Nguva Itsva Muhurumende yeMericial yeIndia: Chimuko Chinoshandura Chinjo

Zvematongerwe enyika zveIndia zviri pakati pechinjo huru, inosundwa kwete nechinoitika chimwe asi nomuitiro wakatsiga, wekuchinja kwemaune. Mumakore gumi apfuura, nhevedzano yechinjo dzesangano neruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu dzakagadziridza nzira yokuita nayo sarudzo, kuti vadaviri vanorangarirwa sei vanozvidavirira nayo, uye kuti vavhoti vanobatanidzwa sei negadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Iyi chinjo, inosundwa mberi neEcomment Commission yeIndia (ECI) uye hurumende dzinowirirana, dzinovavarira kupedza zvinetso zvakadzika midzi zvakadai sokusarudza, kutora, uye pesvedzero yemari isiri pamutemo. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye munhu upi noupi anofarira kushandura izvi hazvisi zvimwe zvinhu zvinodaidzwa kunzwisisa nhasi kusarudzwa kwakasiyana nechizvarwa chakapfuura.

Mwero wevavhoti veIndia (vavhoti vakanyorwa vanodokusvika mamirioni 900 muna 2024) unoita kuti kunyange chinjo duku dzemiitiro dzive huru. Chinotevera chitarisiro chakakwana pamusoro pechinjo huru dzevhota dzakaitwa, tapuro yadzo inooneka pamatongerwe enyika eIndia, denho dzakaoma dzinosara, uye mugwagwa uri mberi nokuda kwegadziriro inofanira kupfuurira kushanduka kuti irambe yakanaka uye ikavimbika.

Nhoroondo Yacho: Nei Kuchinja Zvinhu Kwakanga Kuchikosha

Gadziriro yesarudza yeIndia, yakaiswa muBumbiro reMitemo yayo ndokutungamirirwa nemifananidzo yeChibvumirano chaMarudzi (1950 ne 1951), yakarongedzerwa nokuda kwenhambo yakasiana. Kwamakumi amakore, sarudzo dzakaitwa nepepa retsoro, kuverenga kwamaoko, uye utariri huduku hwemari dzenhimbe. Iyi gadziriro yakanga ine ngozi yokushandisa: kutora nzvimbo yetende, kutora mari yenhetembo, uye kuyerera kwamabhura mumitambo yapachena mumitambo. Sarudzo yemapepa yema 1980 neSarudzo yeBihar Comheant, umo zvisarudzo zvakapararira zvakashumwa, zvakasimbisa kuva norunako kwemiitiro runako rwezvirongwa. Eclation Commis idzo yezvibvumirano zva 1990 ne2000 zvakadanwazve kuti zvidzore pesvedzero yemari, simba remiitiro yemiitiro yeutsotsi.

Nguva yokuchinja yakauya nechakaitika cha2013 dare guru renhau mu [FT:0] PUCL v. Union yeIndia, yakarayira kuti patange “Hapana kana pari pamusoro" (NOTA) pekusarudza michina yokuvhota. Izvi zvakateverwa nechinodikanwa cheVoter Verificable Paper Discoutic Trail (VPAT), icho Dare rakarayira muna 2017. Iyi zviitiko zvepamutemo, zvakabatanidzwa nokushandiswa kweECI kwounyanzvi, zvakagadza chiteshi chezvirongwa zvokuchinja zvinhu zvaizochinja zvikuru nzvimbo inosarudzwa.

Chinokosha Kuchinja Zvinhu: Kubva PamaEVM Kuenda Kukuratidzira Zviverengero Zvevanhu

Kuchinja kunogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvina zvakafara: kugadziridzwa kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, kuzvidavirira, ganhuriro dzenhimbe dzemari, uye nhano dzokuvhota. Mumwe nomumwe akava netapuro yakasiana pamarwirwe nokuhwina sarudzo dzeIndia.

Michina Yemagetsi (EVM) uye VVPAT

Kutanga kweElectronic Voting Machines (EVM) muma 1980 kwakanga kuri kukurumidza kukuru kworuzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu. Asi kushandiswa kwazvo kwakapararira kwakavamba bedzi pashure pama 2000. Nhasi, sarudzo dzose nenzvero dzehurumende zhinjisa dzinoitiswa neEVM. Muchina unobvisa mavhoti asingashandi, unokurumidzisa kuverenga, uye unoderedza ngozi yebhokisi rebholot-bhoti. Zvisinei, kuitira hanya pamusoro pokuidzwa kwePuturosarudzo yeVoter Vificifeal Pagellation (VVPAT).

Muna April 2019, Dare Gurusa rakarayira kuti VVPAT itsvedzere kubva kuzviteshi zvishanu zvakasarudzwa nenzira isingazivikanwi murusarudzo rumwe norumwe rwegungano rinorangarirwa sechekero mukurwisana nemiuyo yeEVM. Ikoku kwakawedzera zvikuru chivimbo chavanhu mumichina, kunyange zvazvo kurukurirano pamusoro pechengeteko yavo inopfuurira. ECI nguva dzose yakaramba ichichengeta kuti EVMs itsoropotedze, uye zvinyorwa zvakazvimirira zvakatsigira zvikuru kutaura uku. Kunyange zvakadaro, gakavaro rinopfuurira rinosimbisa kudikanwa kwokutarisira kwounyanzvi uye kujeka mugadziriro yavana.

Kuvhima Kwematsotsi uye Kuongorora Maketi Ematsotsi

Imwe yenzvimbo dzinonyanyokosha dzokuchinja zvinhu ndeyekungoona. Kutanga nechisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosa ra2003, vanoda kubhabhatidzwa zvino vanofanira kunyora zvinyorwa zvavo zveutsotsi (kana pane zvimwe), zvikwaniriso zvedzidzo, uye mari (kubatanidza izvo zvevakaroorana vavo nevari kutsamira). Mashoko aya anoiswa panzvimbo yeICI, vachibvumira vavhooti kuti vaite zvisarudzo zvokuziva. Nokufamba kwenguva, zvinodiwa zvokuzivisa zvava kutoita zvakasimba: vada kutozozivisa zvino manyuko ezvishandiso zvavo nenyaya dzipi nedzipi dzinotevera mukurwisana navo.

Chinotapura chave chiri chinokosha. Nhamba yavamiriri vanosarudzwa vane mhaka dzoutsotsi yakaramba yakakwirira zvikuru (84% yamaMP akasarudzwa muna 2019) yakanga yazivisa mhaka dzoutsotsi (asi kuoneka kwacho kwakagonesa mapoka enzanga avagari vemo akadai seSangano reDemocratic Reforms (ADR) kubudisa kunzvera kwenguva dzose uye vamiririri vezvinzvimbo namabhirobha avo akachena. Dare Rapamusoro renhau rakatowedzerawo nokuda kwe “chirambiso chenguva yavose” pavambi vemitemo vakabva mukukwikwikwidza vvhoti, kunyange zvazvo mubatanidzwa weparamendezi muna 2013 bedzi wakavarambidza nokuda kwenhambo yokupinzwa mutorongo uye makore matanhatu gare gare gare. Kurutsiridza kwapamutemo kunopfuurira, uye kumwe kugadziridzwa kwepamutemo kunodzo inodzorwa.

3. Kurwisa Mari Nemiganhu Yemari

Mari yave iri nzou kwenguva refu muimba yokuvhota. Kudzora pesvedzero yayo, ECI inogadza miganhu yokushandisa yakaganhurirwa nokuda kwavada kufunda: mu 2024 Lok Sabha, muganhu wakanga uri 935 lakh ($114 000) pakuda kunyoreswa nokuda kwehurumende huru. Kuwedzera, masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anodikanirwa kutumira maakaundi egore ose echibvumirano pamusoro pemaakaundi nemhindu. Dare rakaraira kuti nyika yehurumende yeIndia ipedzedzedzei kubvisa chikwereti chezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nokubvumira mipiro isingazivikanwi. Zvisinei, zvisungo zvakaparadzwa neDare gurusaresa muna February 2024 pazvikonzero izvo zvakatyora mashoko avagari vemo pamusoro pemari pamusoro pemari. Dare rakarayira kuti Hurumende yeIndia izivise mashoko okutenga zvinhu zvose, kutama kunokarirwa kuti igove nokuwanda zvikuru mune mamiriro ezvinhu.

Kupfuura kushandiswa kwemari, ECI yakaderedza kuparadzirwa kwemari nemari mukati menhimbe. Zvikwata zvinobhururuka, zvikwata zvokunzveresa zvevhidhiyo, uye zvikwata zvokunzveresa zvinoiswa kutarira nokutora mari isiri pamutemo, doro, nezvipo. Musarudzo zvavose 2024 zvoga, mari yakawanda nenhumbi zvakabatwa mumativi enyika 9310 000 .A chinyorwa chinosimbisa zvose zviri zviviri mwero wechinetso uye kushanda kwesimba.

4 Muenzaniso Womufambiro Nokumanikidzwa

Model Code of Epial (MCC) igadziriro yenhungamiro yakabudiswa neEIC inodzora mufambiro wemapati ose ezvamatongerwe enyika navatendi mukati mesarudzo. Inorambidza kushandiswa kwemichina yehurumende nokuda kwokuvhota, kuvhota, kuita kutaura kworuvengo, uye kufadza kumafungiro echiHindu kana kuti enzanga. ECI yakasimbisa kuchengetwa kwayo kupfurikidza nokugadza gadziriro yokunzvera inonatsa 24x7 muzviteshi zvinonzvera, kuisa masimba makuru kudzivisa kutyisidzira, uye kubvisa nokukurumidza vakuru vakuru vanoputsa murairo.

Muna 2024, ECI yakakurumidza kurwisana navatevedzeri vanoverengeka nokuda kwokuita hurukuro dzinoshatirisa, kubatanidza kuvarambidza kukwikwidza kwenhambo yakagadzwa. Nepo vatsoropodzi vachipikisa kuti MCC pane dzimwe nguva inomanikidzirwa nenzira yakasarudzwa, tapuro yayo yose zvayo yave iri kuderedza mabasa okushatisa uye kupa ECI simba semugadziri asingasaruri.

5. Kunyoresa Nokuvandudza Kunoitawo

Kuchinja kwakanangidzirwawo pakukuita kuti kuve nyore zvikuru vagari vemo kunyoresa nokuvhota. ECI akatanga kunyoresa paIndaneti kupfurikidza neNational Voters Portal (NVSP) uye Voter Helpline App. Makadhi eId zvino anogona kubatanidzwa naAadhaar kubvisa zvinyorwa. Komishoni yakaedzawo kuvhota pakuvamba vagari vemo vakuru navanhu vane urema, vachigadza maample, brayle sigrage, uye mitsetse yakaparadzana. Nokuda kwavashandi vanotama, denho huru nokuda kwesarudzo, ECI iri kubudisa michina yokuvhotera iri kure iyo ingavabvumira kukanda vavhotera vachibva munzvimbo yavo yebasa vasingafambiri kumba kwavo.

“ Vavhoti vakatapurwa” (kubatanidza kuziva kwenguva yokutanga pakati pavavhoti, vakadzi, uye vagari vomumaruwa) zvakagovera wedzero inopfuurira mukuvhota. Turnout muna 2019 sarudzo dzavose dzakanga dziri 67.4%, kubva muna 58.2% muna 1998. Kubatanidzwa kwavavhoti vatsva vanopfuura 2.5 mu2024 muchinyorwa cha2024 kunoratidzira budiriro yeidzi nhamburiko dzokuwana.

Kutapura Zvematongerwe Enyika eIndia: Hakusi Michinawo Zvayo

Muuyo unowedzerwa weidzi chinjo wave uri vandudziko inopfuudzira muvara resarudzo yeIndia. Chivimbo chevoter mumuitiro wacho chakura, pasinei zvapo nepopo kupomera kwokuchinja kwapanhambo nenhambo. Kushandiswa kweVVVPAT nokuverenga kwakaderedza zvikuru nhamba yezvikumbiro zvesarudzo nekakavadzano. Nhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika zvino dzinotsamira zvikuru pamichina yenhau namashoko kupfuura pamari netsandanyama (pachinodo) zvichiri kuita basa, zvikurukuru mumagungano omunzvimbomo.

Kuitwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunoramba kuri itiro hanya yakakomba, asi kuziviswa kwapamutemo kwamarekodhi outsotsi kwakamanikidzira mapato kufunga kaviri pamberi pokuisa vaparidzi vane utachiona.

Imwe yetapuro dzinooneka zvikurusa ibasa rakaderedzwa re “mahombekombe” rakavakirwa pamapoka echiHindu nerudzidziso. Nepo zvamatongerwe enyika zvichiripo, itiro hanya iri kuchinjirwa kukudzora nokubudirira. Nhamburiko dzeECI dzokumanikidzira MCC dzakaderedza kutaura kworuvengo uye kutaura kunoparadzanisa munzanga muhurukuro dzechirongwa chapamutemo, kunyange zvazvo zvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga zvichiramba zviri kumadokero kwoupengo.

Uyezve, kuchinja kwacho kwakasimbisa Evotion Commission imene. Yakamboonekwa sechikamu chebureaucracy, ECI zvino inoremekedzwa zvikuru sesangano rakasimba, rakazvimirira rinokwanisa kusimbisa mitemo inorwisana kunyange navezvamatongerwe enyika vane simba zvikurusa.

Matambudziko Anoramba Kuzvidzora

Pasinei zvapo nefambiro mberi, denho dzinokosha dzinosara. Chisingadzoreki zvikurusa ndi ** inodzorwa nemari**. Nepo ganhuriro dzendyiko dzichiripo, dzinoshorwa zvikuru kupfurikidza ne “varongi” uye kuzvidavirira kwokugadzira zvinhu. Vacherekedzi vedare vanofungidzira kuti mari chaiyo inogona kuva inopetwa nekashanu kusvikira kugumi muganhu wapamutemo, zvikurukuru nokuda kwemapoka enyika. Kudzorwa kwezvisungo zvedare repamusorosoro kwavhura nzira itsva muhondo yokuona zvakanaka, asi kuchatora nguva kuti inzwike zvizere.

** Kutyisidzira kweVoter*** kunoramba kuri itiro hanya mune dzimwe nzvimbo, zvikurukuru munyika dzine nhau yemasimba masimba . ECI yakatumira masimba makuru ku “simba,” asi zvinoitika zvokutapa matende zvinopfuurira munharaunda dziri dzoga, dzisingashumwi. Pesvedzero ye ** zvikwata zvoutsotsi** muzvamatongerwe enyika inopfuurira, navada kuzova nemhosva dzakakomba. Dare Gurusa rakatoisa kupesana kwechigarire panhau, asi Paramende haisati yapari kupfuudza mutemo wakadaro.

** Misinformation nenhau dzenhema** pasociation yazova tyisidziro huru. Mukati mesarudzo 2019 ne 2024, ECI yakabudisa nhungamiro nokuda kwokuzivisa kwezvamatongerwe enyika pamaplatifomu seFacebook, Whatscapp, uye Twitter. Yakagadzira “Media Creance neDare rokuHlawula mamiriro ezvinhu enzanga” (MCMC) kuzivisa kwapasati pambonyorwa. Asi kumhanya kwekurukurirano yepaIndaneti kunoita kuti kuve kusingabviri kubatwa nokupunza kwose. Kupararira kwemifungo yemifungo namavhidhiyo anoshandiswa mukati mechikwidzanga 2024 kwakasimbisa kudikanwa kwokuwana nguva chaiyoiyo uye kufambika-AIP.

** Kusava nehanya kwevagari vomumaguta*** pakati pevagari vemo vaduku kune chimwe chinhu chinovhiringidza. Pasinei zvapo nechinyorwa chenyika, zvikamu zvokuvhota mumaguta makuru zvakadai seBengaluru, Mumbai, uye Delhi zvave zvamira seri kwenharaunda dzomumaruwa. Nhimbe dzokupinda kweECI dzinofanira kuva itsva zvikuru kuti dziite izvi zviverengero, zvichida kupfurikidza nokutamba kana kuti shamwari dzinovhota dzinogovera purofiti chaiyo yenguva chaiyo.

Pakupedzisira, mukaha wokushandisa *** pakati pemirau mikuru nokudzikamisa nzvimbo inhau inogara nguva refu. Somuenzaniso, kushandiswa kwakafanira kweVVPAT kwakapararira, asi kuvhara kwepepa namagirazi ounyanzvi panhambo nenhambo kunoparira kunonoka. ECI yakataura ikoku kupfurikidza nokurovha vakuru vakuru zvakakwana zvikuru, asi zvikanganiso zvavanhu nezvounyanzvi hazvigoni kubviswa chose chose.

Zviri Mberi: Kukunda Chinjo Nezvadzinogona

Rwendo rwokuchinja rwevavhoti ruchiri kure nokupedzisira. ECI yakarumbidza matanho anoverengeka ari kumirira chiito chehurumende:

  • [ Kuvhota kwokukurumidza nokuda kwavashandi vokutama vepamusha - Chirongwa chendege chinoshandisa EVMs chiri kure chiri mukusarudza maconsitue. Kana rukabudirira, chingagona kubatanidza vashandi vanofungidzirwa 10 vanoshanda mumitezo inobatira panguva ino avo vasingagoni kuvhota nemhaka yokuti vari kushanda kunze kwenyika yavo.
  • Sarudzo dzakatemwa (Rumwe Rumwe Rudzi, Chisarudzo) – Hurumende yakaumba dare rapamusoro kuti ifunde kusagona kuita sarudzo dzeboka reKok Sabha nehurumende pamwe chete kuti ideredze mari nokudzivisa nhimbe yenguva dzose. Chikarakadzo chacho chine tsigiro yakasimba kubva kuBJP inotonga asi chinotarisana nechishoro chakabva kumapoka eruwa anoikwikwidza kubetsera mapoka orudzi.
  • Kusimbisa Tsika Yomuenzaniso yeMitiro[[FT:1] - Procates anobatanidza kupa ECI simba rokubvisa masangano ezvematongerwe enyika anoputsa tsika dzeMCC nokupedzisa chisarudzo chezvikumbiro zvesarudzo mukati memwedzi mitanhatu.
  • Kuonesa pachena mari yebato [ - Post jaji rechisarudzo chezvisungo zvevhoti, ECI iri kusundira nokuda kwokuziviswa chaikoiko kwenguva chaiyo kwemipiro yose yezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pechikumbaridzo chiduku, pamwe chete nokunzvera kwakazara kwenhau dzebato gore riri rose.
  • avhota achifamba achiwana ruzivo[ - ECI inoronga kutanga app yeserura nokuda kwokuvhota kwapanosiiwa ndokubvumira kuvhota munzvimbo dzakawanda kupfurikidza nemupumburu wehurumende. Kuchinja uku kwaizoita kuti kuvhotera kuve kwakakodzera sezvinobvira.

Kutanga ruzivo rwokuvhota **** kuri kufundwa nenyika dzinoverengeka kuti dzishandiswe musarudzo dzomunzvimbomo, kunyange zvazvo ECI inoramba yakangwarira pamusoro pengozi dzechengeteko. Pfungwa ye ** kadhi revhoti renyika imwe**** yakabatanidzwa neAadhaar yakanyudzwawo kuti ibvise kuvhota nokubiridzira, kunyange zvazvo itiro hanya dzomunhu oga dzichifanira kukurukurwa.

Mugumisiro: Kushanduka - shanduka Kunoramba Kuchiitika

Kuchinja zvinhu muIndia hakusi kumira. Kutanga kweEVMS neVVPAT, kusimbiswa kweModel Kodence of Faith, kuoneka kwemhesano, uye kurwa kwakaoma mukurwisana nemari mune zvematongerwe enyika zvose zvakaparira gadziriro inonyanya kuvimbwa nhasi kupfuura yaiita makore makumi maviri apfuura. Chivimbo chaVoter chakadzorerwa mumativi akawanda, uye ECI chakava muenzaniso webasa wemasangano anotarisira marusarudzo munyika yose.

Asi zvinetso zvokuparwa kwemhosva, mashoko asina kururama, uye kuchinjwa kwemasangano echiIndia zvinopfuurira, zvichitiyeuchidza kuti hurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu inoda kungwarira nguva dzose. Kuchinja kunotevera kuchaita kuti kuvhota kuve nyore, kudzora nhimbe dzemichina, uye kuderedzazve basa remari. Kune vaya vanodzidza zvematongerwe enyika zveIndia, nhau yokuchinja masangano akasarudzwa ichinhu chinokosha chokuona nacho kurongwa kukurusa kwenyika ino, uko kungangova kusakwana, kukanganisa, asi nguva dzose kuvavarira kuzadzika chipikirwa chayo chemitemo yechisarudzo chapachena chokuvhota.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera mishumo yapamutemo ye Commission yoKusarudza yeIndia, kunzvera kwakabudiswa ne] Association for Democratic Reformations [ADR][[FLT:], uye rutongeso rwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi rweDare rapamusoro pamusoro pezvisungo zvokusarudza. Nyanzvi dzinganongedzerawo ku Carnee Endowments redemocratic ments res as formations mu Indian[[FLT:]][FLT]