Table of Contents

Gadziriro yegadziriro yokusarudza inomirira chimwe chezvisarudzo zvikurusa zvinoguma nemuuyo mukurusa ubati ushe hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inogona kuita. Kure nokuva udzamewo zvahwo hwounyanzvi, mitemo inodzora kuti vhoti dzinoshandura sei kuva zvigaro inoumba zvikurukuru chimiro chamakwikwi ezvematongerwe enyika, mufambiro wepati nevanoda kumirira, uye pakupedzisira kana muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika kukuva nomwero kana kuti kunyanyisa. Kunzwisisa aya masimba kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoitira hanya utano nokutsiga kwehurumende yedemocracy.

Kunzwisisa Masangano Ezvehondo: Nheyo Yokukwikwidzana Nehurumende Dzechidhimoni

Gadziriro dzezvemasangano igadziriro dzesangano dzinochinja vagari vemo kuti vavhote zvigaro zvemitemo uye simba rezvematongerwe enyika. Nepo dzingaratidzika kuva miitiro yokutonga isina kwayakarerekera, iyi gadziriro inoparira simba iro rinoumba kuronga kunoita nhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika, marongedzero amapoka, uye kuti rwisano yezvamatongerwe enyika inoumbwa sei mukati menzanga. Kusarudzwa kwegadziriro yegadziriro yehurumende inopesvedzera chinhu chiri chose kubva kuchiverengero chamasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anobudirira kusvikira kumwero wenzvimbo yepasi penyika muhurukuro yavose.

Papakati pemiitiro yevhota, mibatanidzwa yemivhoti inogona kunzwisiswa mumativi anobva muyamu yezvikamu zvikuru zvichienda kumativi ose. Gadziriro dzinozivikanwawo sedzokuwana kana kuti gadziriro dzemitemo yokutanga, kukamura nyika muruwa umo vezvamatongerwe enyika vanokwikwidzana nokuda kwezvigaro zvavose, uye mudavi achigamuchira vhoti yakakwirira zvikurusa achiwana sarudza uye kumirira ruwa. Mukupesana, miitiro yemireza inoyera ine vagari vemo venzvimbo dzamapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika panzvimbo pevatsigirini, nezvigaro mudivi zvinogoverwa pamwero kuti zvigoverane `$9, boka rinowana 23% yezvigaro munyika yose ringawana anenge 23% yezvigaro.

Pakati pemapango maviri aya pane maruva akasiyana - siyana anoedza kudzikamisa zvakanakira zvose. Zvisarudzo zvakati zvemagadzirirwo zviri mugadziriro dzemasankoro nejekiseni ($didicical) ukuru hwezvikumba, zvikumbaridzo, marota, uye zvigaro zvinoronga magariro akasiana - siana ezvamatongerwe enyika nemigumisiro yemhesano nemwero.

Masangano Akuru: Zvirongwa Nezvikamu Zvezvamatongerwe enyika

Gadziriro dzavanamuzvinapfuma, zvikurukuru gadziriro dzezvidhindo zvokutanga, dzinoramba dziri dzenguva dzose munyika dzine nhaka yeBritain, kubatanidza United States, United Kingdom, Canada, uye India.

Maruwa eMember nemifananidzo yeGoographic

Masangano enhengo imwe anoumba batano yakananga pakati pavavhoti nomumiriri wavo, neruwa rumwe norumwe runosarudza mumiriri mumwe. Iyi batano yenzvimbo inowanzodudzwa sebetsero huru yegadziriro huru, seizvo vamiriri vanoziva chaizvoizvo kuti ndiani anoamirira uye vanogona kurangarira munhu iyeyo chaiye anozvidavirira nokuda kwokushanda kwavo muhofisi.

Zvisinei, ichi chivako chinoparirawo kuvhiringidzwa kukuru mumifanikiso. Kukunda-nzara yose kunoreva mutsigiri nevhoti zhinjisa anowana chigaro chose, nepo mamwe mavhoti ose anenge a "shatiswa," kuchitungamirira kumigariro umo boka rinowina 49% yamavhoti mudavi rinowana pasina apo boka rine 51% rinenge richitora chinhu chiri chose. Muitiro, vawinzveri vanowanzova nenzvimbo dzine zvigaro zvishoma zvikuru kupfuura voruzhinji vevhoti apo vatsvaki vakawanda vanokwikwikwidza.

Mutemo waDuverger uye Kupiwa kweMitemo Miviri

Nokufamba kwenguva, gadziriro dzezvigaro dzinoda mapoka makuru uye dzinoda maduku, chinhu chinozivikanwa seMutemo weDuverger, chinotsanangura chikonzero nei nyika dzakadai seUK neUSA dzine magaba maviri. Kotano iyi inoitika nemhaka yokuti vavhoti mumaruwa ane mitezo imwe vanotarisana nezvikuchidzira zvakasimba kudzivisa "kuvhota" vavhoti vavo vane mukana muduku wokuwina, kuchivatungamirira kukukwirira kuzvisarudzo zviviri zvinoshanda zvikurusa.

Kudzora kuviri kunovapo somugumisiro kune revo huru nokuda kwemwero yezvamatongerwe enyika uye kunyanyisa. Gadziriro yebato yemapoka maviri inobvumira mapoka akanyanyisa kutora rimwe kana kuti ose ari maviri, sezvo vatungamiriri vebato vasingagoni kutsaura nokuramba kushanda nemitezo iri kukura zvikuru sezvavangagona kuita mugadziriro yakasiyana - siyana, uye nokuramba kusarura, vavhoti vangangoomerera kumabato avo kunyange sezvo kuchiva kwakanyanyisa, kuchiparira kuparadzwa kwenzvimbo, pfungwa dzokutyisidzirana, uye kutsigira kuderera kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kukanganiswa Kwemifananidzo Nokupera Kwepfungwa

Kunyange pasina mapati anoshandisa miganhu yoruwa nokuda kwebetsero yezvamatongerwe enyika, gadziriro dzavakuru dzinogona kutungamirira kukupinzwa kwapamhene kwamapati pamutengo wavamwe (somuenzaniso, kunobvira kuti boka riwine inopfuura 50% bedzi yezvigaro nezvinopfuura 25% bedzi zvamavhoti kana vavhoti vebato rinoshora vakanangidzirwa mumaruwa 100%. Uku kundikano hurusa kwemireza kwazova kwakapararira mumasangano makuru azvino uno.

Mitemo yeElectoral zvimwe ndivo vamiririri vanokosha zvikurusa nokuda kwemireza yamapoka mashoma amarudzi ose, nemitemo inosarudzwa inopa miganhu yemimiririri miduku apo mitemo mikuru inoganhurira nokubvisa mapoka maduku. Mumiitiro miduku, vashomanene vanofanira kuiswa panzvimbo imwe kuti vasarudze vakasarudzwa kana kuti vavimbe kuti voruzhinji vanoparadzanisa vvutiro yavo, vachiparira mhinganidzo dzinokosha kumimiririro yakasiana - siana.

Miitiro Yokuratidzira Yezvirongwa: Kugadzira Nemiuyo Yedemocratic

Gadziriro dzokumirira dzinoshanda panheyo dzakasiana zvikuru kupfuura gadziriro huru, netapuro dzakafanana padzisingadzoreki dzezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuva nomwero.

Maruwa Ane Mamiromita Akawanda uye Shanduro Yemashoko

Gadziriro dzePropotigal dzinoshandisa maruwa akawanda kusarudza vamiririri nezvigaro kupfurikidza nebato (somuenzaniso, muruwa rwemitezo gumi, boka rinohwina 20 muzana yamavhoti raizogamuchira zvinenge zvigaro zviviri. Kusiyana kukurusa mumitemo yewindi ireshi yeruwa. Muruwa rwezvikamu zvitatu, boka raizoda inenge chikamu chimwe muzvina chevhoti (PPP) kuti riwine chigaro, nepo muruwa rwemitezo gumi, boka raizoda kungoti pfuurei 9 muzana bedzi yevhoti.

Chivako ichi chinochinja zvikuru zvisundo zvakatarisana namapati navanoda kurondwa. Panzvimbo pokuda kuwina zvakawanda munzvimbo yakati, vanhu vanogona kuwana mufananidzo kupfurikidza nokuvaka tsigiro munharaunda yakafara zvikuru. Mavhoti okuwedzera nguva dzose anobetsera boka kuwina zvigaro zvakawedzerwa, kubvisa chinetso che "vhoti yakarongwa" inotambudza gadziriro huru.

Masangano Akawanda uye Kuronga Masangano

Misiyano mukuita kuti pave nokubatana pakati pegadziriro dzegadziriro dzekusarudza inosundwa zvikurukuru nokuvapo uye kubatana kwemapati anobudirira zvikuru mugadziriro dzakawanda dzinowirirana. Panzvimbo pokumanikidzira makwikwi ezvematongerwe enyika kuva magadziriro maviri, gadziriro dzokuronga dzinobvumira mapoka akawanda anomirira masangano akasiyana - siyana uye nzvimbo dzepfungwa kuwana kumirira kwomutemo.

Nzvero dzakawanda dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzakawana kuti hurumende dzakawanda dzine mibatanidzwa inoramba ichichinjana nevavengi vashomanene vechigarire uye vatsigiri vepanhambo nenhambo, sezvo mapoka ari muboka rinogoverana zvinhu zvakaisvonaka pamusoro pomumwe nomumwe, anoshanda pamwe chete kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pamitemo, uye vavhoti vanoona zvikwata zvakafanana muchiedza chakanaka, vachifungidzira kuti vanogoverana. Uku kuparira icho vanzveri vanodaidza kuti "Recondation" inoderedza ruvengo rwechimubatanidzwa munguva.

Voters vanowanzova nemirangariro yakanaka zvikuru pamusoro pamamwe mapoka ayo aichimbova rutivi rweboka rimwe chetero kana kuti chishoro chorudzi runowanwa munyika dzePR, uye aya mirangariro yakanaka inokombamira kutsungirira kunyange pashure pokunge mubatanidzwa usati wavapo. Ikoku kunopesana zvikuru noruvengo runowedzera runotyisa rwegadziriro mbiri dzezvikamu.

Kusiyana - siyana Kwemarongedzero

Miitiro yePropotical inouya mumhatsa dzakawanda, isina nyika mbiri inoshandisa gadziriro imwe cheteyo, uye miitiro inochinja. Misiano inowanzobatanidza ndaza yemabato (uko vavhoti vanosarudza mapati ayo anopa ndaza yemitsetse yakarongwa yakabatanidzwa yemitezo (inobatanidza maruwa ane mitezo imwe nemigove yakagoverwa yemitengo yakaenzana), uye gadziriro dzokuvhota imwe inotamiswa (panovhota vanhu vane nzvimbo yavakada kutora).

Kugadzira kunoratidza zvikamu zvokuvhota zvinoda zvikamu zviduku zvinotevedzerwa kuti vanhu vawane mashoko anenge anyorwa nemhiko. Zvikamu zvakakwirira zvinoganhurirwa zvinotapura zvikuru migumisiro. Kuparadza kwebato asi kungabvisa mapoka maduku pamimiririri. Chisarudzo pakati pendaza yakavhurika (panogona kupesvedzera vavhoti vanogona kusarudzwa) uye ndaza dzakavharwa (panotema mutungamiriri webato) kuti udzore kuzvidavirira uye hurumende yebato yomukati.

Masangano Akasiyana - siyana: Kuronga Mipimo Inobatanidza

Vachiziva kuti zvose zviri zviviri gadziriro dzamasangano makuru nedzomubatanidzwa dzine betsero dzakasiana - siana nedzisina betsero, hurumende dzakawanda dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakashandisa gadziriro dzakavhengana kana kuti dzakavhengana idzo dzinoedza kuwana betsero dzezvose zviri zviviri pakuderedza utera hwadzo humene.

Masangano eMitembero Akabatana

Chimiro chinozivikanwa zvikurusa chegadziriro yakavhengana imitemo yakavhengana yemitemo yemitemo (MMP) inoshandiswa zvikurukuru muGermany neNew Zealand. Muidzi gadziriro, vavhoti mumwe nomumwe ane mavhoti maviri: mumwe nokuda kwomumiriri muruwa rwavo vamene, uye mumwe nokuda kwebato. Chikamu chevhoti icho boka rinogamuchira chinotema hwerengedzo yezvigaro zvaro zvinowana muparamende, kuita kuti tsika ive yakarote, uye pashure pokubatanidza nhamba yezvigaro zvoruwa zvakahwinwa navatendi vamwe navamwe mubato rimwe nerimwe, mapoka anozadza mumakororobhoti avo kuti asvike mwero wavo wose.

New Zealand yakachinja kuwanda kubva kumaruwa ane mitezo imwe kuenda kuMMP muna 1996 nemhaka yokusagutsikana nemiuyo isingaenzaniswi yegadziriro yavo yokuvhota yenhau, umo vavhoti vasingadi vaiparira kuti mumwe mubato agone kuwina vashomanene vavhota asi voruzhinji vezvigaro muparamende. Chinjo yave ichirangarirwa zvikuru seinobudirira mukuita miuyo mirevereri apo inochengeta batano inodzivisa.

Maitiro Akabatana Nekusarura

Dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa gadziriro dzinowirirana umo masero makuru neakaenzana anoshanda zvakazvimirira panzvimbo pokubatanidzwa kupfurikidza nemiitiro yemasangano ezvikamu. Muidzi gadziriro, zvimwe zvigaro zvinogoverwa kupfurikidza namaruwa ane mitezo imwe apo dzimwe dzinoparadzirwa mukuwirirana, asi zvigaro zvakaganhurirwa hazvitsivi shavo yemiuyo yeruwa. Ikoku kunoparira miuyo iyo iri yakaenzana zvikuru kupfuura miitiro yemibatanidzwa yemari inofambiswa yakaisvonaka asi inoganhurirwa zvishoma kupfuura miitiro yechokwadi yeMMP.

Mibatanidzwa yePR inogona kubatanidza mativi makuru sepesvedzero inodzosera, asi kunzvera migariro umo mativi makuru anogona kuva nemiuyo ndokubetsera kuhurumende yakanyanyisa zvikuru kuzivisa ukoshi hwebatira pamwe. Zvisarudzo zvakadai sePoland (2015), Hungary (2014, uye Girisi (2015) zvinobatanidza mativi makuru kupfurikidza namasuo akakwirira, maruwa ane mitezo imwe, uye zvigaro zvependikisi zvichitevedzana. Mienzaniso iyi inoratidzira kuti miitiro yakavhengana isina kugadzirirwa zvakanaka inogona pane dzimwe nguva kuparira miuyo ine mwero kupfuura gadziriro yakachena.

Masangano Eectoral Nokuchinja Zvematongerwe Enyika: Ufakazi Hwepfungwa

Kunzvera kukuru kwokuenzanisa kwakanzvera ukama pakati pegadziriro yokusarudza nokuchinja kwezvamatongerwe enyika, nezviwanwa zvakajeka nenzira inowedzera pamusoro pokuti zvivako zvesangano zvinoumba sei ukuru norudzi rwerwisano yokubvisa.

Kutapura Kunzwisisa uye Mitemo Yakanaka

Kutapura kusawirirana kwenzvimbo dzinogarwa-pota(sokuvenga kwaipesana nokusawirirana chete, vashori vamagandanga(nzi) vanobatana munyika negadziriro dzose dzinohwina uye vanoderera nedzimwe dzakafanana. Kuparadza kwakakwirira munyika nemiitiro mikurusa yezvokuparadza nyika seUnited States. Chimiro ichi chokuparadza nyika chinoshatisa zvikuru nemhaka yokuti chinoderedza kushivirirana nokushivirira kunokosha nokuda kwokudzikama kwedemokrati.

Imwe nzvero yehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzamapfumbamwe dzokuMadokero yakawana kuti gadziriro dzinowana mukundi-zvose "dzinobatanidzwa nemirangariro yakashata zvikuru yavatsigiri kumativi anopesana," nepo "masangano ehurumende akabatanidzwa netapuro yakananga. Nzvero inoratidzira kuti "pamwe" kusada kunoderera zvikuru somubato wokusawirirana. Misiyano inosunda iyi inowirirana nechimiro chamakwikwi ezvematongerwe enyika uye rudzi rwokuvaka mubatanidzwa mumasangano akasiyana.

Kugadzirwa kwemashandiro anoita magetsi uye kugadzirwa kwegadziriro

Nzvero inoratidza kuti nyika dzine mibatanidzwa mizhinji nemapoka ane mitaro yakaderera yezvose zviri zviviri yakavakirwa panzvimbo yapasi neyakavakirwa panzvimbo dzinooneka. Nzvero dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi kuenzanisa nehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu kupota nyika inoratidzira kuti gadziriro dzamaruwa makuru dzakadai senzvimbo imwe dzinova ne "us - recus" divisions kupfuura miitiro yokubvumirana yakawanda semireza yemitezo.

Nzvero inowana kuti "zvinoitika zvakanyanyisa zvikurusa zvokuparadzana... zvinobuda mumativi egadziriro dzamasanzvero makuru dzinoparira mufananidzo mukurusa webato revoruzhinji kana kuti wemizhinji". Mukuwirirana nenzvero munyika makumi matatu namatanhatu, nepo kuzivikanwa kwakavakirwa panzvimbo dzinogarwa pasi "kudenha nenzira dzinodenha nenzira dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzinowedzera munyika yose," avo vane mipimo yakaganhurirwa vanobatanidzwa nemwero yakaderera yayo uye "va kufanira kuita zviri nani mukubata nayo," nezvinoitika zvakanyanyisa zvikuru zvinobuda mumavhere egadziriro hurusa dzinosarudza zvinhu.

Kuparadza Muitiro Weboka Nokuparadzana Kwepfungwa

Nzvero yokunzvera inoratidzira kuti gadziriro dzakawanda dzakaenzana dzinotsigira kupararira kukuru kwepfungwa, nepo gadziriro shomanene dzinokurudzira mapoka kuungana pedyo zvikuru nepakati penzvimbo inosarudzwa. Uku kuwana kungaratidzika pakutanga kuva kunopokanidza kutaura kwokuti gadziriro dzemibatanidzwa dzinosimudzira mwero, asi ukama hwacho hunojeka zvikuru kupfuura zvahunotanga kuoneka.

Nzvero yamadhimoni inosimbisa ukoshi hwemitemo inosarudzwa, sezvo kuganhurira kunoratidzika kuva kwakakwirira mugadziriro negadziriro dzakasiana - siana nemapoka akawanda. Zvisinei, ikoku kunonongedzera kudaro repfungwa pakati pemitezo mugadziriro yacho, kwete mwero weruvengo rwechepfu kana kuti ngozi yokuputsika kwedemokrati yedemokrase. Gadziriro dzakasiana - siana dzezvikamu zvakawanda dzinopa mhatsa huru zvikuru yenhau neganhuriro shomanene panhau dzinopfuura gadziriro mbiri huru, sezvo mapoka anogona kukwikwidzana panhau dzakasiyana - siyana pasina kupinza mumwe, sezvo ivo vasati vachinyanyopa tsigiro yavo yomusikirwo.

Musiyano mukuru uri pakati pokuva nemasangano ane pfungwa dzakasiyana - siyana (anoita kuti zvive nyore kubatana) nokuva nemamiriro ezvematongerwe enyika anoonekwa nokuvengana, kupararira kwemadhimoni, uye kukunda makwikwi ose (anoda kubudisa).

Kupesvedzera Kunoita Mashandiro EElectoral Extermism: Michina Nenzira

Kuti unzwisise ukama huri pakati pegadziriro dzemavhota nedzokunyanyisa mune zvematongerwe enyika zvinoda kuongorora magadzirirwo anoitwa masangano anoumba maitiro ezvematongerwe enyika, mazano ebato, uye kuongorora pfungwa.

Gadziriro Yerwisano Huviri Mugadziriro Dzikuru Dzavanhu

Muwiridziri weAmerica anotora nzvimbo yose anoshandisa maruwa ane mitezo imwe nokuda kweImba yaVamiririri uye nokuda kwamadzinza ehurumende mazhinjisa, umo munzvero mumwe anohwina ruwa rumwe norumwe, uye mutumbi unokura wokunzvera unowana kuti tsika ino inokombamira zvikuru kumasimba masimba ezvamatongerwe enyika nemhaka yokuti inoparira rwisano yezvamatongerwe enyika semiviri, iyo inoparira kutapura kwapanyika, uye inoita kuti vakawanda "tsoro" vade kudenha nenzira yamasimba masimba gadziriro.

Kushandisa zvigaro zvevanyanyisi kunova kwakaoma zvikuru apo vanyanyisi vaisvika pakudzora mumwe wemapoka makuru maviri chete, sezvavanokwidziridzwa kushandisa mapoka makuru senzira yokushandisa nayo dzimwe nzira dzokuti vasave nezvimwe zvisarudzo, uye nepo gadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzakawanda dzichikombamira kugovera mapati akawanda ane ganhuriro nezvigaro zvemitemo muchiitiko chokutanga, kungasava kunobvira kuti masangano anonyanyisa anoraira boka guru kana kuti mativi ose ose, somune masangano akawanda anotonga madhipati, vanyanyisi vezvamatongerwe enyika vasingagamuchiriki mumapoka makuru vanowanzova nomugariro wakakwana wokugadzira zvigaro zvavo vamene uye zvakaganhurirwa kutsigira zvishoma.

Pane kuparadzanisa mapoka akanyanyisa ari mumapoka maduku ane simba rakaganhurirwa, masangano maviri anomanikidza vanyanyisi uye ane mwero kupinda mugadziriro imwe cheteyo yesangano, umo vanonyanyisa vanogona kushandisa masanzvero makuru nemiitiro yebato kuti vawane simba risingaenzaniswi.

Kuvaka Kwakakwana Nezvinokarakadza Zvinovakisa

Vanzveri vanonongedzera kunzira yokugadza "cordon sanitaire"(--replain yebatira pamwe kana kuti kupinda mumasangano namapoka anonyanyisa senzira yokuanyima nayo kuva apamutemo kana kuti kukwanisa kutonga (pane mapoka makuru muBelgium), somuenzaniso, kutora iyi nzira kupfurikidza nokuramba kuumba masangano neVlaams Belang. Nzira iyi yokuva nescripticism inowanika bedzi mumasangano ane mapoka akawanda umo mapoka makuru ane zvisarudzo zvemibatanidzwa zvisingadi kubatana nevanyanyisi.

Kupfuura hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, mibatanidzwa mizhinji yave iri pamberi penhamburiko dzokutarisana nokuparadzanisa masangano anonyanyisa, kubatanidza zvibvumirano zvinoshanda pakati pemapoka anodzorwa kuruboshwe nerudyi. Kuva namapati akawanda nePR kunobvumira mhatsa yemirangariro kumimiririrwa ndokugonesa chivako chemvura yakawanda chinogona kuputsa mapoka maviri. Uku kuchinjika kunogovera gadziriro dzedemokratiki nemidziyo yokupindura zvinetso zvinonyanyisa zvisingawaniki mumativi maviri akaoma.

Kubvuma Kwevarapi neKurambira Kwetsika

Kumirira kwomutemo kungasimbisa kubvumirana kwevamiririri, kana kuti kuda kweavo vanorasikirwa nesarudzo kugamuchira kurasikirwa kwavo ndokuita kuti hurumende yakasarudzwa nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yakasarudzwa, mutevedzeri wenheyo dzakatsiga nedzine rugare uyo uri mutyisidziro muU.S., umo mugove wavanoda kusarudzwa navachengeti vezvinzvimbo vanoramba miuyo yakakwirira.

Chirevo chinoratidzirwa chinoderedza tapuro yokurasikirwa nevhoti kupfurikidza nokupa varasikirwi simba guru muboka rose rehurumende yavo, chinokurudzira zvakananga kubvuma kwevakundi kupfurikidza nokuderedza nhamba yavanhu vanowira muboka re‘rositi ’ ndokuvimbisa kuti vashomanene vezvamatongerwe enyika vachiri nenzwi muhurumende yavo. Ikoku kunopesana zvikuru nokuwana kukundwa kwose uko kukundwa kwevhoti kunogona kureva kubviswa chose chose musimba, kuparira kurudziro dzakasimba zvikuru kuti vapikire miuyo kana kuti vashaye simba regadziriro imene.

Kusarudza Kukuru Nokubatwa Kwokubuda Muropa

Ufakazi hwokushandisa ufakazi hwakasimba hwokuti vavhoti vakuru havamirirwi zvikuru navavhoti vose zvavo; ivo vakuru, vakapfuma, vane mwero yakakwirira yezivo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunzvenga tapuro dzerusarudzo rwakaderera, kusarudza kukuru kunofanira kuva ngwariro huru yenhamburiko dzokuvandudza.

Mugadziriro mbiri dzavakuru vakuru, sarudzo dzinova nzvimbo huru yokusarudza kuti ndiani anomirira mubato mumwe nomumwe. Apo vavhoti vakuru vanomirira vamiriri uye vane pfungwa vanyanyisa zvikuru pakati pavasarudzi vose, ikoku kunoparira nzira yokuti vadaviri vedzimwe zvitendero vawane rumbidzo pasinei zvapo nokushaiwa tsigiro huru. Kuvakazve nzvimbo yenhamba dzemapoka akasarudzwa kunogona kuderedza ngozi yokuwina vada kukwikwirira mubato, bva kuvaka basa rakadaro mutsika yezvamatongerwe enyika iyo yave inoshandiswa kuvhotera kuva nesimba rapo kuti vasarumbidze simba rapo.

Mitoo Yokushandisa Mimwe Mitoo Netapuro Dzayo Pamwero

Kunze kwomusiano mukuru pakati pegadziriro dzokuvhota nedzemibatanidzwa, mitoo chaiyo yokuvhota mukati memapoka aya inogona kupesvedzera zvikuru mwero kana kuti kunyanyisa mumakwikwi ezvematongerwe enyika.

Kusarudza Kwacho Kwakatsikirirwa Necentrist

Mitemo yokuvhota yakasarudzwa ingadzikatidza kunyanyisa kupfurikidza nokupa sundo yokuti vadaviri vakwikwidzi vakwidzi vamashoko vakwidzire kumuranisi ndokuderedza nhimbe yakaipa. Paavhareji, RCV hairatidziki kuva inofarira zvimwe zvikamu zvikuru zvezvamatongerwe enyika. Kupfurikidza nokubvumira vavhoti kuva vadzori mukuwirirana nezvinodikanwa, iyi gadziriro inoderedza muuyo unopambadza uye inokurudzira vanoda kutsvaka tsigiro yechipiri kubva kuvavhoti vane chisarudzo chokutanga chiri chakasiana.

Zvisinei, mitemo mitsva yokuvhota inounza mitoro, kubatanidza ngozi yasara yokuti mukwikwidzi anogona pane dzimwe nguva kubviswa mumipimo yapakuvamba, uye basa rakawedzerwa pavavhoti kuti vatsive vade kugadza vadaviri vazhinji.

FOUTS ye Pamusoro-napamusoro-5 Primater System

Nzvero dzeWashington hadzikarakadzi gadziriro yavo huru yeChikuru yeChirevo yatungamirira kukusarudzwa kwavada kukura zvikuru. Panzvimbo pezvo, chimiro chinovimbisa zvikurusa chokubvisa tapuro dzakashata padanho guru regamuchidzanwa kuvhota kweTop-Four kana kuti Pamusoro peshanu, apo vadaviri vanoshanda muboka rimwe guru, vanofunda vanogona kuzvizivisa vamene mumashoko avo okusarurwa kana kuti sevasiri vapapatika, vana kana kuti vashanu muvapfumi muroori huru ipapo vanoenda kurusarudzo yakatanhamara umo kunoshandiswa kusarudza muwirirano, nerondedzero yokuti mutengi upi noupi ane mwero wakasimba wehurumende uchasvika kurusarudzo, uye kuti neRCV uyo anotsigirwa nevoruzhinji voruchura.

Masangano aya anoedza kugadzirisa chinetso chevavhoti vasingamirirwi nokuvhura mashoko okutanga kuvavhoti vose pasinei nokuti vari papi, ipapo achishandisa kuvhota kwakarongwa muvhoti kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti mukundi anotsigira zvikuru. Ufakazi hwokukurumidza hunobva Alaska, hwakagamuchira tsika ino, hunokarakadza kuti zvechokwadi ingabudisa migumisiro ine mwero zvikuru, kunyange zvazvo mashoko akawanda achifanira kutendwa kuti apedzisiswe nenzira yakajeka.

Kusarudza Kumhanya uye Kudzika Mitemo

Nzvero inodeya kutaura kuti gadziriro dzokudzima dzinofanira kuva navadenderedzwa vakawanda asiwo dzinoderedza pesvedzero yamapati maduku anonyanyisa anoenzaniswa nezvisarudzo zvakapoteredza, neiyi tapuro yetsika inoderedza muitiro pasi pesarudzo, inotsamira pamwero mumwe chetewo wekuchinja kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Manisiparamendi eItaly ari pasi pe 15 000 anoshandisa gadziriro imwe yakatenderera, nepo gadziriro yokudzima iri munzvimbo iri pamusoro peiyi sundo, inobvumira vanzveri kuenzanisa miuyo pasi pemirairo miviri yevhoterano negadziriro yechenjere yeCeasieperrie remian eRherion Disonity Devition Desition Desition Yechin ye 15 000.

Kuva nomufungo kuri seri kwegadziriro dzokudzima kupfurikidza nokuti vadaviri vanonyanyisa vangakuita kurumwe rutivi asi vacharwisa kukunda apo vanotarisana nomushori ane mwero mumakwikwi emusoro nemusoro, savavhoti vane vadaviri vanobviswa vachakombamira kutsigira chisarudzo chakasara chine mwero zvikuru. Zvisinei, kushanda kweiyi gadziriro kunotsamira pamufambiro womuvhoti uye kurongwa chakananga kwamakwikwikwi ezvamatongerwe enyika mumashoko ose.

Kuongorora Zvirwere: Masangano Ezvematongerwe Enyika Nezvinobva Zvematongerwe Enyika Zvinoitwa

Kunzvera zvinoitika chaizvo zvenyika kunoratidzira kuti gadziriro yokusarudza inoshandura sei kuva miuyo chaiyoiyo yenyika yezvamatongerwe enyika, kuchigovera mienzaniso chaiyo yemiitiro yokufungidzira yakurukurwa pamusoro apa.

United States: Kunyanyisa Kwezvikuru

MuUnited States, gadziriro yezvirongwa zvokuvhota inogovera mamwe enzvimbo yakaorera zvikurusa munyika yose nokuda kwetapuro dzinodzorwa nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu dzamasimba masimba ezvematongerwe enyika, sezvo gadziriro inokunda yeAmerica inowana vagadziri vemitemo inoisa tsvina, matrystript, uye masimba enyika akaipa zvikuru kupfuura munyika dzine miitiro mizhinji yemifanikiso. Mativi chaiwo egadziriro yavavhotera yeU.S. ari kutsigira nenzira yourongwa hwezvamatongerwe enyika, zvakadai sokuna kupfurikidza nokuomesa zvinodzorwa zverimwe boka, kuderedza simba rokuvhotera, kuderedza makwikwikwi makuru, uye kudzivisa matsva anogamuchirwa nenzvimbo inobudirira pakati pebato guru, pakati pedzimwe.

CONTIO yebato reRepublican inoshandisa pesvedzero huru zvikuru kupfuura tsigiro yayo chaiyoiyo muvhota inokarakadza kuti inofanira, kuita kuti gadziriro yeU.S. ive "yakaoma" zvikuru uye inokombamira kuudzori. Ikoku kunoratidzira kuti miitiro ine zvikamu zviviri zvikuru inogona sei kukudza pesvedzero yamasekete akanyanyisa ayo angaiswa mumapoka akawanda akaganhurirwa.

United States ndiimwe yemitatu bedzi mikuru yehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzaMadokero (uye gadziriro bedzi yapurezidhendi) iyo inosarudza vagadziri vemitemo kupfurikidza namaruwa mamwe namativi (mumiriri mumwe paruwa rwenyika), noruwa rwuri rwose ruchipa rudzi rwose rwekuwina. Uku kutsaura kunobetsera kutsanangura chikonzero nei masimba ezvamatongerwe enyika eAmerica achichinja nenzira inowedzera kubva mumiitiro mudzimwe hurumende dzakakwirira.

Germany: Kubudirira kwemamente akasangana

Gadziriro yeGermany yakavhengana nemitezo, yakagamuchirwa pashure peHondo yeNyika II, yakarangarirwa zvikuru seinobudirira mukusimudzira nhevedzano, ine mwero apo inova nechokwadi chokuva nomufananidzo wakasiana. Muitiro unobatanidza maruwa ane mitezo imwe (uko vavhoti vanosarudza mumiriri womunzvimbomo) nezvigaro zvebato zvakagoverwa kuva nechokwadi chokuva muwirirano.

Mubatanidzwa uyu wezvikamu zvishanu muzana unodzivisa kukamukana kwakanyanyisa nepo uchingobvumira mapoka akawanda kuwana kumiririra, uchitanga gadziriro inowanzoda hurumende dzakabatana.

Chinoitika cheGermany chinoratidzira kuti gadziriro dzenhevedzano hadzifaniri kutungamirira kukusagadzikana kana kuti kuoma kwehurumende. Hurumende dzeChoonation dzakabvumikisa kuva dzinokwanisa kuita chiito chakasimba nepo dzichida rudzi rwokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira navavakidzani izvo zvine mwero nzvimbo dzakanyanyisa. Gadziriro yacho yakabudirira kuderedza mativi epembedzo ose ari maviri ari kure neakarurama, kunyange zvazvo makore achangobva kupfuura aya akaona denho itsva nokukwira kweAlternative rebato reGermany.

New Zealand: Kuchinja Kunobudirira

Nzvero yakanzvera rudzi rwehurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika muParamende yeNew Zealand pamberi uye pashure pokunge PR yagamuchirwa muna 1996, ichiwana kuti utsinye hwokubvisa utachiona hwakaderera mukati meParamende nomufananidzo unowirirana.Izvi zvinogovera ufakazi hunogombedzera hwokuti chinjo yegadziriro yokusarudza inogona kuchinja nenzira ine revo tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika nomufambiro, kwete chete.

Kuchinja kweNew Zealand kubva kutsika yakakurumbira yeWestminster kuenda kuMMP kunopa zvidzidzo zvinokosha nokuda kwedzimwe hurumende dzinotonga dzinorangarira kuchinja. Chinjo yacho yakasundwa nokukangaidzika kwavanhu nemiuyo isingaenzaniswi nokushaikwa kwemimirimo yakasiana--- siyana. Pashure pokuchinja, New Zealand yakakudziridza gadziriro yakabatana yakatsiga nehurumende dzakabatanidzwa dzamasangano enguva dzose idzo dzakabvumikisa kuva dzinokwanisa kupedza denho huru dzetsika nepo dzichichengeta mirangariro yedemocraticism nenzanga.

Scandinavia: Kumirira uye Utano Hwedemocratic

Nyika zhinjisa dzeEurope dzinoshandisa chimiro chakati chePR, uye nyika dzeScandinavia, idzo kazhinji kazhinji dzinova dzakakwirira zvikurusa pazvose zviri zviviri hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nomufarwa uye dzakaderera zvikurusa pakubatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, dzinoshandisa PR yakachena, uye nepo ikoku kusingarevi kuti hadzina rwisano dzipi nedzipi kana kuti mirangariro yakanyanyisa, dzinokwanisa zviri nani kudzitarisira namapoka akawanda kuratidzira mirangariro yakasiana - siana, uye kuvaka kwemvura kwakawanda kuti dzive tsigiro yakafara nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nyika dzeNordic `Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, neSweden'. Chinzvimbo chehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzinobudirira zvikurusa munyika pamipimo inobatanidza kubudirira kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, zvamatongerwe enyika, kugadzikana, gutsikano yevagari vemo. Nepo zvinhu zvakawanda zvichiparira miuyo iyi, miitiro yazvo inosarudzwa nenhevedzano inoita basa rinokosha mukubatanidza utongi hunobatanidza nokudzora rwisano yezvamatongerwe enyika nenzira inovakaradza.

United Kingdom: Kuchinja Kukuru

Gadziriro yokutanga yeUnited Kingdom yezviteshi zvakare yakabudisa zvamatongerwe enyika zvakaparadzaniswa nenzira inowedzera mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, zvikurukuru pamusoro penhau dzakadai seBrexit. Sarudzo ya2019 yakaona Conservative Party ichihwina voruzhinji zvikuru ne 43,6% bedzi yevhoti yenyika, nepo vamwe vaigamuchira vhoti vakawana zvigaro zvishoma zvikuru kupfuura zvaidiwa netsigiro yavo.

Brexit mediedum nemigumisiro yayo yakaratidza kuti gadziriro huru dzinogona sei kurwisa kupedza rwisano dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzakawanda. Chisarudzo chembiri pakati peChiwi naSava chakadzikatidza kusiyana kukuru muzvisarudzo pamusoro pezvakasikwa namashoko eBrexit, kuchibetsera kukuvadziko dzinopfuurira dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Gadziriro yenhevedzano yakawanda ingadai yakabata zviri nani uku kuoma uye yakapfavisa zvigadzikiso.

Italy: Kuedza Kunoitwa Muzvinhu Zvakasikwa Zvichichinja Zvinhu

Kutozosvikira muna 1993, hurumende dzemanisiparamendi muItaly dzaitongwa negadziriro yakachena yeparamende umo vagari vemo vakavhota nokuda kwemimipimo yebato yakaganhurirwa yokusarudza mutumbi wemitemo (dare reguta) uyo ipapo wakagadza meya nehofisi yavakuru vakuru, asi chifo cha 1993, meya akasarudzwa zvakananga mukutonga kuzhinji.Iyi yakaparira mikana yokuti vanzveri vaongorore miuyo yemitemo yakasiana - siana yezvamatongerwe enyika pamiuyo iri mukati menyika imwe cheteyo.

Nyanzvi dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinobvuma kuti gadziriro yamabato yakabuda munjodzi inonzi "Pfurefur Republic" mukuvamba kwama 1990 yakaparadzaniswa zvakasimba, Italy ichiratidzira mabhuroko makuru maviri ane mwero, rimwe pakati-pakati uye rimwe riri pakati kurudyi (zvose zviri zviviri nevhoti yeavhareji inogoverana kubva pa 30 kusvikira ku 35 muzana mukusarudza kwenyika), kubatanidza boka rinonyanyisa kuruboshwe (Rifonizone Comunista, kubva pa 4 kusvikira ku 8 muzana) uye rimwe kurudyi (Lega Nord, kubva ku 4 kusvika ku10 muzana). Italy inoratidzira zvose zvinetso zvokutungamirira nyika yeruwa uye mamiriro ezvinhu anobvira nokuda kwegadziriro yegadziriro yegadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Masangano Okutamba Nerwisano Yemadzinza: Kufunga Kunonetsa

Kubatana kuripo pakati pemarongerwo egadziriro yokusarudza uye kurwisana kwemadzinza kana kuti kwemapoka ezvitendero kunomiririra imwe yenzvimbo dzinonyanya kutevera pakutsvakurudza nezvemarongerwo ezvinhu, zvichinyatsokanganisa nzanga dzakakamukana.

Kuderedza Kunoita Masangano uye Kuderedza Makakatanwa

Kunzvera nyika 138 kubva muna 1960 kusvikira muna 1995, kubatanidza zviverengero zvinenge zvakaenzana zvenyika dzine gadziriro huru dzeparamende, gadziriro dzeparamende dzinotsinhirana negadziriro dzapurezidhendi, uye kunzvera zvinoitika 68 zvehondo yavagari vemo munhambo ino, kwakawana kuti idzi hondo dzose dzakaitika mugadziriro dzavakuru vakuru kana kuti dzapurezidhendi, pasina nyika ine gadziriro yeparamende yakarongwa yakava nehondo yavagari vemo.

Iyi nzvero inoshamisa inokarakadza kuti gadziriro dzenhevedzano dzingava dzinokosha zvikuru mukutarisira mapoka edzinza nesekete. Gadziriro dzechiwinotora nzvimbo dzose kazhinji kazhinji dzinoratidzika kuva dzinobudirira zvishoma pakudzora rwisano inoparadzanisa, zvikurukuru mu "nzanga dzakakamukana zvikuru" dzakadai seU.S., uye nzvero dzinowana kuti miitiro yakawanda inosarudzwa yakaenzana inowirirana nemwero yakaderera yamasimba masimba ezvamatongerwe enyika akavakirwa pamadzinza mumativi akapoteredza akadzikama zvikuru.

Kana vanhu vashomanana vedzinza kana kuti vemapoka ezvitendero vachigona kuenzana nevagari vemo, havanyanyi kukurudzirwa kutevera nzira dzokuwedzera zvinhu zvavanoda.

Ubati Ushe Hwenyika Namasimba

Munzanga dzakakamukana zvikuru, kumirira nhevedzano kunowanzobatanidzwa nemimwe miitiro inobatira simba mune iyo masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika anodana kuti demokrase yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. iyi gadziriro ingabatanidza kumirira kunovimbiswa kwamapoka akasiyana - siyana, kodzero dzevakwanyina panhau dzinoda kugadziriswa, uye hurumende dzakaisvonaka dzinobatanidza vamiriri vanobva munzanga dzose huru.

Nyika dzakadai seBelgium, Switzerland, uye Lebanon dzakashandisa zvimiro zvakasiyana - siyana zvegadziriro dzezvibvumirano kuti zvitarisire mapoka edzinza, omutauro, kana kuti orudzidziso. Nepo aya masangano achitarisana nezvinetso zvawo amene — kubatanidza kuoma kwechimiro kunobvira uye kusimbiswa kweboka kwemaidic (h) zvave zvichibudirira zvikuru pakudzivisa rwisano yamasimba masimba kupfuura zvinotsiva zvitsinhanhano zvamasimba masimba mumigariro yakaenzana.

Kupfuura Kuchinja: Dzimwe Dzinobuda Muhurumende Dzechidhimoni

Kunyange zvazvo nyaya ino ichinyanya kutaura nezvemaitiro okunyanyisa uye okungwarira, marobhoti anosarudzwa ane zvaanoita pazvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha zvinoguma zvaitwa nehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu zvinofanira kufungwa nezvazvo.

Kutsigira Kwematongerwe Enyika Nechibvumirano Chezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kunzvera kubva mumashoko akapoteredza akasiyana kunoratidza kuti nzvimbo dzakachinjirwa kugadziriro dzinowirirana dzinowana muvhoti mukuru zvikuru, nemhaka yomubatanidzwa wezvinhu: vavhoti vachikwanisa kuvhotera vavhotera vavhoti vavo vanodiwa pasina kupambadza vhoti yavo, zvisarudzo zvakawanda pabhoti, uye mapati ane kurudziro dzakasimba dzokukurudzira vavhoti kuti vawane mavhoti akawanda anovabatsira kuwina zvigaro zvakawanda.

Gadziriro dzinoratidzira simba rakakwirira rezvamatongerwe enyika, chivimbo chavagari vemo mumano avo okupesvedzera nokunzwisisa hurumende, zvichienzaniswa nouzhinji negadziriro huru. Uku pfungwa yakawedzerwa yesimba inogona kusimbisa kuva pamutemo kwehurumende yehurumende nebvumirano yavagari vemo nemiitiro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mifananidzo Inopfupikisa uye Yakasiyana - siyana

Miduku - duku(ethnic, zvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti neimwe nzira) ine nguva iri nyore kuwina zvigaro zvemitemo mukuwirirana nemukuwirirana kupfuura mugadziriro dzamasangano makuru, sezvo kwete bedzi mapoka maduku achishanda mugadziriro dzinowirirana, asi nemhaka yokuti mavhoti okuwedzera anobetsera boka kuwina zvigaro zvokuwedzera, mapati anewo sundo dzokubatanidza vashomanene munhamba dzawo kuti vakwidzire kuboka rakakura ravavhoti.

Ikoku kunoshanda kuzvimiro zvakasiana - siana kubatanidza kuva murume nomukadzi, dzinza, rudzidziso, uye mamwe mavara. Gadziriro dzenzvimbo namaruwa ane mitezo yakawanda dzinogadzira mikana yokuti mapoka ape matikiti akadzikama ayo anoratidzira mhatsa yavatsigiri vavo vanobvira, nepo maruwa ane mitezo imwe angatungamirira kumireza yakafanana zvikuru.

Kubvuma Kuitwa Kwemitemo uye Gadziriro Yezvinhu Zvoruzhinji

Vagadziri vemiitiro yemitemo yemipimo vanogamuchira zvikuru uye vanogovera mitemo inowirirana zvikuru nomufungo wavanhu vose, uye nyika dzine gadziriro dzamasangano akaenzana dzinewo ndyiko huru yenzanga uye dzinogovera zvinhu zvavose zvakawanda kupfuura izvo zvine gadziriro hurusa (ikoku imhaka zvikurukuru yokuti mhindu dzinosarudzwa dzavatongi mugadziriro dzinowirirana dzinotsamira pachivako chavagari vemo vamagariro makuru).

Mugariro wakafara wezvirongwa zvezvivhota mugadziriro dzinowirirana unoparira sundo dzokuti vatsigiri varo varo varonde mitemo ine betsero dzakapararira panzvimbo pokudenha mirairo miduku. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kumiitiro yenzanga yechisiko chose zvikuru uye kuiswa kwezvisakiso zvikuru muzvinhu zvavose izvo zvinobetsera nzanga yose zvayo.

Zvinetso Netsoropodzo Dzokumirira

Nepo kumirira kuenzana kuchibatsira zvikuru kudzora kunyanyisa uye kukurudzira kuva nomwero, zvinokosha kubvuma zvinhu zvine musoro uye zvingakanganisa zvinhu izvi.

Kugadzikana kweHurumende Nokuoma Kwekudzidza

Vatsoropodzi vemienzaniso inowanzotaura kuti gadziriro dzakawanda dzinoita kuti hurumende dzisina kugadzikana dziparare kana vakabatana vaisabvumirana.

Nyika dzinoratidza kuti dziri kubatana dzakabudirira kuumba uye kuita kuti hurumende dzakabatana dzigadzirire kugadzirisa zvinhu zvinonetsa.

Boka Rokuzivisa

Vatsoropodzi vePR vanoti kubatanidza kunogona kupa mapati akanyanyisa simba muparamende, pane dzimwe nguva anodudzwa sechisakiso chokuwa kwehurumende yeWeimar mushure meHondo Yenyika I Germany, uye nezvikumbaridzo zvakaderera zvikuru, mapoka maduku zvikuru anogona kushanda sa “vaiti," kudzikinura mapoka makuru zvikuru mukati mekurukurirano dzakabatana.

Zvisinei, uku kutsoropodza kunofanira kurangarirwa pane chimwe chinhu. Sezvakurukurwa pakuvamba, gadziriro dzavakuru vakuru mbiri dzingadzivisa mapoka maduku anonyanyisa kuwana zvigaro, asi dzinoita mikana yokuti mapoka anopesvedzera atore mapoka makuru ari mukati, achivapa pesvedzero huru zvikuru kupfuura yaizova nayo seboka duku mugadziriro inowirirana. Nhau yacho haisati iri kana vanyanyisi vachiwana chimiro chipi nechipi, asi kana tsika inogovera maturusi okudzora nokuderedza pesvedzero yavo.

Kuzvidavirira Nokubatanidza Vaya Vasina Kutya

Gadziriro dzavagari vemo dzine mitezo imwe dzinoita mitsetse yakajeka yokuzvidavirira pakati pavamiriri navamiriri. Voter vanoziva chaizvoizvo kuti ndiani anovamirira uye vanogona kurangarira kuti munhu iyeyo anozvidavirira pasarudzo inotevera. Gadziriro dzezviito, zvikurukuru avo vanoshandisa ndaza yebato yakavharwa, vanganetesa iyi batano yakananga.

Zvisinei, iyi itiro hanya inogona kukurukurwa kupfurikidza negadziriro. Gadziriro dzinovhengana dzemitezo inowirirana dzinochengeta vamiriri nepo dzichiwedzera zvigaro zvakaganhurirwa. Gadziriro dzakazaruka dzinobvumira vavhoti kupesvedzera avo vanosarudzwa pabato. Gadziriro dzinotamiswa dzinobatanidza wirirano nokuvhota nokuda kwavada kubhapatidzwa vamwe navamwe panzvimbo pemapati. Denho yokuchengeta kuzvidavirira mumibatanidzwa ndeyechokwadi asi haisati iri isingakundiki.

Nzira Dzokuchinja Zvinhu: Kufunga Kunoshanda

Nyika dzinofunga nezvokuchinja kwemavhota kuti agadzirise zvinhu uye kuti atsigire kuva nomwero, dzinoverengeka dzinofunga kuti zvinhu zvingangochinja sei.

Kurambidzwa Kwebumbiro Remitemo Nezvemitemo

Gadziriro dzeElectoral dzinowanzova mugadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinogona kuva dzakaoma kuchinja. MuUnited States, somuenzaniso, Bumbiro reMitemo rinoraira maruwa mamwe nokuda kweImba yaVamiririri, kunyange zvazvo risingatauri mutoo wokuvhota unoshandiswa mumaruwa iwayo. Ikoku kunoparira mikana yechinjo sevhota yakarongwa nepo ichiita chinjo yakazara kuwiriranisa kumireza inodenha zvikuru.

Dzimwe chinjo dzinogona kuitwa pamwero yehurumende kana kuti yomunzvimbomo pasina kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo. Mitemo yakawanda yeU.S. ine chiremera pamusoro pemiitiro yayo imene yokusarudza, ichitanga mikana yokuedza nemiitiro yapadzimwe nzira. Sarudzo dzaMakurukota dzinogovera imwe nzvimbo yokuedza chinjo pamberi pokurangarira kuitwa kwakafara zvikuru.

Kusasarura Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokudzivisa Kwakaoma

Kuchinja kwegadziriro yeElectory kunotarisana nedenho yomuzvarirwo: avo vane simba rokuchinja tsika ndivo avo vanowanzobudirira mumitemo iripo. Vane mikana vangadzivisa chinjo dzingatyisidzira nzvimbo dzavo kana kuti kuderedza betsero dzevatsigiri vavo, kunyange kana chinjo idzodzo dzingabetsera hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vose.

Kuedza kubudirira kugadzirisa zvinhu kunowanzoda kumanikidza vanhu vakawanda, kubatana kwemapoka echikamu, kana kuti nhambo dzinonetsa dzinoita kuti mukana wokuchinja uchinje. Kuchinja kweMMP muNew Zealand kwakabudirira murutivi nokuti vanhu vakuru vose vakanga vatambura kuvhiringidzika nokuhwina mavhoti akawanda asi vachirasikirwa nemavhoti, zvichiita kuti pave nokutsigira kuchinja.

Kuedza uye Kutsigira Kuchinja

Kuchinja masangano ehurumende kunoshanda zvikuru kana kukasanganiswa nokuchinja kwemasangano kunoitwa pakuronga mari, kugadzirisa mashandiro emari, mitemo yokuwana mavhota, uye masangano makuru okuvhota anogona kuita kuti masanzvero aenderane nokuchinja kwemavhota.

Kunyange kudai Imba yacho yaizokudzwa kusvika kumitezo 593 (imwe chinjo inokosha inobatanidza kumirira kwemipimo yemibatanidzwa), chiverengero chikuru chezvigaro muruwa hachisati chaizofanira kupfuura maruwa matanhatu uye nyika dzakawanda dzaizova namaruwa maduku, uye pamwe chete nezvimwe mativi okuronga, kufanana namavhoti nokuda kwemapoka, maruwa akaderera akaderera eU.S. aizobetsera kuwana nzvimbo dzakanaka, dzinoenzanisa nomufananidzo wenhamba inodzorwa yemapoka.

Ngwarira kuudzame hwemarongerwo egadziriro yokugadzira zvinhu(ukuru hwemapurani, zvikumbaridzo zvevhiyi, marobhoti, uye kugovera zvigaro) zvinogona kubatsira kuwana migumisiro yainodiwa paunenge uchidzivisa misungo. Hapana nzira dzose dzokugadzirisa zvinhu. Kuchinja kunobudirira kunoda kuchinja nheyo dzemitemo dzeruzhinji kumira migaro yenyika.

Nguva Yemberi Yokugadzirwa Kwegadziriro Yezvinhu

Sezvo hurumende dzinosarudzwa nevanhu munyika yose dzichirwisana nokuwedzera kwemaoresa, kubatana kwemapoka, uye kutyisidzira tsika dzehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu, marongerwo egadziriro yokusarudza akabuda senzvimbo inokosha yokuchinja zvinhu uye yokuvandudza zvinhu.

Kutsvakurudza Kunowedzera Nouchapupu

Kunzvera mimwe mitemo yokuvhota kunoratidzika kuva kwakagadzirira kukurira kunzverwa kwemienzaniso yomunhu oga, sezvo muenzaniso wokubatanidza muvhoti nemuitiro wokuvhota nawo ungagona kushandisa pamashoko okuvhota aripo, kunzverwa kwemirangariro, sayenzi yokunzwisisa, uye rondedzero yemhuka, neiyi gadziriro yokunzvera inobvira yokuziva nzira dzokuderedza nadzo miuyo isina kushuviwa uye kuwana mwero wokukurumidza zvakakwana kutungamirira kugadziridzwa kutsva nechiri nani.

Kuwedzera kwenzvero dzehurumende pamwero yakasiana - siana kuri kuparira mashoko anokosha nokuda kwavanzveri vachifunda miuyo yemiitiro yakasiana - siana. sezvo mativi akawanda anoshandisa mitoo yokuvhota nayo neimwe nzira nokumirira kuwiriranisa, ufakazi hwokunzwisisa tapuro dzayo hucharamba huchikura, kuchigonesa kunzvera kwakasanogadziridzwa zvikuru uye nhamburiko dzokuchinja dziri nani.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nekuchinja Kwezvinhu

Kufambira mberi muruzivo rwokuvhota uye kuongorora mashoko kunoita kuti pave nemikana mitsva yokugadzira gadziriro yokuvhota yakasiyana - siyana. Mitoo yakawanda yakaoma yokuvhota ingave isina kushanda nepepa uye kuverenga maoko zvino inogona kuitwa zvakanaka. Kuongorora uye maturusi okugadzira zvinhu zvinogonesa vatsvakurudzi kufanoziva migumisiro yemitemo yevhotaro dzakasiyana - siyana vasati vaita.

Zvisinei, ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runoitawo kuti pave nematambudziko matsva, anosanganisira kunetseka pamusoro pekuchengeteka, kujeka, uye kukwanisa kuwanikwa.

Miitiro Yenyika Yose Nokurerutsa Kunoita Vanhu Nehurumende Dzechidhimoni

Sezvo hurumende dzinosarudzwa nevanhu dzinotarisana nezvinetso nemasangano anodzvinyirira, kusawirirana, uye masimba masimba ezvematongerwe enyika, kusimba kunopiwa negadziriro dzokuronga zvinhu kunowedzera kunokosha.

Kugadzira nzvimbo nokuda kwemimwe mibato() chimwe chinhu chinoshuviwa neinopfuura 70 muzana yeAmerican /) kurangarira serangariro huru (uye vavariro yakajeka) yokuchinja kwegadziriro inosarudzwa, zvikurukuru kupa mhatsa yetapuro dzinowirirana nenhau dzakadai sedzokuparadza uye dzinodzorwa nemhesano dzinodzvinyirira dzinodzvinyirira nyika yeAmerica. Chishuvo chavose chokutsiva miitiro miviri yakaoma chingaparira mikana yokuvandudza yakanga yagara ichishatiswa mune zvamatongerwe enyika.

Mugumisiro: Kugadzirwa kweElectoral Sechirongwa Chehurumende

Kupesvedzera kwegadziriro yevhota inosarudzwa patsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuva nomwero hakurevi kuganhurirwa kana kuti kuva nomwero, asi kwakadzama uye kunoparira. Mitemo inodzora kuti vhoti dzinoshandurirwa sei muzvigaro inoparira zvisundo zvinoumba mufambiro wezvamatongerwe enyika pamwero uri wose(kubva pakusarudza nzira yokuita nayo nhimbe, kumapati kusarudza zvikuva zvavo nezvirongwa zvemubatanidzwa, kuvhotera vanosarudza nzira yokukanda nayo marobhoti avo.

Ufakazi hunobva mukunzvera kwemienzaniso hwakajeka nenzira inowedzera: Mitemo yeElectoral jects iyo vhota dzinoshandurwa nayo muzvigaro zvewiwitigino uye, nokudaro, simba rezvamatongerwe enyika (*) ringawedzera kana kuti kushatiswa kwemifungo neyakarerekera kumativi ose. Masangano anokunda anowanzoparira rwisano mbiri dzezvamatongerwe enyika, kutapura, uye mikana yokubata kwokunyanyisa mapoka makuru. Proportional miitiro yemireza inovanga nyore kuparira makwikwikwikwi ane mibatanidzwa yakawanda, udzo, uye mibato yokubatanidza matrustrust.

Ikoku hakurevi kumirira kuganhurana icherekedzo yedenho dzose dzedemocracy, kana kuti kuti gadziriro huru hadzigoni kushanda nenzira inobudirira. Nhau dzomusiano zvikuru, uye kudzora kwedemocracy kunobudirira kunotsamira pazvinhu zvakawanda zvinopfuura mirau yakasarudzwa. Zvisinei, nokuda kwehurumende dzinotonga dzinoparapatika dzinoparapatika nemwero ine ngozi yenzvimbo dzinoparadzana nedzinonyanyisa, kugadziridza tsika dzinosarudzwa kunofanira kurangarirwa zvakakomba sorutivi rwegadziriro hurusa yekuvandudza kwedemocracy.

Mamiriro ezvinhu akakwirira. Kuparadzanisa nzanga kuva misasa inorwisana kunowedzera mwero wokusava nechokwadi uye kunoita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuva nekurukurirano dzakavakirwa paufakazi pamusoro penhau dzakakomba, kubatanidza nhau dzoupenyu nerufu dzakadai sokutarisirwa kwehosha dzinopararira. Masangano eElectoral ayo anokamuranisa pane kudzikamisa uku kupesana kwesimba routongi hunosarudzwa navanhu kuderedza simba rehurumende yeruzhinji rokugadzirisa zvinetso.

Kunzwisisa kuti gadziriro yevhota inopesvedzera sei kunyanyisa kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuva nomwero kunokosha mukusimudzira hurumende dzinosarudzwa nehurumende dzine utano. Vagadziri vemitemo, vachinji, uye vagari vemo vanogona kusarudza gadziriro dzinosimudzira dzikamo, kubatana, uye hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika inovaka. Nepo pasina gadziriro yakakwana, uye zvose zvinobatanidza kushambadzira, ufakazi hunokarakadza kuti gadziriro dzakawanda dzinowirirana namakwikwi ane mibato yakasiana - siana dzinopa betsero huru nokuda kwokudzora madhimoni uye kusimudzira rudzi rwomwerongedzero inokosha nokuda kwokuterama.

Sezvo hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu munyika yose dzinotarisana nedenho dzisingaenzaniswi, mubvunzo hausati uri wokuti gadziriro dzesarudzo dzine chokuita nokunyanyisa uye kuva nomwero here, hwufakazi hwakajeka hwokuti dzinodaro (8) asi kana nzanga dzehurumende yedemocracy dzichava nouchenjeri nezvamatongerwe enyika zvichava nokuchinja masangano adzo akasarudzwa munzira dzinosimbisa panzvimbo pokunetesa simba rehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Gadziriro yegadziriro yehurumende inosarudzwa inomirira gadziriro yehurumende inotonga hurumende inotonga zvamatongerwe enyika inotonga zvizvarwa. Kuiwana nhau dzakarurama nokuda kwenguva yemberi yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji.

Mamwe Matura

Nokuda kwavaravi vanoda kuongororazve misoro iyi, masangano anoverengeka nezviwanikwa zvinogovera mashoko anokosha pamusoro pemagadzirirwo nemarongedzero egadziriro yokuvhota:

  • .Electoral Reform Society (] https//www. electal-reform.org.uk/) inogovera kunzvera nokuchinja kwemireza nemugadziridzo muUK uye munyika yose.
  • Fairvote (] https/www.fairvote.org/]) vatsigiri nokuda kwokuvhota kwakasarudzwa kwakarongwa uye kumirira kwakaenzana muUnited States, vachigovera kunzvera kukuru nezviwanikwa pamiitiro yechisarudzo.
  • [[RUZIVO:0] ACE Comment'INENELT COUTY [[FUT:2]https/aceproject.org/) inogovera mashoko akazara pamusoro pemibatanidzwa yezvisarudzo uye udzori zvinobva munyika yose.
  • dzivirira democracy (]https//decurificracy.org/) inonzvera pamusoro pokuti gadziriro yegadziriro inosarudzwa inotapura sei kusimba kwedemokrase nemhesano muUnited States.
  • International International Institute for Democracy and Electoral A help ([[FT:2]]https//www.idea.int/) inopa mashoko namajekero pamusoro pemiitiro inosarudzwa munyika yose.

Masangano aya anogovera zvose zviri zviviri kunzvera kwenyanzvi nenhungamiro inoshanda nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kunzwisisa kana kuti kutsigira chinjo yegadziriro inosarudzwa somutoo wokusimudzira nawo mwero woutano hwezvamatongerwe enyika nohunosarudzwa navanhu.