Fandesheni Yebumbiro reMitemo Yokuita Mutemo

United States Congress yakatangwa neChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo, icho chinoisa masimba ose emitemo mumuviri webhimeral unoumbwa neImba yaVamiririri neDare. Iyi gadziriro yekambari mbiri yakakurukurwa nokungwarira kubvumirana pakati pehurumende huru neduku paConvention yeMitemo ye1787. Imba yakagadzirwa kumirira vanhu zvakananga, nezvigaro zvakagoverwa nevagari vemo, nepo Dare pakutanga raimirira mapavhuro enyika, nehurumende imwe neimwe ichigamuchira vatenzi vaviri vedare. Nhasi, makamuri ose ari maviri anosarudzwa zvakananga, uye anotakura mutoro pamwe chete wokuita mabasa emaoko, kukurukurirana, kukurukurirana, uye kururamisa mitemo inodzora rudzi.

Gadziriro yomutemo inoratidzira Muvambi ’ kuzvipira kuune, kuyera. Kupfurikidza nokuda mabhiri kupfuura nomumatanho akasiana - siana uye tendero yakachengeteka inobva mumakamuri ose ari maviri asati asvika Purezidhendi, gadziriro inodzivisa kukurumidza kana kuti kurangarirwa kusina mufungo kwemitemo. Kunzwisisa uyu muitiro unokosha nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzisi, uye vagari vemo vanoda kuita nomutoo une revo nehurumende yavo ndokuita kuti vakuru vakuru vavo vakasarudzwa vazvidavirire.

Ndiani Angasuma Bhizi?

Mutezo upi noupi weCongress unogona kutanga mutezo. MuImba yeVamiririri, mutezo unongoisa bedzi mutongo wacho muPhost ̬ bhokisi romuti pamabharani ’ madhesiki. MuDare, mutungamiriri anofanira kuzivikanwa nomukuru mukuru ndokuzivisa ruwara rwechapupu ’. Nepo Purezidhendi anogona kugadza mutemo uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anoita saizvozvo kupfurikidza neHurumende yekero yeUnion, mitezo bedzi yeDare reHurumende inogona kusuma nenzira yapamutemo zvikwereti. Ichi chivako chinovimbisa kuti bazu remitemo richengetedze kuzvimirira kwaro kwaro kwaro mutungamiriri wehurumende.

Mabhiri anogona kutangira mumanyuko akawanda. Mitezo inganyora mutemo wakavakirwa pazvipikirwa zvenhimbe, itiro hanya dzechitsaru, boka rezvibereko kubva kumasangano ebazu makuru. Zviuru zvemabhiri zvinopinzwa muCongress yegore rimwe nerimwe reviri, asi chikamu chiduku bedzi ̬ zvinofananidzirwa na 4-5% ̬ kuva mutemo. Kukundikana kukuru uku kunosimbisa kunzvera kumwe nokungwarira kunofanira kupukunyuka.

Rwendo Rwakakwana Rwedare Rinotungamirirwa Nemisangano

Kutevedzana kwakananga kunosiyana zvichienderana nekwakabva, nyaya yacho, uye kana mari yacho ichinetsa kana kuti iri nguva dzose.

Danho 1: Kugadzira uye Kutanga

Chisarudzo chisati chatangwa nenzira yetsika, chinopinzwa nechirango chemitemo ̬ chikwata chamagweta asingaparati anoshandura pfungwa dzemitemo mumutauro wapamutemo. Chibvumirano chinogoverwa nhamba: H.R. inoteverwa nenhamba muImba, kana kuti S. inoteverwa nenhamba muDare. Ipapo inopinzwa mu Conrobional Record[ uye inonongedzerwa kudare rakafanira kana kuti matare nekamuri rapamberi ̱ mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru.

Danho 2: Dare Rine Zvarinoita

Matare ndiwo anochengeta matare ose ari maviri anoshanda mumitemo yakadai sezvokurima, mabasa ezvombo, dzidzo, mari, uye dare rezvemari. Apo gwaro rinonongedzerwa kudare, mutevedzeri anosarudza kana aizoronga kutonga, kunzvera kubva kuCongregationalional Research Service, kana kuti kungorega matare anochengeta masuo achifa nokusaita chinhu. Iri simba rinoreva kuti matare anodzora zvinobudirira zviripo uye zvisingadzorwi.

Kana dare rikapfuurira, rinowanzotevera nhanho nhatu:

  • Kunzwa:[ Dare rinokoka nyanzvi, vakuru vakuru vesangano, vatsigiri, uye vagari vemo vanotapurwa kuti vapupurire. Minzwa inopupurirwa pachena uye inowanzonyorwa. Inogovera banza rokuunganidza mashoko, kuvaka chinyorwa, uye kuparira simba rezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kana kuti mukurwisana nomutemo.
  • Markup: Pashure pokunzwa, dare rinogadza rusando rwokupa. Mitezo inokarakadza kugadziridzwa, chinjo, uye vhoti parugadziridzo rumwe norumwe. Markup ndimo mumutauro wakaumbwa, pane dzimwe nguva zvinoshamisa. Muzvinoitika zvizhinji, rugwaro runobva kuMucheto runobereka rune kufanana zvishoma neshanduro yapakuvamba yakatangwa.
  • Mushumo weCommittee: Kana mushumo wacho wangopfuudza dare kupfurikidza nevhoti zhinji, dare rinobudisa mushumo unotsanangura bhii rinonzi ̱ chinangwa, chinopfupikisa kutonga, chinoronga manzwi akagamuchirwa, uye chinogovera chiverengero chamavhoti. Mushumo wacho unobatanidzawo kufungidzira kwemari kubva kuCongregation Baclation Office uye kutaura kwechiremera chebumbiro remitemo.

Mabhiri asingagamuchiri vhoti yedare anofa mudare. Uyu ndiwo muuyo mumwe unozivikanwa zvikurusa nokuda kwomutemo. Zvisinei, pane miuyo yokupfuura dare ̬ zvakadai sechikumbiro chinoburitswa muHouse ̬ asi izvozvi hazviwanzobudirira.

Nhano 3: Kuronga Nokukakavadzana Mumba

Kana mutengo wangoshumwa bedzi mudare, unoenda kuuriri hwekamuri. MuImba, Dare reMitemo rinoita basa rinokosha padanho iri. Dare reMitemo rinopa mutemo unokosha unosarudza kuti gakava richatora nguva yakareba sei, kuti itsananguro ngani dzinogona kupiwa, uye kana kugadziriswa kwacho kwazaruka kana kuti kuvharwa. Basa iri rokuchengeta gedhi rinopa kudzora kukuru kweboka pamusoro pepurogiramu yemitemo.

Pamutambo wenharo, nhengo dzinopikisana nenyaya yacho dzinoshandisa nzira yakarongeka: kukurukurirana kunogoverwa nguva pakati pevazhinji nevashomanana, uye vakurukuri vanoganhurirwa kumaminitsi mashomanene mumwe nomumwe. Mukuru mukuru anotungamirira anodzikamisa nguva zvakasimba. Kupokanidzana kazhinji kunova kwokusabvumirana uye kunogona kunyandurwa, zvikurukuru panhau dzine nharo.

Pashure pokunge kurukurirano yaguma, House inopfuurira kuvhota. Muzvinoitika zvizhinjisa, voruzhinji vemitezo iripo uye kuvhota vanodikanirwa kupfuudza mutero. Vhoti huru dzinorekodwa pakombiyuta, uye miuyo inobudiswa mu [ Conforional Record. Kana pamutemo wacho unopfuura, unotumirwa kuDare nokuda kwokurangarira.

Nhano 4: Chiito Chakanaka muDare

Dare rinoshanda zvakasiyana neImba. Inzvimbo duku ine mitemo mishomanene, uye inoshanda kupfurikidza nokubvumirana kwenhau dzenguva dzose. Apo bhiridha rinosvika pauriri hweDare, mutungamiriri mukuru anorironga nokuda kwokurangarira. Kukurukurirana kweDare kazhinji kazhinji hakuna kurongwa kupfuura kurukurirano yeMusha: vanasaini vanogona kutaura kwenguva refu sezvavanoshuva kunyarara kunyarara ndokupfuudzwa.

Dare ̱ rutivi runotsaura zvikurusa ifilbuster. Sangano kana kuti boka ravanemitengi rinogona kunonotsa vhoti kupfurikidza nokutaura nguva dzose kana kuti kupfurikidza nokungotyisidzira kuita kudaro. Kugumisa nhubuster, Dare rinofanira kuparira kukuvara, uko kunoda kuti mativi matatu akurumidze kukunda (60 vhoti). Ikoku kunoreva nenzira inobudirira kuti mutemo unokosha zvikurusa unofanira kukwezva bipartisan kutsigira kukurira tyisidziro yeChibereko. Chinoumbisva chave manyuko makuru mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, nokumwe kuipikisa kunodzivirira maruramiro mashoma uye vamwe vanoikwikwidzana kuchiita kuti chigone kuparira kurira.

Kana Dare rikapfuudza chibvumirano chakafanana neChinyorwa cheHouse, mari yacho inoendeswa zvakananga kuna Purezidhendi.Kazhinji, Dare rinogadzirisa mutero wacho, unoudzorera kuImba nokuda kwechimwe chiito.

Danho 5: Kugadzirisa Kusawirirana Pakati Pedzimba

Apo Imba neDare zvinopa shanduro dzakasiyana - siyana dzemutemo mumwe chete, misiano inofanira kupedzwa mutongo usati wagona kuva mutemo.Izvi kazhinji kazhinji zvinoitika kupfurikidza neimwe yemiitiro miviri:

  • Transformation : Imba inogona kuvhota kugamuchira Dare ̱ kugadziridza, kana kuti kupesana. Kana makamuri ose ari maviri akabvumirana, muganhu wacho unova wakafanana uye unofambira mberi.
  • Conference Committee: kana kusawirirana kwacho kuri kukuru, dare remusangano rinoumbwa nemitezo yemakamuri ose ari maviri rikagadzwa kuti rikurukure. Dare remusangano rinoita mushumo wemusangano nomutauro wabvumiranwa. Ipapo makamuri ose ari maviri anofanira kuvhota pamushumo wedare pasina kugadziriswa. Kana vose vari vaviri vachibvumira, pamutemo unotumirwa kuMutungamiriri wenyika.

Zvisinei, kazhinji kazhinji ndiyo nzira bedzi yokupedza nayo kusawirirana kwakaoma pamutemo mukuru wakadai sezvikwereti zvezvibvumirano zvegore negore kana kuti kuchinja kwezvoutano.

Danho 6: Chiito Choutungamiriri Hwehurumende

Kana mari dzezvikwereti dzakafanana dzangopfuura bedzi makamuri ose ari maviri, mari yakanyoreswa inodhindwa pamatehwe ndokutumirwa kuWhite House. Purezidhendi ane mazuva gumi (anopedza maSvondo) okuita chiito. Migumisiro mina inobvira:

  • [ Chiratidzo chacho: Mutemo unova mutemo nokukurumidza paPurezidhendi ̱ siginicha. Mitambo yokusaina yapachena inowanzoshandiswa kukwevera ngwariro kumutemo mukuru.
  • Mutengo: Mutungamiriri anodzorera mutongo kuCongress neshoko rinotsanangura zvirambidzo. Congress inogona kudzora vhoti netutatu mbiri mumakamuri ose ari maviri. Kudzorwa kwezvinenge 4% zvevhatoes munhau yeAmerica kwave kuri kusingawanzowaniki.
  • Usaita chiito apo Congress inenge iri muchirongwa:[[FL:1] Pashure pamazuva gumi, mutemo unova mutemo pasina Purezidhendi ’ siginicha. Irori rinozivikanwa sechitsama chehomwe.
  • Usaita chiito apo Congress inopikirwa: Iyi ihomwe yomuhomwe. Mutengo hausati uchizova mutemo, uye Congress haigoni kuudzosa nemhaka yokuti haisati ichiri murusando.

Marudzi Omutemo

Kunzwisisa zvimiro zvakasiyana - siyana zvomutemo kunojekesa nzira iyo Dare rinoshandisa nayo chiremera charo:

  • Mabhii ePublic: Mutemo unoshanda kurudzi rwose. Zvizhinjisa zveizvo tinofunga nezvawo se ̴ mitemo ̵ zvikwereti zvavose. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Afford Care Act ne Civil Rights Act.
  • Mitemo inobetsera munhu chaiye, boka, kana kuti nzvimbo. Zvikwereti zvapachivande zvinoshandiswa nokuda kwokuyamura vatami, kutaura mukurwisana nehurumende, kana kuti mibairo chaiyo yomudyandigere. Zvinozivikanwa zvikuru nhasi kupfuura muzana ramakore rechi 19.
  • Chisarudzo cheRevo: zvakafanana namabhiri uye anoda muitiro wewirovhiti imwe cheteyo. Zvisarudzo zvemativi zvinoshandiswa nokuda kwekugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo kunokarakadzwa (icho chinoda mvumo yezvikamu zviviri muzvikamu zvose zviri zviviri uye kuiswa mumativi matatu nezvina zvehurumende) uye nokuda kwemimwe mipimo yechinguvana yakafanana nechisarudzo chinopfuuridzirwa kutsigira Hurumende.
  • Zvisarudzo zvechitsama cheIndaneti:[[FT:1] Zvinopfuura nemakamuri ose ari maviri asi zvisati zvatumirwa kuPurezidhendi. Zvisarudzo zveConnual zvinoshandiswa nokuda kwenhau dzomukati dzakadai sezvisarudzo zvebhajeti, kugadza misi yebvumirano, kana kuti kuratidzira pfungwa yeCongress panhau dzemiitiro.
  • [ Zvinofungwa zviri nyore: Zvinodavirwa zvinenge zviri muimba imwe. Zvisarudzo zviri nyore zvinobata basa romukati rakadai sokuchinja mitemo, kutanga matare, kana kuti kuratidza kunyaradza. Hazvina simba romutemo.

Basa Routungamiriri Nezvizvara Zveboka

Vatungamiriri vemapoka neshangu vanoita basa guru mumutemo wokufudza kupfurikidza neDare. Sauler of the House neDare guru rinosarudza kuti zvikweretii zvinopinda muuriri, kugadza rudungwe rwemitemo, uye kukurukura nezvigaro zvedare nemitezo yakatanhamara. Vatungamiriri vaduku, panguva ino, vanoshanda kuti vatsigire chishoro uye kupa zvimwe zvinotsiva.

Zvikwereti zvine mutoro wokuverenga mavhoti nokuvimbisa mitezo yebato inotsigira utungamiriri ’ nzvimbo. Zita rokuti ̴whip ̵ zvinobva munvers vhiking — nhiro dzinoshandiswa nenhonje dzinovhima &822; nuniss dzinoshandiswa kazhinji kutema kana kuti kuunza bhiridhasiti kuuririsa kana kuti kunonozetsa. Nhasi, shambo dzinobudisa nhanho dzinoratidza kuti utungamiriri huzhinji hwakakodzerwa, kuti imbiri, uye kuti izhinji sei. Izvi zvinokosha zvinowanzoshandiswa kurangarira kuunza mutero kuuriri kana kuti kunonotsa nokuda kwokupinda zvikuru.

Kukosha Kwokudzika Mitemo Mukutonga Kwehurumende Yechidhimoni

Mutemo muitiro mukuru unoshandiswa neCongress kushandura vanhu kuti vave netsika chaiyo. Pasina muitiro wemitemo unoshanda, bazi guru raizoshanda pasina kunzvera, uye vatongi vaisazova nenhungamiro yakajeka. Kukwanisa kuisa mitemo ndiko kunoita kuti Dare rive bazi rokutanga rehurumende, sezvaidiwa nevavambi.

Kunzwisisa kuti mutemo unopfuura sei kunokoshawo pakuvimbisana kwevagari vemo. Vagari vanoziva kuti izvi zvinoitwa vanogona kunyatsotsigira zvikonzero zvavanoda. Vanogona kuziva dare rakarurama rinofanira kuitirwa zvinhu, kunzwisisa kukosha kwevhoti dzepauriri uye kugadziridzwa, uye kuziva apo vamiririri vavo vari kuita chiito chine revo mukupesana nokuongorora.

Uyezve, muitiro wemitemo unogovera mikana yokunzwa pachena panguva dzakawanda. Vagari vanogona kupupurira pakutonga kwedare, kunyora tsinhiro, kusangana navamiriri vavo ̱ vashandi, uye kutora rutivi muhoro dzetaundi nenzvimbo dzavose. Iyi mikoto yokutora rutivi inokosha kuti ichengete hurumende inogamuchira uye yapamutemo.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Pagadziriro Yokudzika Mirayiro

Kuwedzera kwemitemo, kuwedzerwa kwemitemo yehurumende, uye kushandiswa kwemitemo yehurumende kwachinja zvose maitirwe emitemo.Vatsoropodzi vanoti muitiro wacho wazova unononoka zvikuru uye wakadzikatidzwa, nepo vamwe vachipikisa kuti Vavambi vakaronga nemaune tsika ingaita kuti mutemo ushande kuitira kuti uome kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu.

Imwe kombamiro huru kushandiswa kwemabhiri makuru, akaoma kunzwisisa eamnibus ayo anoisa mazana egadziriro dzisina kubatana mukuvhota kumwe. Uyu muitiro unoderedza kurukurirano yokuona nokuganhurirwa kwezvinhu chimwe nechimwe. Imwe kombamiro inowedzera kutsamira pakuyananisa nebhajeti, muitiro unobvumira mutemo wakati wemari kupfuudza Dare nevoruzhinji panzvimbo pe 60 convete. Rutsiuro rwakaitwa pakuvamba nokuda kwokuderedza mutengo asi rwave runoshandiswa nokuda kwechinjo huru dzemitemo pamusoro pokuzvirongwa zvoutano, mitero, uye zvirongwa zvenzanga.

Mabhiri anofanira kungopfuura nepakamuri dzose, kupukunyuka kuongororwa kwedare, kupukunyuka kukurukurirana kwouriri uye kugadziridzwa, uye kubvumirwa nepurezidhendi.

Nzira Yokushandisa Nayo Mitemo Yakarurama

Vadzidzi, vadzidzisi, uye vagari vemo vakaroorana vanogona kuongorora mari yezvikwereti munguva chaiyo:

  • .Gov ̵ Ruzivo rwepamutemo rwemitemo yehurumende. Vashandisi vanogona kunzvera nenhamba yebhii, shoko rapamusoro, mutsigiri, kana kuti dare. Nzvimbo yacho inogoverawo mishumo yema dare, foni inovhota, uye Conrogational Record[.
  • GovTrack. #821; Nzvimbo isina papartisan, yakasununguka iyo inowedzera ratidziro dzemaidi, mamiriro ezvinhu, gadziridzo, uye maemail. GovTrack anochinjawo mubato wemitemo wemitezo mimwe nemimwe.
  • Sayenzi.gov neHouse.gov ̵ Mawebsite epamutemo eimba imwe neimwe anogovera rusando rwerusando, migove yedare, uye zvinoitika zvouriri kupfurikidza nemwaranzi.

mhedziso

Muitiro wokushandura mutezo kuva mutemo ndemumwe wemiitiro yakasanorongwa zvikurusa yeAmerica yokutonga. Kuvambira pakutanga kumubato wechiito chedare, kurukurirano youriri, kurukurirano yemusangano, uye chisarudzo chapurezidhendi, nhano imwe neimwe inobatira donzo ramaune. Sangano iri kunonoka noune uye inoda bvumirano huru kuti ibudirire. Kuvadzidzi navadzidzisi, vanonzwisisa uyu muitiro hausi mutoowo bedzi wedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yezvomubatanidzwa wenzanga une revo. Apo vagari vemo vanonzwisisa kuti mitemo inoitwa sei, vanogona kuva vatsigiriri vari nani nokuda kwemitemo yavanotsigira, vatsigiri vanotsigira kuzvidavirira, uye vanonzwisisa kudzikamiswa kwakaoma kwezvifariro zvinorondedzera hurumende yehurumende yeAmerica.