. Mabhangi anogona kuita mari kupfurikidza nokukweretesa pasinei zvapo nezviri muchengeteko, achimanikidzirwa nezvinodikanwa zvemari yakawanda nechikwereti kupfuura kuwanika kwemapepa.
"Mafuta Anodzora Zvemari"
Nepo Fade ichishandisa pesvedzero huru, haigoni kudzora mamiriro ezvemari kufanana neatrostat Control tembiricha. Gadziriro yemoneta inoshanda namadenderedzwa marefu neakasiana--chinja anhasi angasatapura zvizere upfumi kwemwedzi 12-18. FED inogona kupesvedzera migariro yemari nesundo asi haigoni kugombedzera mabhizimisi kupinza mari kana kuti kupedza mari.
Gadziriro yeFiscal, yasarudzwa neCongress naPrezidhendi, kazhinji kazhinji inopfuura muitiro wemari. Chinjo dzemitero, mari inoshandwa nehurumende, uye mirau zvinoumba miuyo yemari nenzira idzo Fed isingagoni kutevedzera nadzo. Mukati medziridzo dzemari, kurudziro yemari inowanzobvumikisa kuva inoshanda zvikuru kupfuura kuderera kwemari, zvikurukuru apo mwero inenge yatoderera. Fed inogovera tsigiro inokosha asi haisati iri yamasimba ose mune zvemari.
Zvinhu zviri munyika yose zvinowedzera kumanikidza vanhu kubudirira. Kushambadzira kwemarudzi ose, mitemo yemabhangi okumwe, uye umboo hwezvokugovera munyika yose zvinotapura miuyo yemari yeAmerica. Maped haagoni kudzora mitengo yeoiri inoiswa mumisika yenyika yose kana kuti kuperevedza kwezvemagetsi kwapanyika kunotangira muAsia. Izvi zvimwe zvinhu zvokunze zvinokurira muitiro wemari womumba, zvichiganhurira izvo Fed anogona kuita.
"Mari Ibhangi Rinoshanda Muguta reWall Street"
Chivako chechienzi cheFederal Reserve chinobudisa nyongano pamusoro porudzi rwayo neruvimbiko. Nepo mabhangi eFed ari masangano avanhu echinzvimbo ane mitezo yemabhangi savagari vemitezo, Fid inoshanda nokuda kwamadonzo avose [ mumurairo weCongress. Mabhangi emitezo haagoni kutengesa migove yawo, anogamuchira bedzi 6% yakaparadzaniswa, uye ane pesvedzero yakaganhurirwa pamabasa eFLT.
Boka raGavhuna rakaumbwa navakuru vakuru vehurumende vanosarudzwa naPurezidhendi ndokusimbiswa naDare. FOMC inoita zvisarudzo zvemiitiro zvakavakirwa pamirayiro yavose, kwete purofiti yomunhu oga. Fed inodzosera mhindu kuHofisi yemari pashure pokufukidza ndyiko dzebasa (Z $550 000 000 000 000) mumakore achangobva kupfuura. Ichi chivako chinoparira kuzvimirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika nepo chichichengeta donzo ravose.
Zvamazvirokwazvo, Fade inochengeta ukama hwapedyo namasangano ezvemari ayo anodzora uye anotsamira pakupfuudzira kwomuitiro. Uku kuva pedyo kunoparira ngozi dzekubatwa kwe "chirango" umo Fed inogamuchirwa nenzira isingafungi mifungo yebhizimisi rokubhangi. Suo rinotenderera pakati peFed neWall Street rinomutsa funganyo dzapamutemo pamusoro pepesvedzero isakafanira. Zvisinei, kuratidzira Fed sebatira fariro dzapabhengi dzinofuratira donzo radzo rakaoma uye kuzvipira kwechokwadi kudzikamiswa kwezve mune zvemari.
Kuita Zvisarudzo Zvemari Zvakachenjera Mukuita Kunoda Kuitwa Nechitsotsi
Kuchinjira Kumamiriro Ezvinhu Ane Mwero
Kunzwisisa nhevedzano yegadziriro yetsika kunobetsera kugadziridza mipimo yemari yomunhu oga. Apo zviratidzo zvenguva yemberi zvinowedzera, kurangarira kupfigira muzvikwereti zvakatsiga [ mwero usati wakwirazve. Kudzoresa chikwereti chinochinjika kumitengo inochinjika pamberi pokuti ganhuriro dzinoganhurirwa dzinogona kuponesa zviuru. Nenzira inopesana, apo Fed inova yapa mwero wakaderera, zvikweretiso zvinogadzirika zvingapa mutengo, kunyange zvazvo nengozi kana muitiro weFid usati waitika nenzira isingakarirwi.
Chikwereti chekadhi rechikwereti chinova chinodhura zvikuru mukati memitengo inodzorwa nefashoni. Kutanga chikwereti chakakwirira zvikuru chisati chakwira kumwero usati wawedzera. Rangarira kudzorwa kwemitengo yenhambo refu yemari. Rangarira zvikwereti zvomunhu oga zvokuvhara mwero wakaderera zvisati zvakwira kumakadhi okutenga nechikwereti. Kuvaka mari yekurumidziro kunova chinhu chinokosha zvikuru sezvo mwero yakakwirira inoita kuti kukwereta ramangwana kudhute zvikuru.
Gadziriro dzemitengo inofanira kuva netapuro pamakirasi ezviwiro zvakasiyana- siyana. Mabhond anorasikirwa nomutengo apo mwero inokwira asi anopa mibayiro yakakwirira nokuda kwokutenga kutsva. Mabhizimisi amakambani akagadzirwa zvikuru kana kuti ayo ane mhindu dziri kure (sefekitari zhinji dzemitengo) anotambura zvikuru mukati memwero. Kubvisa mari yemari nemari kungakwira kupfuura mwero wemwero. Kunzwisisa aya ukama kunobetsera nzvimbo nokuda kwematanho eMitemo yakasiana-ji.
Kuchengetedza zvirongwa kunotsamirawo pamuitiro weFed. Apo mwero iri kuwedzera, kutenga nokuda kweakaundi yokuchengeta iri nani uye mwero yemaCD inowanzova yakafanira. Mabhangi eOnline anowanzopa mwero yakakwirira kumabhangi egamuchidzanwa, misiyano ichiva ine revo sewedzero. Mari, iyo inosanotengesa inogovera dzimwe nzvimbo kumari yakachengetwa yagara iripo mukati menhambo dzinodzikamisa.
Kuronga Mabhuku Akawandisa
Rubudiriro rwaFed kana kuti kundikano mukudzora kukwira kwemitengo kunotapura zvikuru gadziriro yemari. Kukwira kwakakwirira kwemitengo kunobvisa mari inochengetwa pamari [[FLT: 1] nemari inoiswa mumibayiro asi kunogona kubetsera vakwereti vane chikwereti chakati. Kunzwisisa kukwira kwamari kwako kunobetsera kugadzirira mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana. Kurega basa kunotsamira zvikuru pakunangana nendyiko yakatanhama yakati inoda kuronga nokungwarira.
Mitengo inodzivirirwa namari inopa ruzhowa rwakananga pakukwira kwemitengo. Zvitengo zvevemari zvinodziviswa naDhipatimendi zvinogadziridza mutungamiriri nokuda kwokukwira kwemitengo, chengeta simba rokutenga. MaBond, anowanika zvakananga kuHongedzero yemari, anopa dziviriro yokukwira kwemitengo. Zvishandiso izvi zvinopa dziviriro yemitengo inoparira kudzorerwa kweinishuwarenzi yokukwira kwemari, kuchiita kuti ive nomufungo nokuda kwavavengi vemitengo kana kuti avo vari pedyo nokurega basa.
Zvinhu chaizvo zvakadai sezvivako nezvinhu zvinochengetedzwa nokukwira kwemitengo, kunyange zvazvo zvichishandiswa nekombiyuta. Mastock emakambani ane simba rokupinza zvinhu panzvimbo yepasi, angapfuudza mari kuvashandi (8) inoshanda panguva yokukwira kwemitengo. Kuwedzera kwemitengo yepasi pose kunogona kubatsira kana kukwira kwemitengo kuchiwedzera kudarika uwandu hwenyika yose yeUnited States, kunyange zvazvo njodzi dzemari dzichiita kuti nzira iyi iome.
Kutaurirana kwokushata kunofanira kuparira kariro dzemitengo. Kunzwisisa Nhaka dzemitengo kunobetsera kutanga kariro dzapamberi dzekurukurirano dzomubhadharo. Apo kukwira kwemitengo kunopfuura zvipfuro zveFed, vashandi vanova nenharo dzakasimba zvikuru nokuda kwokuwedzera kwenguva dzose. Nenzira inopesana, apo Fad inochengeta nokubudirira kukwira kwakaderera kwemitengo, kukura kunova kwakaoma zvikuru kururamisa.
Nguva Yemberi Yemitemo YezveNzvimbo Dzokuchengeta Chirango
Kugadzirisa Zvinetso
Federal Reserve inotarisana nedenho itsva idzo zvishandiso zvetsika dzemari zvingaparapatika kuti zvigadzirise. Chinjo yemakemikari inoparira ngozi dzemari dzinofanira kurangarirwa(___________________________________
Kudzongonyedzwa kworuzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu kunodenha ukama hwemagamuchidzanwa hwemari Fed inotsamira pa. Cryptocurrency ingava inonetesa kudzorwa kwemari. Ungwaru hwokuita mabasa hungachinja zvikurukuru mabasa ane simba. Ruzivo rwemari runoomesa kuwanda kwourovha. Iyi chinjo yegadziriro inoita kuti kududzirwa kwemari nokudzikamiswa kwemiitiro zvive zvakaoma nenzira inowedzera.
Demographic .Nguva dzinochinja mativi okugara kwevana, kuchinja mashandiro, kutora rutivi kwevashandi kunenge kukura kwemari uye mwero wemhindu yomusikirwo. Fed inofanira kugadziridza gadziriro dzemitemo kuidzi chinjo dzouvako. Chakashanda mukati mamakore makuru okubereka vana vangasakodzera chaunga chakwegura nokushandiswa kwakasiana nemitoo yemari.
Kubatana kwezvemari munyika yose kunoreva miitiro yakapararira ine kuteurwa kukuru kweropa kwamarudzi ose nepo zvinoitika zvokumwe zvichiwedzera kutapura miuyo yeU.S. Fed inofanira kurangarira kuti zviito zvayo zvinotapura sei misika iri kubuda inotsamira pakuwanira mari.
Kuchinja Kunobvira Nenharo
kurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro pechinjo yeFed dzinoratidzira zvose zviri zviviri ukoshi hwayo nomugariro unomutsa nharo. Vamwe vanokarakadza [[FLT: 0] nhamba dzebasa dzinowirirana nechinotsvakwa nendyiko yemari, kunyange zvazvo kurondedzera basa guru kuchiva kwakaoma. Dzimwe dzinokarakadza kukwidziridza chipfuro chemitengo kuti igogovera nzvimbo inorwisana nedenderedzwa remari, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kungasagona kuderedza kukwira kwemitengo.
Zvikarakadzo zvemari yamanani zvinogona kuchinja zvikuru basa reFed. Mari yemitengo yebhangi yepakati ingabvumira Fwed kushandisa muitiro wemari zvakananga panzvimbo pebutiro rebhangi. Mwero yemhindu yakashata, isingabviri nemari yokunyama, inobvira nemari yemichina. Izvi zvinonyandura dzimwe nyanzvi dzemari nepo zvichityisa avo vanoitira hanya hurumende pamusoro penzvero yemari.
Mibvunzo pamusoro pe Chirevo chapamutemo [[[FT:1] chinopfuurira kupedzisa. Ko kupesana kwemifungo yemari kupfurikidza negadziriro yemari here? Kufanira kurema sei mumitengo yemari mukupesana nemirairo yamagamuchidzanwa? Kurangarira mamiriro okunze kunofanira kupesvedzera mirau yemitemo here? iyi kurukurirano inoratidzira mibvunzo yakafara pamusoro pemiitiro yetechnocratic netechratisme sy sy sy.
Kuzvimirira kweFed kunotarisana nedenho dzinopfuurira. Dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yokuchengeta mari iri nyore inowedzerwa mukati mesarudzo. Masangano ePopulist anobvunza chikonzero nei vakuru vakuru vasina kusarudzwa vachishandisa simba rakadaro. Kuchengeta kuzvimirira nepo vachivimbisa kuzvidavirira kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kunoramba kuri kusagadziriswa sezvingabvira kuparira gakava rinopfuurira.
Mugumisiro: Kutapura Kunoita Vagari Vemo Zuva Riri Rose
Tsitsi reFederal Reserve yezuva nezuva harisi revo yemari. Chisarudzo chiri chose chinodzokororwa muupfumi, chichitapura kariro dzako dzebasa, kukwereta, kudzosa mari inodzorwa, uye simba rokutenga. Kana uri kutenga imba, kutanga bhizimisi, kuchengetera penjeni, kana kuti kungoedza kuita kuti zvinangwa zviwirirane, muitiro wetsika unoumba nzvimbo yako yemari munzira huru.
Kunzwisisa Fed haisati iri bedzi rovedzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yemari inobatira mukufamba upenyu hwemari hwazvino uno. Kuziva kuti miitiro yaMasimba anotapura sei zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana kunobetsera sei kugadziridza gadziriro dzemari dzakakodzera. Kukarira kuita kumashoko ezvemari kunobetsera kubatira nguva yezvisarudzo zvikuru zvemari. Kubatira murairo weFid kunobetsera kududzira mashoko ezvemari nekurukurirano dzemiitiro.
Bva ukoshi hweFed hunopfuura mari yomunhu oga kumibvunzo mikuru pamusoro poudzori hwedemocracy. Vatongi vemichina yetechnocracy vasina kurongwa vanofanira kushandisa simba guru rakadaro rezvemari here? Tinodzikamisa sei unyanzvi nokuzvidavirira, kuzvimirira nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu? Mibvunzo iyi ine basa nemhaka yokuti zvisarudzo zveFed zvinotapura kwete misika bedzi asi miuyo yenzanga, uyo anogona kubhadhara misha, ane mari inochengetwa inochengeta ukoshi.
Zvinetso zveFed's denho dzedu zvinowedzera. Kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kudzongonyedzwa kwemitengo, kuwanda kwenhamba, uye kubatana kwenyika yose zvinotapura zvose zviri zviviri muitiro weFed uye upenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva. Kunzwisisa uku kubetsera vagari vemo kupinda mune revo nekurukurirano dzemiitiro yemari panzvimbo pokuzvisiyira kunyanzvi. Democracy inoda vagari vakadzidza vanogona kwete bedzi vatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika asi masangano ezvoruzivo rwemiuyo yemari.
Nokuda kwavaAmerica vazhinjisa, Federal Reserve inoramba iri sangano rakavanzika pasinei zvapo netapuro yayo huru. Iyi mukaha wezivo unonetesa zvose zviri zviviri kuita chisarudzo chomunhu oga chemari nokutora rutivi kwehurumende yehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa icho Fed anoita, kuti inotapura sei upenyu hwezuva nezuva, uye denho dzainotarisana nadzo, vagari vemo vanova vapinduri vezvoupfumi vane simba panzvimbo pezvigaro zvisinganzwisisiki zvesimba.
The path forward requires both individual and collective engagement. Individually, we must educate ourselves about monetary policy and make informed financial decisions accounting for Fed actions. Collectively, we must participate in debates about the Fed's proper role, mandate, and accountability. The economy is too important to leave to economists alone—it requires engaged citizens who understand the institutions shaping their economic lives.
Sezvo Fed ichiita kuti pave nezvinetso zvisingaenzaniswi kubva pakudengenyeka kwepasi kunoitika nokuderera kwemamiriro okunze kusvikira kunjodzi dzemamiriro okunze, zvisarudzo zvayo zvichaumba zvikuru nguva yemberi yemari yeAmerica. Kana Fed ichigona kuchengeta tsinga yemitengo apo inotsigira basa, kana ichichinjika kugadziridza upfumi, uye kana ichichengetedza kuva pamutemo pakati penyika dzezvamatongerwe enyika zvichatapura budiriro yeAmerica yose. Kunzwisisa uye kubatanidzwa negadziriro yeFederal Reserve haisati iri chinhu chinokosha nokuda kwevagari vemo vakadzidza mune zvemari.
Federal Reserve ingaratidzika kuva sesangano riri kure rinobata nemirangariro isina mufungo, asi zvisarudzo zvaro zvinoumba uchokwadi chaihwoihwo hwemari yeAmerica. Kubva pamupimo wemhindu pachivako chako chemari kukuwanika kwamabasa, kuvambira pakukosha kwemari yako yokurega basa kusvikira kumutengo wechitengo, pesvedzero yeFed hainzvengeki. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa iyi pesvedzero, tinogona kuita zvisarudzo zvemari zviri nani, tinogona kuita kuti vagadziri vemitemo vazvirongwa vazvigaro, uye kutora rutivi rune redonzo pamusoro penguva yedu yemberi yemari. Fed anotapura vagari vezuva riri rose kwete sesimba asi sesangano rine zviito zvine simba ratinofanira kunzwisisa kuti tibudirire muAmerica yazvino uno.
Mamwe Matura
Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kukudza kunzwisisa kwavo muitiro weFederal Reserve netapuro dzayo, Federal Reserve Economic data (FLT) inochengetwa neFederal Reserve Office yeSt. Louis inogovera mashoko makuru ezvemari namaturusi okunzvera. Board yezviwanikwa zvedzidzo zvaGavhuna inopa tsananguro dzinosvikwa nyore nyore dzemiitiro yemari inogadzirirwa vanhu vose.
