Kushatisa Kwokumanikidza Chii?

Kunzverwa kwenzvero dzemipimo urongwa hunonyengera hunonyengedza senzvero yepfungwa dzapamutemo. Kusafanana nokuvhota kwechokwadi kunotsvaka kuyera murangariro wavose, kumanikidza kurongwa kuhuumba kupfurikidza nokuparadzira mashoko akaipa kana kuti anotsausa. Kazhinji kazhinji kunoitwa norunhare kana kuti nzvero yemifungo yetsika, kuvhotera kuchabvunza nhevedzano yemibvunzo inoiswa muchiedza chinokuvadza, zvakadai se "Kuva nomukana mukuru zvikuru kana kuti usingawanzovi nomurangariro wavose weCandiate X kana waiziva kuti vakapiwa mhaka yebutsoro? ”? Kunyange kana pasina kutendiswa kwakadaro. Vava havasati vachiunganidza mashoko asi kuisa chikarakadzo mundangariro mundangariro yevoki. Chisakiso chakakurumbira chapamutemo chinopesana nemitemo yokunzvera. Zvisinei, kana zvichipesana nezvirongwa zvakashatswa.

Masangano Akasiyana Nemamwe Emashoko Emaruwa Nemabhazi omumataundi

Kuti tinzwisise kuti kuongorora kunomanikidza kunokanganisa sei vanhu vakasiyana - siyana, zvinokosha kuongorora nzvimbo dzakasiyana - siyana dzinobudisa nhau uye masangano anoshandira vanhu vari mumaruwa uye mumataundi.

Mitambo Yamaruwa: Yakaganhurirwa Misiyano Yezvinobudisa Nhau Nemajoini Omunzvimbomo Akasimba Zvikuru

Nzanga dzomumaruwa kazhinji kazhinji dzine nzvimbo shoma dzinobudisa nhau dzomunzvimbomo uye dzinowana zvishoma kumashoko akasiyana - siyana. Nharaunda dzakawanda dzokumaruwa dzinogoverwa nepepanhau rimwe, nhepfenyuro shomanene dzeredhiyo, uye zvichida imwe kana mbiri dzinotepfenyura. Kupinda kwenhepfenyuro yeBhandindi kuchiri kupesana munzvimbo dzakawanda dzomumaruwa, uko kunoganhurira kuratidzirwa kumashoko enyika yose, kunzvera maiwebsite emashoko, uye zvimwewo. Uku kushaikwa kwemashoko kunoreva kuti kumaruwa kunotsamira zvikuru pamiteshina yemitezo yenyika yeko, mhuri dzechechi, uye masangano enzanga. Ruvimbiko runo runoiswa mumanzwi akarovedzeka akarovedzeka. Apo kunzvera kunosvika kupfurikidza nerunhare kana kuti mashoko, kungarangarirwa zvikurukuru sechipoteko chapamutemo nemhaka yokuti mashoko anopesana zvikuru anoyera kuva. Kuwedzera, vanhu vomumaruwa hava kubatanidzawokanwa varimi, mabhizimisi manyoro, makambani mashoma, makambani anodzo anoshanda, uye makambani anoshanda kupfurikidza nokushanda kupfurikidza nokushanda zvikuru, mapoka anozivikanwa zvikuru anenge anenge

Makambani omuUrban: Mashoko Akawanda Asi Akakamuranisa

Vavhoti veUrban, mukupesana, vanoshambira mumashoko akawanda. Maguta makuru ane mapepanhau akawanda, maredhiyo neterevhizheni, anofukidza zvikuru nenhau dzetambo, uye vagari vomuUrban vakapararira paInternet. Vagari vomuguta vanoona mirangariro yakasiyana zvikuru yezvamatongerwe enyika, masangano ezvokunzvera, uye mashoko okunyora mashoko. Kunyange zvakadaro, uwandu hwakawanda hunouya nokuparadzana. Vanhu vomuUrban vakasiyana zvikuru ne(maredhibhuroko, mari, uye matomascmmat shamsss anowanzopedza zvikuru nhau dzakasiyana - siyana. Nyanzvi dzemitenzi dzeguta dzingawana mashoko kubva kumanyuko enyika seNew York Times kana kuti NPR, neyakaderera inowana mari inopfumisa njodzi. Kuparadza uku kugona kuparira njodzi dzinoteverwa mumaronzevedzero, kana kuti kushamatongo kushamba kwamarudzi avanhu vomunyika, zvimwe nzanga dzinodzorwa kupfurikidza nokupfuutsa dzidzo, kupfuutsa dzidzo yezvirongwa, dzidzo yezvidzidzo, kana kuti kupfurikidza nokupfumisa

Kushandisa Kwakaita Kukanganisa Kunoita Kuranga

Kunzwisisa nzira idzi dzinobatsira kutsanangura kuti nei vavhoti vokumaruwa uye vomumaguta vangaita zvakasiyana.

Kusimbisa Zviratidzo Nokuparadzana Kwakaipa

Kusimbisa ikombamiro yokutsvaka, kududzira, uye kuyeuka mashoko anosimbisa zvitendero zviripo. Kuvhota kwokumanikidza kunoshandisa ikoku kupfurikidza nokuisa mashoko akaipa pamusoro pomushori munzira inonzwika nemirangariro yemuvhoti. Somuenzaniso, muvhoti wemifungo yokumaruwa anorerekera kumifungo yezvokutsigira kubatira kutsigira kutsigira kukuvadza nzanga dzemurima nechero kana kuti dzisiri dzechokwadi. Kusavimba kwomumwe munhu kunovaita kuti vagamuchire kunyanyisa kunyanyisa. Urban Rehood anoratidzira tsigirowowo, asi kazhinji kazhinji vanoratidzirwa kutsigira zvikuru kupesana namanyuko akasiyana namashoko akasiyana, anogona kuderedza pesvedzero. Kushatsa kwechipoka kwechi nokuda kwechinjo inopesana. [5]

Muuyo Wehope Namanyuko Anokanganwa

Another psychological weapon used by push polls is the "sleeper effect." Over time, people tend to forget the source of information while retaining the information itself. A voter who hears a false accusation during a push poll may later forget the dubious source but remember the accusation as a fact. This is particularly dangerous in rural areas where there are fewer competing sources to counter the claim. In urban environments, the higher density of information sources and faster news cycle can sometimes "overwrite" the false memory, but if the push poll is targeted to a community with its own closed information loop (e.g., a specific ethnic social media group), the sleeper effect can still take hold. The sleeper effect is more pronounced when the message is repeated, and push poll scripts are often designed to repeat the accusatory question multiple times in slightly different forms.

Uchapupu Hwezvakasiyana - siyana

Kunyange zvazvo kuongorora kunoitwa munyika yose kuchikurudzira kuongorora kunoitwa nejogirafi, zvirongwa zvinoverengeka zvokutsvakurudza uye zviitiko zvenhau zvinopa nzwisiso.

Kuongorora Kunoratidza Kuti Vanhu Vari Mumisha Havambozvioni

Nzvero ya2016 yakabudiswa mu Kukurukurirana kwechiNgezi yakanzvera kushanda kwenhimbe dzakashata mumaredhineti akasiyana. Yakawana kuti vavhoti vari munzvimbo dzakaderera dzenyuzirwo (idzo kazhinji kazhinji dzinobatana nenharaunda dzomumaruwa) dzinopesvedzerwa zvikuru nokushambadzira mashoko okunzvera kupfuura masangano enhau. Vanzveri vakagumisa kuti munzvimbo dzine zviteshiwo zvakaganhurirwa, kunyora kwakaipa kune simba rakasimba zvikuru, kunoreva kuti kwakaita manyuko akati kana kuti mascrite mundangariro dzechokuro. Kunzverazve kwapavhuratorirwa kwapa kunoitwa ne [FLT:] Nheswokunzvera yakakwirira [2001] Nheveredziro yematema] yakawana kuti vanhu vokumaruwa sezvingabvira vanovimba zvikuru namanyuko makuru omunyika, kupfurikidza nokushaiwa mashoko omunzvimbomo, uko kungareva kuti kunzvera nokukurumidza.

Kudzivisa Mumataundi Nokurwisa

Kudzivisa kwavavhoti veUrban kumanikidza kuvhota hakupikidzirwi nguva dzose. Kuedza 2020 kwakaitwa neUniversity of Southern California yakaedzwa kusunda mibvunzo yokuvhota nayo mumaguta nomumusha vavhoti muLos Angeles County. Migumisiro yakaratidza kuti kunyange zvazvo vavhoti vomumaguta vakanga vasingabviri kuchinja chinangwa chavo chose, mapoka makuru chaiwoiwo aisarudza semagandanga akasimba kana kuti vaigara munzvimbo dzedzinza dzakaparadzanwa dzechienzi nedzechipambuva. Kunzvera kwakasimbisa kuti kusimudziro mukuru hakusi kutenderera kuri kutenderera kwesesase, asi kuti "chiteshi chenhauro chapamusoro" uye "chitsoro chetsoro chetsororororo chetsororororororororo" chakava maguta ose. Mumataundi nenzvimbo dzakasiana-nze nokuwanda ezvitengozha.

Mienzaniso Chaiyoiyo Yenyika Yokushatisa Nezvinobva Zvakwo

Mienzaniso yenhau inoratidzira simba rokunzverwa kwokumanikidzira uye kuti yakaumba sei miuyo yokusarudza muzvose zviri zviviri maruwa nomumaguta.

2000 South Carolina Primary

Chimwe chezvinoitika zvenzvero zvakashata zvikurusa chakaitika mukati me 2000 South Carolina yedokero yegore ra1924 pakati paGeorge W. Bush naJohn McKain. McCain, uyo akanga ahwina New Hampshire yokutanga, akanga achiwana simba. Mumhinduro, vashandi vasingazivikanwi vakasunda kuvhotera muruwa rwacho. (zvizhinji zvazvo imhandu iyo iri mitema (*Kaina akanga abereka mwana mutema asina pamutemo (McCain akagamuchirwa kubva kuBangladesh). Kuvhotera kwaishandiswa mutauro kwakafanana, "Kungava here kana kuti kushomanenesa kuvhotera nokuda kwaJohn McCain kana uchiziva kuti ane mwana mutema kunze kweroorano? Kupomera kwakaipa kwakapararira mumishamba nokutarisira kukuru kwezviteshi, uye kutsigira kwa McCain kwakawana muchena. Southern Carolina, akawana zvikuru uye anokwenetesa nhau yenhauro yenhau yegwendero.

Chisarudzo chaPrezidhendi cha2016 uye Kutanhamara

Muvhota muna 2016, kusunda nzvero dzakachinja kuva zvimiro zvemipimo zvakati zvikuru. Nzira inozivikanwa se "kuedza nokuda kwavarevi" inoshandiswa kuvhota kuti vazivise nokuvhota kupfurikidza nokubvunza mibvunzo inotungamirira pamusoro pavadaviri. Kunzverwa uku kwamakombiyuta kwaiwanzonangidzirwa kumifungo yomumaruwa mumiganhu yakadai seWisconsin, Michigan, uye Pennsylvania. Zvirimo zvakashandiswa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvakashandiswa pamusoro pezvichemo zvemaruwa pamusoro pokutengeswa kwemitengo, kubuda munyika, uye kuderera kwemari. Mugumisiro wacho wakanga uri simbiso yakabetsera kukwevara micheto mishomanene. Mumaguta, miduku yakadai yakanangidzirwa panhau dzakadai sedzimba dzinobhadhara mari, asi mumibato yezvinobudisa nhau. Kunyange zvakadaro, mumademocracratic asi mumist, migaro inodzo yakadzorwa zvikuru, ingava yakadzorwa nokudzorwa kupfurikidza negadziriro kwemitezoro.

Makwikwi Omunzvimbomo Netapuro Yakanyarara

Nzvero dzinovhota dzinotozivikanwa zvikuru muminhangemutange yeguta, dare rechikoro, uye masangano eruwa, umo nzvero dzezvinobudisa nhau dzine mativi mana. Mumaruwa, nhimbe imwe yokunzverera inogona kudzora nenzira inobudirira kupararira kwamashoko kwamavhiki. Mumaruwa ane mabudiro akawanda ezvokubudisa nhau, muuyo unowanzonanwa nenzvero dzomunzvimbomo. Zvisinei, mumaguta magwenga enhau , nzvimbo umo mapepanhau akavhara kana kuti kuderedza kunzvera kwapashure kwakawanwa kupesvedzera kusarusarudzo. Kunzvera kwa2018 kweColumbia kwakaitwa nenhau dzakashandiswa sei mudzinza romunzvimbomo muAtlantactago, apo pepanhau romunzvimbomo rakanga raderedza vashandi, richisiya vavhotai vamakurukota vashomanene vama.

Kurangarira Kwomutemo Nekwepamutemo

Kukura kwetsika uye kwemitemo yokumanikidza kuongorora kunosiyana - siyana nokudzora, uye kushayikwa kwemitemo inodzorwa nguva dzose iitiro hanya yokuvimbika kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Mitemo Yazvino

MuUnited States, nzvero dzinomanikidzira dzinodzivirirwa kazhinji kazhinji sehurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika pasi peFirst Amendment, asi dzimwe nyika dzine zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa. Somuenzaniso, mutemo weCalifornia unoda kuti nzvero ipi neipi inoitiswa norunhare izivise sangano rinobhadhara runhare. Texas inorambidza kushandiswa kwemashoko enhema mukunzverwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, kumanikidza kune utera hushoma, uye kumanikidza kunzvera kunoshandisa kunzvera kunoshandisa masangano echidhiramu kana kuti matestat stecratess kuti vanzvenge. Federals Communications Commission (FC) ine mitemo inorwisana nerunhare dzapamberipo pasina kubvumirana, asi kumanikidza kuvhotera kunoitwa mumaoko kana kuti mashoko, kuwira mubumbiro repanyuko. [FLDU.]

Kukumbira Kuchinja

Mapoka okuvhota. Mapoka avanhu, kubatanidza Common Can Cange and the League of Women Voters, akasundira nokuda kwechinjo dzenzvimbo yehurumende idzo dzingaita kuti nzvero dzive dzisimbe kana dzine kutaura kwenhema kusingabvumiki. Vamwe vakakarakadza kuda "dis rediation" dislaimer. Denho ndeyokuti kumanikidza manyoro okuvhota kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anoshandisa mibvunzo inokarakadza panzvimbo penhema. Kuishayisa zvakaoma kuidzika kunetsa kudenha. MuCanada, Econs Acts Act inorambidza munhu upi noupi kunyora mashoko enhema pamusoro penhau yekusarudzo mukati nhambo yeSarudzo, uye kumanikidza kudenha nenzira inobudirira. U. U.S. , kunyora mashoko enhau dzinokurudzira zvakananga mashandiro okunzvera mashoko muruwa rwemaruwa rweruwa rwenyika dzinodaviriranwa kuzivisa. Kuwedzera, dare retsoro renyika renyika dzinodzokororororo.

Zvirongwa Zvokuti Pave Nenjodzi Pakushambadza

Kutaura nezvetyisidziro yokunzverwa kwokumanikidzirwa kunoda mutoo wakawanda unoita kuti nzvimbo dzakasiana - siana dzokuvhota dzomumaruwa nedzemumaguta dzivepo.

Dzidzo Yokuverenga Nokunyora

Nhimbe dzedzidzo dzinofanira kugadziridzwa kuti dzienderane nezvinonzi zvinoshanda mumibatanidzwa yemashoko. Mumaruwa, kuedza kunyora nokunyora mashoko kungaita kuti zviitwe muzviitiko zvenzanga, mapepa echechi, uye mapurogiramu eredhiyo omunharaunda. Chinangwa ndechokudzidzisa vavhoti kuti vaone zviratidzo zvenzvero: kushandiswa kwomutauro wakaremerwa, kushayikwa kwomubvunzurudzi anorarama anobvunza mibvunzo isina kwaakarerekera, uye kuramba kupa mutsigiri wenzvero. Mumaguta, kubatana nezvikoro neraibhurari kunogona kubatsira, asi mapurogiramu emichina okudzidza kuverenga nokunyora mashoko anofanirawo kutaura nezvezvirongwa zviduku zvinobudiswa nokubudisa mashoko anoshandiswa achishandisa zvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga.

Kukurumidza Kubvuma Chokwadi

Masangano anonzvera zvinhu akadai sePolitiFact neCheck.org ane miitiro yokuedza kubudisa mashoko enzvero, asi anowanzotsamira pamifungo inobva kuvavhoti. Kugadzira nhamba iri nyore kuyeuka kana kuti rugwaro yokushuma runhare dzinonyumwirwa kungagona kukurumidzisa mhinduro nguva. Zviteshi zvenhau zvomumaruwa, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzomumaruwa, zvinogona kurovedzwa kuongorora kumanikidza nhimbe dzokunzvera nokubudisa ruramiso. Kufunda neUniversity yeMichigan kwakaratidza kuti mhinduro yokukurumidza mumaawa 24 pashure penhimbe yokuedza kuderedza simba rayo rokunyengetemesa nokukwira kusvikira ku40%. Nemhaka dzemaguta nezvinobudisa mashoko zvizhinji, kudzokororwa kwapamhiko dzezviteshi zvinogona kubetsera kusimbisa kuti nhevedzano mativi ose asvike mapoka aduku.

Kusimbisa Mipimo Inoshatisa

Vanzveri vemitevedzeri vemitemo vane fariro mukuzvitsaura vamene nenzvero dzinomanikidzirwa. Masangano eIndaneti akadai seAAPOR neNational Council on Public Polls (NNCPP) anogona kusimudzira "kubvuma kuteererwa" uko nzvero dzapamutemo dzingaratidzira. Mitengo inogona kuisa kuwirirana kupfurikidza nokuraira kuti nzvero ipi neipi yezvamatongerwe enyika inofanira kunyoreswa nedare revhoti rehurumende. Apo muvhoti anogamuchira runhare rusina zvibvumikiso zvakadaro, kunofanira kufungira. Mukuwedzera, vatakuri vefoni namabumbiro okutumira mashoko efoni namashoko vanogona kubetsera kupfurikidza kubvisa nhamba dzenzvero dzinozivikanwa kuti foni dzechidhina. Ruzivo rwezvokutengeserana rwezvamatongerwe enyika runofanira kucherwa. Rudzi rwuripo kudikanwa kushandira kui.

Kupedzisa: Kuchengetedza Chisarudzo Chinogadzirwa Nejeti

Kuvhota kwokuvhota kunoramba kuri simba rinokuvadza muSarudzo yeAmerica nemhaka yokuti vanoshandisa zvose zviri zviviri zvisarudzo zvegadziriro dzezvinobudisa nhau netsananguro dzendangariro dzavavhoti. Ufakazi hunokarakadza kuti vavhoti vokumaruwa kazhinji kazhinji vanotapurwa zvikuru nemhaka yokuganhurirwa kwemhatsa yemashoko nokutsamira kukuru pamikoto inovimbwa asi yakatetepa. Zvisinei, vavhotera vomuguta havasati vari vadzivirirwi, zvikurukuru apo vanoshandiswa munzanga kana kuti magwenga. Rukudzo rwenhau rwavose iperevedzo yamashoko kana kuti kushaikwa kwemashoko kana kuti kushaikwa kwemashoko. Apo vavhotera vanoshairira kumirirwa kumitevedzero huru yenhau inodzorwa kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kwemiteverwa kwenhau, kupfurikidza nokunzvera, kana kuti kunzvera kupfurikidza nokunzvera, kusimbisa kupfurikidza nokupesvedzera kupfurikidza nokupesvedzera kwavo kuvaka, kupfurikidza nokusimbisa kuvaka kutendeseka kwavo.