Zvezvamatongerwe enyika muUnited States zvakaumbwa zvikurukuru nomuitiro mukuru wesarudzo, gadziriro inotema kuti vada kubhapatidzwa ndivanaani vachamirira mabato makuru ezvamatongerwe enyika mukusarudza. Nepo kusarudza kukuru kuchibata ngwariro yorudzi, vaparidzi vanowanzosarudza zvisarudzo zvakakomba zvikurusa: ndiani anowana basa. Kunzwisisa kuti basa reprimes rinoshanda sei, mhindumupindu yavo yenhau, uye pesvedzero dzavo dziri kure zvikuru zvinokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa simba rehurumende yeAmerica.

Mavambo Nemhindumupindu Yetsika Huru

Gadziriro yazvino uno haina kuoneka kamwe. Muzana ramakore rechi 19, vatungamiriri vebato, kazhinji kazhinji vanosangana mu "dzimba dzakazadzwa," vaisarudzwa mukokorodzano nekapusi. Uyu muitiro wakava wakajeka zvikuru uye wakadzorwa nemichina yezvamatongerwe enyika. Musi waMara inofambira mberi pakuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi20 yakaunza zvikumbiro nokuda kwokutora rutivi rukuru rwevagari vemo, kuchitungamirira kukutangwa kwenzvimbo dzapachivanze. Hurumende yokutanga yapamutemo yakaitwa muConsinpon muna 1903, yakatsigirwa naGavhuna Robert La Follette. Mumakumi amakore akatevera, nyika dzakawanda dzakagamuchirwa, kunyange zvazvo dzakanga dzichidiwa kusvikira kuma 1970 kuti tsika yacho yapararira. Gasven-Fras Commission, yakaumbwa neDdemocratic National Convention, yakatanga kugadziridza basa renyika dzazvino uno, kuti ivhure basa renguva dzose dzazvino uno, tinoona nhasi.

Zvinhu Zvinokosha Zvakaitika Pakuchinja Zvinhu

  • 1903: Wisconsin anogadza mutemo wokutanga wakananga munyika yose.
  • 1910s-1920:[ Nyika zhinjisa dzinotora chimiro chikuru chehofisi dzenyika nedzomunzvimbomo.
  • [[FLT: 0] 1972: Parti yeDemocratic Service inoshandisa McGovern-Fraser Commission, ichiwedzera nhamba yemaprimetics pamusoro pematuro.
  • : Nyika dzinoverengeka dzinoenda kuPrimeries dzapakuvamba (pamberi pezvitoro) kuti dziwedzere pesvedzero.
  • [20:[ United States inoedza nokuvhota kwapakarepo uye yakawedzera kuvhota nokukurumidza nemhaka yedenda.

Kuchinja uku kwakaita kuti pave nezvikamu zvakawanda zvevana asi kwakaunzawo zvinhu zvitsva zvakaoma, zvakadai sokuronga nguva yemakwikwi uye basa remadhigisi makuru.

Michina Yezvisarudzo Zvokutanga

Zvisinei, mitemo inosiana zvikuru nehurumende, kuumba gadziriro yezvikamu zviduku inogona kuvhiringidza vavhoti nemigumisiro yechimiro. Kunzwisisa aya vanamakanika kunokosha nokuda kwokunzvera kuti mamiriro ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika anowedzera sei mamiriro ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika.

Marudzi Etsotsi: Kuparara Kwakakwana

Marongerwo enzvimbo dzinochengeterwa zvinhu anowanzova anobva pakuti ndiani anobvumirwa kuvhota.

  • Mitezo yakavharwa: Mitezo yebato bedzi yakanyorwa inogona kuvhota mubato rayo guru. Iyi tsika inokurudzira ruvimbiko rwebato uye inosimbisa kuti vatsigiri vakasarudzwa bedzi vanosarudza munhamba. Vatsoropodzi vanoiramba inobvisa yakasununguka ndokunetesa chikumbiro chebato kuvhota.
  • Aiwanukira: Voters dzinogona kusarudza kuti inyi inonyanyova yebato yokutora rutivi, pasinei zvapo nokunyoresa kwavo vamene. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira ku "vhotera," apo mitezo yebato rimwe inopesvedzera nenzira inoshanda. Vatsigiri vanoti inowedzera kutora rutivi uye vapindiri vane mwero.
  • SAMI-PRIMA: Mitezo yebato yakanyoreswa navanovhota vasina kubhadharwa ingatora rutivi, asi mitezo yamamwe mapoka inobviswa. Iyi ganhuriro inodzora nerevokuzvimirira.
  • Phezulu- 2 (kana kuti Pamusoro-pamusoro) Prime: Vada kukwikwidzana vose pavhoti imwe, uye vavhoti vaviri vapamusoro vafambisiri mberi kurusarudzo rwavose, pasinei zvapo nebato. Vakashandiswa muCalifornia, Washington, uye Alaska, tsika inoronga kuderedza muganhu wenzvimbo kupfurikidza nokumanikidzira vadaviri kukwirira kurusarudzo rukuru. "jungle" musi mukuru unoshandiswa muLouisiana.
  • Blanket Primities (Divisionusciality Party): Kare yaishandiswa mune dzimwe nyika, yakabvumira vavhoti kuvhota nokuda kwemubato upi noupi pasinei zvapo nebato, asi Dare Gurusa rakavatonga kuva vasingawirirani mu Calilifornia Democratic Party v. Jones[ [2000]) sekodzero dzebato.

Kushandisa Nzira Dzokufambisa Nzvimbo

Kupfuura vavhoti, marongi anoshandurwa kuvamiriri anotsoropodza. Vamwe vanotaura kuti vamiriri vanotora mibayiro yakavakirwa pawirirano, nepo vamwe vanoshandisa kutora masangano ose. Somuenzaniso, muRepublican Party, nyika zhinji dzinopa nhume muwirirano, nepo Democrats ane tsika yapamutemo ine chikumbaridzo chiduku. Iyi mirau inotapura kuti mutungamiriri anogona kuunganidza nokukurumidza sei vazhinji uye kuti vapfumi vanogona kuramba varipo kwenguva yakareba sei.

Basa Retsotsi Mukushatisa Kuzivikanwa Kweboka

Utsotsi hahusati huchingova bedzi pamusoro pokusarudza vanoda kubhapatidzwa; inzvimbo umo mapoka ebato anokwikwidzana nokuda kwokudzora pfungwa.

Kusarudza Nokusarudza

Mumasumo akavharwa, vavhota vanowanzova vanyanyisa zvikuru pfungwa kupfuura vavhoti vavose (8kazhinji kazhinji vanonzi "vavhoti vakasarudzwa". Vanoda kutora vangagamuchira nzvimbo dzakasimba zvikuru kuti vawane tsigiro yavashingairi vanoshinga. Ikoku kunogona kuguma nokuva vaminendi vasingazivi zvikuru, chinoitika chinozivikanwa se "kuvhota naposeti." Somuenzaniso, mumaruwa akakotsekana, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji ndicho chisarudzo chikuru bedzi chamakwikwikwi, kuchitungamirira kuvagamuchiri veboka pane vanotsvaka vanotsigira purofiti pane kuva vanotsvaka kuva vanofamba.

Kubatana Kweboka Nengozi Yokutukwa

Vapari vemhosva vanogona kuva vanobatanidza kana kuti vanokamuranisa. Makwikwi okutanga anogona kusimbisa mavambo ndokuparira ngwariro yezvinobudisa nhau, asi anogonawo kufumura miganhu mikuru. Pashure pechikuru chakashatiswa, idi rinorasikirwa ringazengurira kutsigira mubatanidzwa, kutapura kuisa mari nokuzvidira. Zvikamu zvinoedza kukunda ikoku kupfurikidza netendero, zvinoitika zvechinzwano, uye bvumirano dzechikuva. Kunzvera kwevezvamatongerwe enyika saJohn Sides naLynn Vavreck kunoratidza kuti kukamu kechikuru hakukuvadzi nguva dzose kurusarudzo, asi kunogona kuparira zvisarudzo kana kupfumba kusingaporeswi.

Kubatanidzwa Nokuchinja

Nhamburiko munhau dzine nhevedzano yakaderera kupfuura sarudzo dzinozivikanwa navose (kazhinji kazhinji 20-30% yavavhoti vakakodzera muPrinciblic Primmies. Uku kutora rutivi kwakaderera kunopa pesvedzero isingaenzaniswi kuvavhoti vanonyandurwa zvikuru, kazhinji kazhinji vanosundwa nendangariro. Nhamburiko dzokuwedzera kunyoresa kukuru, zvakadai sokunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chetero, kuvhota kwapakuvamba, uye kunyoresa kwokuvhota kwoga, zvinogona kuwedzera kuvhotera kwakasarudzwa uye kungaparira manyuko ane mwero zvikuru. Kuchinja kwokusaenda pamugumisiro inhau inhau inopfuurira, asi vatsigiriri vazhinji vanotaura kuti kutora rutivi rukuru kunosimbisa kuva nomutemo wedemocracy.

Pesvedzero yeNyika Dzapakuvamba Nenzvimbo Yokunamatira

Karenda yemapringirial inoparira makwikwi apakuvamba zvikuru — zvikurukuru Iowa, New Hampshire, Nevada, uye South Carolina(wield pesvedzero yakapararira. Vanoita zvakanaka munyika idzi vanowanzova nesimba rinovasunda kupfurikidza namakwikwi apashure.

Kutanga Kuoneka Kwacho

Sarudzo imwe isati yaitwa, vada kukwikwidzana mu "vasingaonekwi"" -- kuzivikanwa kwokuvaka zita, kuchengetesa kutenderwa, uye kukwidziridza mari. Kubhadharwa kwenhau uye nhamba dzenzvero munyika dzapakuvamba kunotapura kuda kupa mupi. FEC inoshuma kuti nhimbe huru dzapurezidhendi dzinowanzokwidza mazana amamirioni amadhora, negoverano huru inopedzerwa munyika dzapakuvamba pakushambadzira, vashandi, uye mabasa apavhu. Kukundikana kusangana nemari inobhangiswa kunogona kumanikidza vapangi kubuda pamberi pokuvavhotera vakuru kunyange kuwana banza.

Kutakura Machira Kumberi uye Chipiri Chikuru

Kuti dzikudziridze pesvedzero yadzo, nyika dzakawanda dzakaita kuti maprimita adzo ave mazuva apakuvamba, muitiro unozivikanwa sekuisa zvinhu zvinoiswa mberi. Ikoku kunopeta karenda uye kunogona kuita "kutora zvinongoshanda" nokukurumidza. Chipiri chikuru, Chipiri pakuvamba kwaMarch apo nyika dzakawanda dzinova netapirmary, zvino zvino kubatanidza California, Texas, uye dzimwe zhinji, dzinosarudza nenzira inobudirira kuiswa urume nokuda kwomukwaniridziridzi mukuru munhizha dzakawanda. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kuisa kwapamberi mberi kunoderedza mikana yokuti vaparidzi vaduku vanozivikanwa vawandudze kuvaka simba uye vanopa betsero inotova huru zvikuru kuidzo yakasanoiswa pamberi pezvigaro.

Mamiriro Enzvimbo Nemapu Eectoral

Vaparidzi havaiti vasina chinhu; vanoumbwa netsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzomunharaunda, uwandu hwevanhu, uye nhau dzinotanga.

MuMidwest, makwikwi apakuvamba muIowa neMichigan anosimbisa muitiro wokurima, kutengeserana, uye mabasa okugadzira. MuSouth, South Carolina neGeorgia anosimbisa vavhoti vechiKristu namasimba edzinza. MuMadokero, nyika dzakadai seNevada inonangidzira ngwariro pabasa, kutamira munyika dzinopinda munyika. Uku kuchinjana kwemifungo kweruwa kukuva nenzvimbo dzakasiana---chinja uye kunogona kuzivisa utera. Somuenzaniso, mutevedzeri anoita zvakashata muSouth Carolina neGeorgia angarwisa kukwirira kuva namabhinya ane mwero etsika dzorudzi, nepo anofuratira maWester angapoka anenge arasikirwa namapoka anotsoropodza avagari vemo.

Kutapura Kurongwa Kwomuitiro Wezvirongwa Zvekusarudza

Mepu yokutanga inozivisawo nzira yokuvhota nayo. Mibato inovaka mashoko pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvinosarudzwa nomuvhoti, kunzvera kutumira mashoko, uye kuziva nzvimbo dzinokwikwidza. Somuenzaniso, muda kuhwina kupfurikidza nokukumbira vavhoti vomumaruwa muIowa angapinza urongwa ihwohwo musarudzo yavose muhondo dzakafanana nePennsylvania kana kuti Wisconsin. Nenzira inopesana, mutevedzeri anotsamira parusando rweguta muCalifornia angada kugadziridza nokuda kwemuvhotanwa wakasiana muna November.

Zvinetso Netsoropodzo Zvetsika Huru

Pasinei nokuti nyika ino iri kusarudzwa nevanhu, kuongorora zvinhu izvi kunokosha pakuongorora zvikarakadzo zvokuchinja zvinhu.

Kufamba Kukaderera uye Kusingadzorwi

Kuvhota kwokutanga kunowanzofambiswa kuvakuru, vakapfuma, vakadzidza zvikuru, uye vavhoti zvikuru. Mukuwirirana ne Pew Research Center, chiteshi chikuru chapurezidhendi chakava chinenge 30% yavavhoti vakakodzera mumakore amakwikwikwi, chakaderera zvikuru kupfuura sarudzawo zvavose 60-66%. Ikoku kunogona kuparira vamine vasingamiririri vapamhika, ndoda vavhoti vose.

Mari Mumari

Ndyiko yokuita nhimbe huru yaputika. Nokuguma kwemari yavose nokumuka kwamaPACI makuru, vadaviri vanowanzovimba navapi vakapfuma namapoka okunze. Federal Evolution Commission [ pesvedzero yemipiro isina muganhu inomutsa funganyo pamusoro pokuti vadaviri vanozvidavirira kufariro dzakaganhurirwa panzvimbo pokuvhota. Muna 2020, mwaka mukuru wehurumende wakaona mari inopfuura mabhiriyoni maviri [Z $54,5] mundyiko yemipiro mipfumo yemaga-don inodzo inodzorwa.

Matongerwe Enyika Anoparadzanisa Vanhu uye Kurwisa Kwakaipa

Nemhaka yokuti vaparidzi vanotusa misiyano yakapinza, vada kurwisana kazhinji kazhinji nesimba, kuchisiya kuvadziko inogarisa. Kushambadzira kwakaipa kunobudiswa mukati mezvirugu kunogona kurondedzera vashori munzira dzinovakuvadza muchisarudzo chavose. Uyezve, sundo yokuvatarisira inogona kusunda vadaviri kunzvimbo dzakanyanyisa dzakaoma kudzokera. Angova mutevedzeri anoshandisa chimiro chakaoma panhau yakadai sekutama kana kuti mitero.

Chinetso che “Safetic Seats" uye Zvitsotsi Zvisina Kuongororwa

Mumaruwa akawanda emisangano, mubato mumwe unodzora kwazvo zvokuti kusarudzwa kukuru imhedziso inotevedzerwa. Muzvinoitika izvozvo, chikuru ndicho sarudzo chaidzoidzo(uye kazhinji kazhinji, chikamu chiduku bedzi chomuvhoti. Ballopedia data[ inoratidza kuti mune dzimwe nyika, inopfuura hafu yemitemo yewi yemitemo inotonga inosarutswa, zvinoreva kuti hapana anotarisana nedenho uye nenzira inobudirira namapoka pasina mubatanidzwa upi noupi wevota. Uku kushaindero yamakwikwikwi inogona kudzivirira mucumbus uye kugovera kugermering nesctionrocker.

Kuchinja Kwezvinhu Neramangwana Revapari Vemhosva

Vamwe vanoda kuchinja zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana, vamwe vanoda kuwedzera kudzoka, vamwe vanoda kuderedza kuderera kwenzvimbo dzinogara vanhu, uye vamwewo kuti varatidze kuti vamiririri vezvinhu izvi.

Matare Asiri Omutemo

Gadziriro huru mbiri dzapamusoro dzinoshandiswa muCalifornia neWashington ndiimwe yechinjo inobvisa nzvimbo yebato inotanhamara. Panzvimbo pezvo, vada kubhapatidzwa vose vanooneka pabhoti rimwe, uye kumusoro kwembiri. Vatsigiri vanokurudzira ikoku kuva nomwero, sezvo vakwikwidzi vachifanira kukumbira mhiri kwemitsetse yebato kudzivirira nzvimbo yakasarudzwa. Zvidzidzo zvinoshandiswa ne Brennan Center ye Justice[ zvinoratidza kuti vasarudzo huru-viri vanogona kuwedzera kusarudzo yavose, kunyange zvazvo vatsoropo vachicherekedza kuti vanogonawo kuguma nenzvimbo imwe cheteyo yezvikamu zvavose.

Ranked-Choice Voing (RCV) mumaPrimries

Alaska naMaine vakashandisa RCV nokuda kwezviprincilla, umo vavhoti vanoda kuvhota kupfurikidza nezvinodiwa. Kana pasina mutsigiri anogamuchira voruzhinji, vada kutora vakaderera zvikuru vanobviswa, uye vhoti dzinobviswa. Vatsigiri vanodavira RCV vanodavira kuti RCV inoderedza nhimbe yakashata uye vanovimbisa kuti vakundi vane tsigiro huru. Muna 2022, Alaska akashandisa sarudzo huru yechina inoteverwa neRCV, inoparira muuyo mukuru weRCV.

Zuva Repori Kana Kuti Rokufambira Kwomunharaunda

Kuti vataure simba guru rehurumende dzapakuvamba, vamwe vanokarakadza zuva guru renyika umo nyika dzose dzinovhota panguva imwe cheteyo. Vamwe vanokarakadza kuchinja nhevedzano yenyika imwe neimwe kuitira kuti nzvimbo dzakasiana - siana dzive nebanza rokutungamirira. chinjo dzakadaro dzingada chiito chesangano, icho chakaoma muzvamatongerwe enyika chinopiwa icho zvikamu zvinobetserwa negadziriro yazvino.

Kuwedzera Kwebasa Rokutora Rutivi

Kuchinja kwakafanana nokunyoresa kwokuvhota kwokuzviitikira, kuvhota kwapakuvamba, kuvhota pafoni, uye kuva nenzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mari pakupera kwevhiki kana kuti sezvo mazororo angagona kuwedzera. Mitezo yakadai seColorado neOregon yakaona kuvhota kukuru kuchikwira nokuvhota. Zvisinei, kuvhota kunoramba kusingaenzaniswi zvikuru neboka ravagari vemo, kuchikarakadza kuti chinjo dzoga dzingasava dzakaringana.

Mugumisiro: Zvinorehwa Nemhosva Zvisingaperi

Vaparidzi vanopfuura zvikuru nhano younyanzvi mumuitiro wevhotal. Nhevedzo yebato inogadzirwa, vanoedzwa, uye purogiramu dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzakaumbwa. Kuvambira paNguva inofambira mberi kusvikira kukurukurirano yazvino uno pamusoro pezvikamu zviviri, mhindumupindu yetsika inoratidzira kusawirirana kunopfuurira pakati poudzori hwebato nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu neuswa. Nepo kutsoropodza kwekudzorwa kwakaderera, pesvedzero yemari, uye kubatana kwepasi kunoramba kuri mutoo mukuru uyo vavho kunze kwegwenga vakakwirira vanogona kupesvedzera nawo. Sezvo United States inopfuurira kurwisana nokuparadzana kwechikamu chitsarudzo chehurumende inotonga necheteverwa kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kunzwisisa nokuvandudza kwehurumende kuchava kunokosha kuutano hweRiphabliki.