Hurumende dzinoshandiswa, dzinozivikanwawo sedzoudzori kana kuti masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anokwikwidzana, dzinomirira chimiro chakajeka chokutonga kwezvamatongerwe enyika icho chinobatanidza namaune masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nemiitiro yapachivande yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Idzi hurumende dzinoita sarudzo yenguva dzose, dzinochengeta mabumbiro emitemo anovimbisa maruramiro, uye matare emitemo nemitemo zvinodzorwa nemitemo yehurumende (*) asi anoita kudaro mumigariro inosimudzira nzvimbo yokutamba mukutsigira masangano ehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji. Muuyo igadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika inooneka kuva yedemocracy asi inoramba iri pasi pepfupi. Kunzwisisa kuti hurumende dzechishatisvoi dzinogamuchira ndokuchinja mativi ehurumende inochengeta kudzorwa kwezvehurumende nemitemo yehurumende inotonga zvinhu kunokosha nokuda kwevadzidzi vesayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika, vaongorori, uye munhu upi noupi ane hanya nezvoutano hwehurumende munyika yose.

Kugadzirwa Kwemazai Ane Uhwuri Hunogadzirwa Nemabhakitiriya: Kunyatsotariswa

Hurumende dzinodzorwa nouori hadzisingori hadzo hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzisina kukwana kana kuti gadziriro dzokuchinja dzinomirira kuchinjwa kwakazara kwedemocracy. Panzvimbo pezvo, dzinomirira mwero wakatsiga umo vatongi vanoshandisa zvimiro zvedemocracy kuti vawane pamutemo vachishandisa mitoo yehurumende yeautocracy kupedza chishoro.

Mapoka Anoda Democratic

Kuchengeta kuvimbika kwamarudzi ose nokubvuma, hurumende dzemhiko dzinogamuchira zvakawanda zvezvisarudzo zvinooneka zvehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Zvinoita sarudzo dzenguva dzose (8kazhinji kazhinji makwikwi okuparira ngwariro nokutora rutivi, asi zvisingatongoitiki zvakakwana kupinza mungozi kutsiviwa kwechokwadi kwesimba. Ivo vanogadza masangano ezvisarudzo avanhu, vogadziro yekodzero dzavanhu, uye mitumbi inorwisana nevoruzhinji, asi vanoshanda navezvo navakavimbika kana kuti vanovimbisa kuti havava nenzvimbo yokuchengetwa. Mapareparamende anotonga anoisa mutemo wekurukurirano, asi vatongi vanotonga vanoisa mhaka dzinodikanwa kukurira nhau dzokutonga, asi nhau dzinotapura zvamatongerwe enyika dzinobatwa zvinyoro kana kuti dzinogoverwa kuvatongi vane ushamwari. Kudzorwa kwehurumende kunosanoshatiswa kuratidzirwa kwomuzvarirwo, asi sangano riri rose rinotsigirwa nenzira yamanomano muhurumende.

Kukanganisa Kwematongerwe Enyika

Pasi pezvisingaonekwi, hurumende dzezvikwata zvine mapuroteni dzinovimba nemasangano ezvirongwa zvemasangano ehurumende anoramba asingaoneki zvikuru kuvacherechedziwo. Masangano echengetedzo anopiwa uchenjeri hwakafara uye kudzivirirwa. Mabumbiro emitemo anosanganisira urongwa husina kujeka hunorwisana nekusada kumira mberi kwetsika, ugandanga, kana kuti kusvibiswa kunogona kushandiswa. Hurumende inodzora kana kuti kupesvedzera zvikuru mabudiro ezvinobudisa nhau, masangano eInternet, uye masangano enzanga anotarisana nezvinodikanwa zvokunyoresa uye kutsigira mari. Kodzero dzezvinhu hadzina kuchengetedzwa, sezvo hurumende ichigona kubvisa mabhizimisi evavengi uye kubhadhara zvibvumirano zvehurumende. Zvirongwa izvi zvinodzorwa zvehurumende zvinovimbisa kuti vanhu vateve nesimba rehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yega yega.

Michina Yokudzora: Kuchinja Mativi Edemocratic

Chinonyanya kushamisa nezvehurumende dzezvipembenene dzezvipembenene ndechekuti zvinoshandisa sei zvinhu zvinosarudzwa nehurumende dzechidhimoni zvinonzi “Gezeta, mapati, masangano emitemo, rusununguko rwevanhu ” (kusava nokubvumira zvinhu izvozvo kuderedza kudzora kwadzo). Mumakumi maviri emakore apfuura, nyanzvi dzakaziva nzira dzinodzokororwa dzinoshandiswa nehurumende kuti dzigadzirise kuoma uku.

Electoral Maniption

Kusarudza chinhu chinooneka zvikurusa chedemocracy icho hurumende dzezvipembenene dzinofanira kudzora. Panzvimbo pechitsotsi chakananga chinoparira kuratidzira kwemhuri nokushurikidza kwamarudzi ose. “‘ Hurumende dzemhiko dzinoshandisa zvimiro zvamanomano zvamanomano zvokushandisa. Vanoshandisa mhinganidzo dzokutonga dzakadai sokuvhota, zvinodikanwa zvinoganhurira, uye chinjo dzokupedzisira dzokutsvaka nzvimbo dzokunzvera kuti dziomere kudzorwa pakati pezvikamu zvechishoro. Dzinoparira kurwisana nepfuvuriso. Dzinoumba maruwa okusarira kunzvimbo dzomumaruwa dzinomirira nyika dzinodavirira hurumende. Dzinodzora basa rokusarudzora kusakodzera vashorwa pamasangano ounyanzvi kana kuti vasarudzere zviri pachena zvakakwana kuti varambe vari pasi pechikumbaridzo chakakomba. Mimwe mitengo inoparira , kufanana neyamutooka yapo kana kuti ipfuure zvikuru. Miteve inoto mikuru inopfuutsa kupfurikidza namamwe mabhishopu inopfumi adzo.

Kudzora Zvinobudisa Mashoko

Muzera ramashoko, kudzora nhauro yacho kunokosha sokudzora bhokisi renhau. Zviremera zvehurumende zvakakudziridza nzira dzakaisvonaka dzokutarisira hurukuro yavose zvichingotaura kuti zvinoremekedza rusununguko rwokutaura. Hazvivhari pasi zvinobudisa mashoko zvakazvimirira chose chose. Zvingava zvinonyanyova zvinoda mari. Makambani ehurumende anorega kushambadzira mashoko panzvimbo dzinonetsa. Zviremera zvetepfekero zvemari zvinoanyora. Vanovabatanidza kuti vadzorere mapepanhau akaoma kushandira hurumende ndokuaita kuti ave magwemhe akavimbika. Munguva ino, mapepanhau ehurumende anobudisa mashoko anodzorwa mutsivi wezvakanaka, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anobatanidza nhau dzinosimbisa kuvimbika. Hurumende dzinoshandisa mauto anobhadhadharwa (miro) kuti ashaidze manzwi anokwe nokudzorwa kwemitevera avanhu vafambidzanyi kuti vapfumidze mitemo inofambidzana.[10]

Koporota nePatronage

Panzvimbo pokudzvinyirira muvengi ari wose anobvira, hurumende dzechimurenga dzinoda kubatana. Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, makambani ebhizimisi, vatungamiriri venharaunda, uye kunyange masangano enzanga anogona kupinzwa muboka rinotonga kupfurikidza nokuparadzirwa kwepfuma yehurumende, zvibvumirano, masangano, uye maropafadzo. MuRussia, boka reUnited States reIFUA rinoshanda sechikwata chinoshanda sechirongwa chokutsigira [[FOLD]] chinodzora chinoitwa nesangano rehurumende. Patronatesssss anosimbisa kuvimbika kwavo mukutsinhanhanhana nokuda kwemari yehurumende. MuHungary, Orbán’s Fiz reFiz rashandisa mari yeIUNI nehurumende yemouse kupfumisa upfumi hwehurumende huzhinji hunopfumisa upfumi hwehurumende. Patronam anoparira gadziriro huru yehurumende inoparira simba ramatongerwo yehurumende.

Kuderedza Kutonga kwoMutemo

Mutemo womutemo ikokudzora kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, asi hurumende dzinoumbwa nemhesano dzinokunetesa kuchengeta. Izvo zvinokuita kwete kupfurikidza nokubvisa matare (Pisi) zviri pachena (apo zvinogadza vakavimbika kumadare anotonga, achichinja mazera okurega basa kuti vapedze vatongi vakasununguka, achichinja mitemo yokudzora kudzivirira nhau dzinoda kutemwa, uye kuramba kumanikidza kuti mitemo inorwisana nehurumende. MuPoland, Mutemo neChibvumirano (Pisi) zvakashandisa mutemo kumanikidza vatongi vakuru ndokuvatsiva nevavambirwa nehurumende, zvichimutsa njodzi yemitemo yetsika neEurope Union. MuVenezuela, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatutiswa naChavez uyo akadzosa mitemo inotyisidzira hurumende. Kunyange zvazvo zvichidzokororwa zviri pamutemo, hurumende inovapa dziviriro. [5]

Kuchinja Zvinhu: Kuchinja Kunoita Hybrid Regimes Nokufamba Kwenguva

Kuchinja - chinja kwadzo ndiko kwakaita kuti vakawanda vararame kwemakumi emakore vasingachinji kuva nehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu kana kuti utongi hwehurumende hwakazara.

Kugadziridza Kwegadziriro

Apo nhamba dzezvishoro dzinodzidza kushandisa nzira imwe yokudzora, hurumende inoparira itsva. Pashure pokuramba kwa 2011-2012 kweRussia, mitemo yehurumende yakadzika midzi pagungano ravose, yakatanga faindi nokuda kwe "kuronga kukwikwidza pasina kukwikwidzwa," uye yaida NNGO dzinogamuchira mari yokumwe kuti dzinyorese se "vamiriri vehurumende". MuHungary, pashure pokunge chishoro chakwanisa kubatana muna 2018, Orbán yachinja mitemo yehurumende kuita kuti iodhake zvakaoma zvikuru nokuda kwemapoka maduku kuti akwikwikwidze uye kushanyiswazve miganhu yokuwedzerazve chishoro. Muitiro uyu weSoviet-rea reSoviet. [FLD:] muHungary, pashure pokunge mava neapote kudzoro agona kubvumira hurumende inoshambatiswa kupfuudzira pasina kukanganisa mufambiro wadzo

Miitiro Inokurudzira

Mutauro chipfuro mudura rehurumende yemhiko. Madhigimendi anowanzofanira kutaura mashoko ehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kururamisa matanho eudzvinyiriri. Vanotaura nezve "hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu" (Russesia), "Rebical democracy" (Hungary), kana kuti "hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu paruzhinji" (Venézuela) kuti itaure kuti gadziriro yavo yetsika yakatsiviwa nemitemo yehurumende yokuMadokero yemitemo inobvumirwa nemitemo yehurumende yavanhu, kwete kutsauka pairi. Vanoratidzira vashoroma sezvidhori zvokumwe kana kuti tyisidziro kuchengeteko, nokudaro vanoisa kusabvumirana nokudzivirira nyika yose. Ivo vanogamuchirawo kutaura kwekodzero dzavanhu dzinosarudzwa nemhaka yokuzviito zvenyika dzokuenda kunze kwenyika kana kuti vasaenzeka. Dhisvos inobatsira kupesana nokukamuranisa vanhu vomunyika yose, voga vanoramba kusarura nyika yose, voita kuti vazvidzosera nyika.

Kutsvaka Mutemo Wamarudzi Ose

Hurumende dzinonyatsoziva nezvemararamiro adzo kune imwe nyika. Vakawanda vanotsvaka nokushingaira kuva vapamutemo munyika dzose kupfurikidza nokubatanidza misoro, kukumbanira masangano amarudzi ose, kusaina zvibvumirano, uye kupinda mumapurogiramu okumwe. Russia mutezo wechigarire weUN Security Council; Hungary ine mutezo unochinja unowirirana weEUUC Council; Turkey inhengo NATAO. Iyi mitezo inopa nhoo: kutsoropodza nyika ingaonekwa sedenho pasangano racho pacharo. Regimes anosakurirawo ukama nedzimwe nyika dzechinyakare kana kuti dzechipfuudzo, kugoverana miitiro yakanakisisa uye kugovera dziviriro pamwe chete kupfurikidza namasangano echiLatin America neScondromes (ELC). Nenzvimbo yenzvimbo yavagari vemo, kana kuti vadzoresa vadzorerwe kubva kumasangano avo.

Kuongorora Nyaya Muutongi Hwakadzorwa

Kunzwisisa kuti zvinhu izvi zvinoshanda sei kunoda kuti utarise nyika dzakati kuti uone kuti urongwa uhwu hwakaita sei uye zvinoratidza kuti uhu hunokwanisa kuchinja.

Russia: Utongi hwoUtongi Hunosarudzwa Navanhu

Russia pasi paVladimir Putin zvichida muenzaniso unofundwa zvikurusa wehurumende yezvibvumirano zvedemocracy iripo. Masangano ehurumende yehurumende yeruodharic aripo(a bumbiro remitemo, paramende, sarudzo yapurezidhendi yenguva dzose (a) asi rutivi rwuri rwose runodzorwa zvakanaka. 2020 yebumbiro remitemo rePutin remiganhu, inomubvumira kuramba ari musimba kusvikira muna 2036. Mutungamiriri wechinjo yaAlei Navalny akasungwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji uye pakupedzisira akafira muchengeteko; sangano rake rezvamatongerwe enyika rakanzi ramasimba masimba uye rinorambidzwa. Nzvimbo yenhau inodzorwa nemikoto inosimudzo inoshambaniswa muudzodzodzodzodzo ipotezo yapamutemo, apo kupfuudzirwa kwehurumende inodzorwa.[4][4]

Hungary: Utongi Hwehurumende Hunodzora

Hungary pasi paViktor Orbán yazova rudzi rukuru rwechinjo inopesana. Dare reMitemo yavanhu rakazadzwa navatsigiri vakavimbika uye simba raro rokuhwirudzura mitemo ine chokuita nayo muna 2010. Nzvimbo yeFidesz yaparadzaniswa nechenjero nedzinoyera. Simba idzva rakapfuudzwa neFidesz. Mitemo yeFidemagement yakapfuudzwa nembiri yezvisingabvumiki zvine revo. Mutengo weGeneral yakaiswa mubato navetezo wakavimbika uye yabviswa simba rokuhwirudzura mitemo ine chokuita nechero. Nzvimbo yezviteshi zvinobudisa nhau inodzorwa nekambani inodzorwa nehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende inodzorwa nguva dzose. Iye anokunda Hurumende ye-demonesero (EFedale mupasi pese) inobvumikisa sei.

Turkey: Chirongwa chekushandira pamwe

Turkey pasi peRecep Tayyip Erdogan inokodzera muenzaniso we [[FLT: 0] woudzori hwechidzoreso chehurumende yehurumende. Kwamakore, AKP yakawina sarudzo dzinotevedzana neyapachokwadi, kunyange zvazvo ichiderera, tsigiro yakakurumbira. Asi pashure pa 2016 yakundikana kutora hurumende, Erdogan yakatsika zvakaoma zvikuru: makumi ezviuru zvavanhu akasungwa, manyuko enhau akavharwa, uye majekiseni akabviswa. A 201917 anonzvera Turkey yabviswa muparamendellary kutsika yetsika kutsika yemazano yesimba rehurumende. Edogan inopfuurira kubatwa, uye chishoro chapa nguva nenguva chakawana (g., purofiti muAn naAnsballary mu 2019), asi vanodzorwa zvikuru. Vadzoresa vanoshandisa zviremera zvehurumende zvapamutemo zvikuru kukunda kukunda zviremera zvapamutemo.[3]

Venezuela: ChiOritariarianism

Venezuela pasi peHugo Chávez uye gare gare Nicolás Maduro muenzaniso we [[FLT: 0] utongi hunodzora hunodzora husingadzorwi [[FLT: 1] uhwo hwakachinjira kuudzori hwakazara. Hurumende yakatanga kushandisa mukurumbira wayo kunyora bumbiro remitemo ndokuisa simba. Imomo yaro kunyorazve dare remitemo uye kuisa ngwariro. Iro rakazadza Dare gurusa neNational Electoral Council nevonsiversives. Evolution yakapfuurira, asi chishoro chakanga chiri chishoro: vaidzoreki, vatengi vakasa, uye hurumende yakashandisa mafuta ayo kutenga ruvimbiko nokuparadzira kuvimbika. Muna 2018, Mado akapiwazve muvhoti akashongerwazverwa zvikuru, navatungamiriri vezvishongorwi vazhinji vanoiswa mutorongo.[3]

Kuedza Kutsigira Utongi Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Negadziriro Yenyika Yose

Kupfuurira uye kuchinjika kwehurumende dzezvipembenene zvine migumisiro inoshamisa yokutonga kwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji, munyika idzi uye munyika dzakawanda.

Kuparadzwa Kwemadhimoni

Hurumende dzinoita pesvedzero yemadhimoni [[FLT: 1] inoparira kushandiswa kwemasangano edemocracy. Sezvo dzimwe nyika dzinoona kuti hurumende inogona kuita sarudzo, inozvidana kuti democracy, uye ichiri kuisa mujeri, simba retsika retsika dzedemokrase rinoneteswa. Uku kuderera kune ngozi zvikurukuru mumamiriro enzvimbo apo democracy inobuda inotarira kusimba riri pedyosa. Kukwira kwevaibhiya democracy muCentral neEastern Europe, somuenzaniso, kwakashingisa mirangariro yezverobhoricracy munyika dzakadai seSerbia, Poland, uye kunyange nyika dzeBaltic reBaltic nyika dzakadzivisa zvikurukuru. Uyezve, hurumende dzechimbichika kazhinji dzinobudisa mabasa adzo mukusashandiswa kwemitezo, kudzo inoumbwa nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yepasi pejinga yakatangwa kupfurikidza nokudzoromedzoromedzoka. Chinomedzo chinotorongedzwa kuva chishatsaka chapasiti chishatsa kutsika chishatsa: Hurumende dzose.

Zvinetso Kuvashandi Vamarudzi Ose

Masangano enyika dzakawanda akadai seEuropean Union, United Nations, uye Organization for Security and Cooperation muEurope (OSCE) anotarisana nechinetso pakubata nehurumende dzechimuko. Hurumende imitezo iri muchimiro chakanaka chemitumbi iyi; kudzidzinga kungada bvumirano yokuti isati iripo. Kusarura kwakaoma kushandisirwa nemhaka yokuti hurumende dzinogona kunongedzera kumasangano edemokratiki seuchapupu hwadzo. Kupindura kweEUNI yeribhiribhiri yebupini nePoland kwave kuchimisa, kuchitsamira paChikamu 7 chemitemo yasakamboshandiswa nenzira inobudirira. United States nguva dzose inotsoropodza Russia neVenezuela asi kupfuurira kuita vhotaro yokutengeserana. Uku kunobvisa kukudzwa kwemitengo yedeodo yedemo yedefaratiki. [FFM][1]

mhedziso

Masangano ehurumende anodzora anomirira imwe yezvinoitika zvikuru zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvinooneka zvikuru pakuvamba kwezana ramakore makumi maviri nerekutanga. Akaratidzira mano echienzi okugamuchira nokuchinja mativi edemocracy `Genetics, mabumbiro emitemo, madare, matare (apo anotarisira udzori hwehurumende hunodzivirira vatongi pakuzvidavirira. Kuzvidzora kwavo pakushanda zvakanaka kwehurumende. Kuvimba kwavo nemubatanidzwa wezvokudzora, varevhizi, vatsigiri, uye kushatsa kwapamutemo, zvose zvakasanorongwa kuti zvidzivise kumutsa kudzokera shure kwomusha kana kuti kupindira kwamarudzi ose. Sezvo nyika yose inova yakakwikwikwidza zvikuru, kunzwisisa aya matonge ari masangano edzidzowo zvawo. Kuvamba kwegadziriro yezvokudzora kwapachokwadi kutsigira uye kudzivisa kupararira kwegadziriro kwegadziriro kwegadziriro kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji. Vadzidzi vafundisi vanofanira kutarira mberi mberi mberi zvikuru kuhangaro yezviito zvehurumende zvechitongedzero.