Boporodzi Rezvidhindo: Chikonzero Nei Kudzidza Mashoko Kuri Dziviriro Yakanakisisa Youtongi Hwose

Tinorarama munguva yemashoko akawanda. Nesefoni muinodokuva homwe uye mudungwe usingaperi wezvirimo zvinoyerera nomusociation zvinogovera, nhau, uye injini dzokunzvera, mashoko haana kumbobvira awanikwa zvakaenzana. Asi kuwanikwa hakuna kuvimbika. Zvirongwa zvimene zvinopa mashoko musekondi zvinoparadzirawo mashoko asina kururama zvakafanana. Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, vagari vemo vanofanira kukwanisa kuparadzanisa zviratidzo noruzha, chokwadi nembonerano, uye ufakazi hunotendwa kubva kuruzha. Kugona kunzi kugona kurava nokunyora mashoko ] [na] [12]] uye kungava unyanzvi hunokosha zvikurusa hwehurumende yehurumende inotonga yezana ramakore rechi21.

Kuziva mashoko hakusi kungoziva bedzi nzira yokushandisa nayo injini yokunzvera kana kuti kududza manyuko mupepa reshoko. Imhesano yenheyo inoparira kuvhota kwokuziva, kugona kudzora kunobudirira, kuita zvisarudzo kwokuzvidavirira, uye rudzi rwehurukuro yavose yakakomba iyo inochengeta masangano edemocracy achizvidavirira. Apo kurava mashoko ehurumende kunova kwakatapukira kuparadziro, rondedzero dzechirongwa, uye kuderera kwechinhu chaichoicho. Painosimudzirwa, vagari vemo vanova vatsigiriki vanosimbiswa panzvimbo pokuva vatengi vechinhu chipi nechipi chinoitika kudarika materevhizheni avo.

Nyaya ino inonzvera revo yokurava mashoko, basa rawo rinokosha muupenyu hwedemocracy, denho huru dzinoityisidzira, uye gadziriro dzinoshanda dzokuisimbisa munzanga dzose.

Kurondedzera Kudzidza Mashoko: Hakusi Unyanzvi Hwokutsvakurudza Chete

Shoko rokuti "information according" rakatanga kukurumbira muma1970, asi kushanda kwaro kwakangowedzera nokukwira kweInternet. Association of College & Research Library (ACRL) inorondedzera kurava mashoko se "mano okubatanidza kuonekwa kwemashoko, kunzwisisa kuti mashoko anobudiswa nokukosheswa sei, uye kushandiswa kwamashoko mukugadzira zivo itsva uye kubatanidzwa mutsika munzanga dzedzidzo."

Mukurovedza, kurava mashoko kunobatanidza boka renyeredzi remikwikwi yakabatana:

  • Kuziva mashoko anodikanwa: Kuziva apo unoshaiwa mashoko kana kuti ufakazi hunodikanwa kupindura mubvunzo kana kuti kuita chisarudzo.
  • Kugovera mashoko akakodzera: Kushandisa gadziriro dzokunzvera dzinobudirira mumasero, maraibhurari, mawebsite, uye mamwe manyuko.
  • manyuko nezviri mukati: Anosimbisa kuvimbika, fungidziro, kufambiswa kwenguva, chiremera, uye ururami.
  • Kushandisa mashoko nenzira inobudirira: Kubatanidza zviwanwa kutsigira nharo, kupedza zvinetso, kana kuti kuzivisa zviito.
  • Anoshandisa mashoko mutsika: Kunzwisisa maruramiro oumbimbi, zvinhu zvoungwaru, kuva woga, uye musengwa wokupa zvakafanira.

Kugona kurava nokunyora kwakasiyana ne(* asi kwakasiyana ne(madigital ani namendi nokunyora, uye mashoko. Kunyora nejtaira kunonyanya kusimbisa unyanzvi hunodiwa kuti ushandise michina yemagetsi. Kunyora nokunyora zvinobudisa mashoko kunosimbisa kuongorora mashoko muzviteshi zvenhau. Kunyora nokunyora mashoko kunosanganisira kududzira nokukurukura. Kunyora mashoko iamburera yakafara pasi peidzi dzine chokuita nokunyora mashoko inosangana, yakabatanidzwa nechiito chikuru chokuongorora.

Kudzidza Kunobatsira Pakudzidza Kure

Muna 2016, ACRL yakagamuchira basa idzva nokuda kwemashoko okunyora parakatarwa nokuda kwedzidzo yakakwirira, ichibva pamipimo yakaoma zvikuru kumipimo yakapfava zvikuru yemipimo. Iyi frames nhanhatu inobetsera vadzidzisi navadzidzi kufunga pamusoro pekunyora mashoko somuitiro unoshanda, wemashandiro akapoteredza:

  1. Ukuru hunovakwa uye Magwaro: Kujeka kunotsamira panzanga uye chinangwa icho mashoko anoshandiswa.
  2. Chisiko Choruzivo seMuitiro: zvigadzirwa zvemashoko zvinoratidza miitiro inoshandiswa kuzvisika, uko kunotapura ukoshi hwazvo nokuvimbika.
  3. Mashoko ane ukoshi: Chinhu, mutoo wedzidzo, mudziyo wepesvedzero, uye manyuko esimba.
  4. [[[FT:0] Kunzvera seInquire: Kunzvera kunoparira uye kunosundwa nemibvunzo inoshanduka - shanduka nokufamba kwenguva.
  5. Schoript seKukurukura: Zivo inovakwa kupfurikidza nehurukuro inopfuurira mukati nemunzanga.
  6. Kutsvaka senzvero Yakarongwa: Kunzvera Kunobudirira kunoda kuchinjika, kupfuurira, uye kudisa kuchenesa gadziriro.

Mafaira aya haangoitwi nevadzidzi vepakoreji chete asi anoita kuti vanzwisise kuti mashoko anoshanda sei munzvimbo dzinogara vanhu vakawanda (uye nei achifanira kunyora mashoko anenge achidiwa nomunhu wose, pasinei nokuti akadzidza zvakadini.

Chikonzero Nei Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Huchitsamira Pavagari Vane Unyanzvi

Ubati ushe hwehurumende hunotsamira papfungwa yakapfava asi inoraira: kuti vanhu, vose zvavo, vanokwanisa kuzvitonga vamene.Ikoku kunoda kuti vagari vemo vave nemhindu yemashoko akarurama uye mano okurangarira nawo. Pasina kurava mashoko, vavhoti vanova vanotapurwa nokushandisa, kurukurirano yavose inoderedza kuva inowirirana namaidi akasiana, uye chivimbo mumasangano chinoputsa kusvikira kupfundo apo miitiro yedemocracy inorasikirwa nokusafanira.

Rangarira sarudzo 2020 yapurezidhendi weU.S. A Pew Research Center [ yakawana kuti vaAmerica vaivimba zvikurukuru nezvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga nokuda kwenhau dzesarudzo vakanga vasingabviri kuziva zvakarurama kutaura kwechokwadi pamusoro pesarudzo kupfuura avo vakashandisa mamwe manyuko enhau. Nzvero imwe cheteyo yakaratidza kuti vatengi venhau dzenzanga vaivawo sezvingabvira zvikuru kusangana nenhau dzinobudiswa. Idzi hadzisi tsaona yezera remichina yemichina yenhau; rutivi rwegadziriro yezvikuvadziko dzinosimbisa bvumirano pamusoro pekuna kururama.

Apo vagari vemo vasingagoni kusiyanisa pakati pokushuma kwakabvumikiswa nenhema dzevhairasi, havagoni kuita mitoro yavo yavagari vemo. vangavhota nokuda kwavanoda kufunda vakavakirwa pazvikanganiso zvechitsotsi zvakarongedzwa, vanoshora miitiro yakavakirwa pamazita anotsausa, kana kuti vanorasa chose chose chose munyongano nokusavimba.

Kubatana Pakati Pokudzidza Nokunyora Nokugadzira Zvokufambisa

Kurumbidza chiito chikurusa chokutora rutivi nedemocracy, asi kune revo bedzi apo vavhoti vanoziviswa.

  • Zvinyorwa zvokuvhota zvavanzveri nenzvimbo dzemitemo zvichishandisa manyuko makuru.
  • Cherechedza kuvimbika kwekushambadza kwenhimbe uye kutumira mashoko ezvematongerwe enyika.
  • Nzwisisa kuti mitemo yepoti yakaita sei uye kuti mitemo ipi.
  • Ziva uye usaremekedza masangano akarongwa okuparadzira mashoko akagadzirirwa kudzvinyirira kana kuti kudzora kubuda kwemashoko.

Izvi hazvisi zvokuudza vanhu kuti vovhota sei, asi kuti vavashongedze nematurusi kuti vasvike pamhedziso dzavo pachavo dzakavakirwa pauchapupu.

Kubatanidzwa Kusingasviki Mubhokisi Romutambo

Kurava nokunyora mashoko kunodzorawo mhoteredzo huru yebvumirano yavagari vemo. Vagari vanogona kunzvera manyuko enhau omunzvimbomo, kutsanangura bhajeti, uye kunzwisisa nharo dzamapoka ezviwanwa zvemhindu anokwikwidza mukana mukuru wokupinda misangano yehoro yeguta, kupupurira pamberi pamasangano ehurumende, uye kurangarira vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa kuva vane mutoro. Vanoshongedzerwawo zviri nani kudzivisa kukweviwa kwematerusi namaruva anodzivirira izvo zvinosimbisa mirangariro iripo pasina kuiratidzira kumimwe mifungo.

Kight Foundation yakapupurira kuti nzanga dzine mwero yakakwirira yemashoko dzinoratidzira utano hwevagari vemo hwakasimba zvikuru, kubatanidza muvhoti mukuru, mwero yakakwirira yokuzvipira, uye mamiriro enhau akasimba zvikuru omunzvimbomo. Kubatana kwacho hakungoerekani kwangoitika. Vagari vemo vanoziva vanoda kudzorwa kuri nani, uye kudzora kuri nani kunotsamira pavagari vemo vanoziva.

Mubatanidzwa Wezvirongwa Zvemugari Wokusadzidza

Nepo kurava nokunyora mashoko kuri unyanzvi hwakaoma kunzwisisa uye hune zvakawanda, kunogona kuputswa kuva mikwikwi mishanu inokosha zvikuru kukutora rutivi kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

1. Kuziva Mashoko Kunoda

Danho rokutanga pakudzidza mashoko nderokuziva kuti unoda mashoko. Izvi zvinonzwika pachena, asi munzvimbo umo mhinduro dzinogarodzorwa kwatiri nemitemo yemitemo, vanhu vakawanda havambomiri kubvunza kana mashoko avari kugamuchira achinyatsopindura mubvunzo wacho. Mugari wemo anoona kana kutaura kwacho kuchida kuva kwechokwadi, kana nyaya yenhau isingagoni kunyorwa, uye apo chirongwa chinoda kuongororwa zvakadzama.

Kuwana Mashoko Akavimbika

Kuziva kuti ungatarira kupi ihafu yehondo. Vanhu vanonzvera mashoko vanonzwisisa musiyano pakati pemanyuko makuru (jere., chinyorwa chehurumende, fundo yesayenzi) uye mamwe manyuko (zvikurukuru, nyaya yenhau inopeta fundo). Vanoziva kushandisa mapepa edzidzo, mapepa ehurumende, mawebsite okuongorora chokwadi, uye maturabhurari. Vanonzwisisawo ganhuriro dzezviteshi zvemichina yemichina yenzvero uye ukoshi hwokuwana mashoko.

3. Kuparadza Kwakabva Mashoko Noufakazi

Iri ndiro basa rokugona kurava mashoko. Kunzvera kunoda kubvunza mibvunzo yakaoma: Ndiani akasika aya mashoko uye nei? Ufakazii hunotsigira kutaura kunoitwa? Ko manyuko enhau iyi yakananga here? Ko mashoko acho anongova enguva ino uye anowirirana kune imwe nzvimbo? Chirongwa chinoshanda i CRAP] Nzvero ye[ [C] (Kuyera, Relevance, Authority, Reccounting, Reary donzo), iyo inogovera nzira yakarongwa yokunzvera nayo manyuko enhau dzenzanga here? Somuenzaniso, pawindi dzenzanga dzingava dzazvino unova nezvakakodzera, asi kana chiremera chadzorwa chisingazivikanwi nokururama kwayo, chinofanira kubatwa nokungwarira kukuru.

4. Kushandisa Mashoko Zvinobudirira

Kana mashoko angounganidzwa bedzi ndokuongororwa, nhano inotevera ndeyokuishandisa. Ikoku kungabatanidza kunyora tsamba kumukuru mukuru akasarudzwa, kugadzirira nharo nokuda kwekurukurirano, kugadzira nhungamiro yomuvhoti nokuda kweboka renzanga, kana kuti kungoita bedzi chisarudzo chomunhu oga pamusoro pechiyero chebhorati. Kushandisa kunoshanda kunoda kuti pave namanyuko akasiyana - siyana, kubvuma tsinhiro, uye kupa zviwanwa nomutoo wakajeka nounonyengetedza.

5. Kushandisa Zvakanaka uye Nokungwarira

Kurava mashoko hakurevi bedzi pamusoro pokushandisa; kunorevawo pamusoro pechisiko nokugovana. Kushandiswa kwemitemo kunobatanidza pamusoro pekodzero dzekodzero neshandisirwo inoruramisira, kudzivisa kutora mashoko, kuratidzira pamusoro pezvaunofungira neganhuriro. Kunorevawo kuva anongwarira pamusoro pokugoverana mashoko asina kujeka, kunyange kana achiwirirana nemirangariro yomunhu amene. Mumashoko akapoteredza zvenzanga, kushandisa tsika kunoda nguva yokumira pamberi pokurova "vhoti"(a) muitiro pane dzimwe nguva unonzi [[FLT:] utsanana .]

Kutyisidzira Kwacho: Mashoko Akaipa, Mashoko Akawandisa, uye Kuparadzana Kwemadhigirii

Pasinei nokuti kuverenga mashoko kunobatsira, pane zvinotadzisa vanhu vakawanda kuti vakwanise kuita izvi.

Masangano Emashoko Asina Kutsarukana

[[FLT: 0]] Misformation mashoko enhema kana kuti asina kururama anoparadzirwa pasina donzo rakaipa. [[FT:2] DISITHO] mashoko enhema namaune anoparadzirwa nevavariro yokunyengera. Zvose zviri zviviri zvakava mumitemo yemashoko. [[FLT:] Sangano] rekoriyo refundo pa "Truth Decay" yakaisa chinyorwa chimiro chamakumi amakore akati wakareba umo mutsetse pakati peidi nemufungo unova unoshatiswa nenzira inowedzera, netambanuro yamashoko anopfuudza mano avanhu kupfupikisa nokuisimbisa.

Zvikamu zvemasangano enzanga, nokuwedzera kwazvo kwamashoko ezvemirangariro, zvakawedzera iyi kombamiro. Nhengo dzinopararira nokukurumidza, kure, uye dzakadzika kupfuura zvokwadi pamaplatifomu se Twitter neFacebook. Ruzivo rwamanyuko eAI rwakaita kuti zvive zvakaoma zvikuru kuvimba nezvatinoona nokunzwa. Kunyora mashoko kunofanira kuchinja kuti kugadzirire kugadzirisa tyisidziro itsva, asi kufambira mberi kwokuchinja kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kunowanzopfuura mwero wedzidzo.

Mashoko Akawandisa Nokuneta Kwokuranga

Munhu mukuruwo zvake weAmerica anoshandisa anopfuura maawa 10 ezvinobudisa nhau pazuva. Mashoko akawanda akawandisa anoshamisa, uye vanhu vane mano mashoma okuaongorora ose. Kana vatarisana nokuwandisa kwemashoko, vanhu vakawanda vasingakwanisi kushandisa nzira dzendangariro (heastics) dzinoda kusarura. Vangavimba nokuvimbwa neshamwari imwe inovimbwa nayo kana kuti punti, kana kuti vangangobvuma chero chii chinenge chinenge chatanga kuoneka mumashoko avo. Dzidzo yokudzidza mashoko inofanira kubvuma kuti mano anoshanda uye ingavapa mazano anoshanda pakuashandisa.

Kuparadzana Kwemadhigirii uye Kuwanikwa Zvisina Kuenzana

Kurava nokunyora mashoko hakuparadzirwi zvakatowanda muvagari vemo. Chikamu chamadigini chinoreva mikaha mukuwana ruzivo rwezvigadzirwa neInternet, asi kunobatanidzawo mikaha muunyanzvi hunodikanwa kushandisa unyanzvi ihwohwo nenzira inobudirira. Mukuwirirana ne[FLT]P] Pew Research Center[, vakuru, vagari vomumaruwa, naavo vane mari yakaderera havawanzova nekabvira zvikuru kuva nekombiyuta yakakwirira uye kuva nounyanzvi hunodikanwa hwemifungo hunodikanwa nokuda kwokuyera mashoko.

Kuvaka Kudzidza Mashoko: Zvirongwa Zvinoshanda

Kusimudzira kunyora mashoko kunoda nzira yakasiyana - siyana inosanganisira zvikoro, maraibhurari, masangano ezvinobudisa nhau, makambani eruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, uye mapoka enzanga. Hapana kupindira kumwe chete kwakakwana, asi pamwe chete, urongwa uhwu hunogona kuita kuti pave nemhoteredzo inobudirira inoita kuti mashoko agone kunyorwa.

Kuendesa Kudzidza Mashoko KuK-12

Nyika dzakawanda kusanganisira Illinois neCalifornia, dzakapa mutemo unoda kuti zvikoro zvehurumende zvidzidzise kuverenga nokunyora uye mashoko sechikamu chezvidzidzo zvacho.

Dzidzo yakavakirwa pabasa, umo vadzidzi vanonzvera mibvunzo chaiyoiyo ndokubudisa mishumo yavo vamene kana kuti mharidzo, mutoo unoshanda zvikuru. Inogombedzera vadzidzi kushandisa nhambo yose yokudzidza mashoko: kuziva chinodikanwa, kuwana manyuko, kunzvera ufakazi, kunzvera zviwanwa, uye miuyo yokukurukura. Zvikoro zvinogonawo kubatira pamwe navachengeti veraibhurari vomunzvimbomo uye vatori venhau kupinza unyanzvi mukirasi.

Maraibhurari Avose Sechikamu Chinobuda Pamashoko

Maraibhurari avose akaiswa munzvimbo yakasiyana yokusimudzira kurava mashoko kwamazera ose. Anopa kuwanika kwapachena kwemakombiyuta, masefaramende, uye Internet, uye anoshandisa nyanzvi dzakarovedzwa dziri nyanzvi mukunzvera mashoko. Maraibhurari akawanda anotopa mapurogiramu panhau dzenhema, kunzwisisa gadziriro dzakavanzika, uye kushandisa manyuko ezvokunyora mashoko ehurumende. Kuwedzera aya mapurogiramu. (* uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti maraibhurari ane mari nevashandi zvokuatsigira kuti arambe ari mashandiro akakwirira okusvika vakuru vangave vakapotsa padzidzo yemashoko.

Kuongorora Zvinobudisa Nhau Nokutanga Kuziva Chokwadi

Masangano enhau ane mutoro wokubudisa mapepanhau akarurama, anozvidavirira, asi anogonawo kuita basa rakananga mukuvaka vateereri kurava mashoko. Zviteshi zvikuru, kubatanidza The Associated Press, Reuters, uye Washington Post, zvine mapoka eidi ayo anobvisa nhema dzevhairasi. Media Literacclary Now, sangano risingashandisi purofiti, rinoshanda kusimudzira miitiro yehurumende inotsigira dzidzo yokudzidza kurava nokunyora. Makambani enhau omunharaunda anogona kuisa masuo masangano enzanga okuziva manyuko akavimbika uye kunzvera nzvimbo yemashoko.

Miitiro Yomumwe Nomumwe Youngwaru Hwemashoko

Munhu mumwe nomumwe anogona kuva netsika dzinomudzivirira kuti asaudzwa mashoko asina kururama uye dzinoita kuti awedzere kuverenga nokunyora.

  • Kupasa usati wagoverana: Kusimbisa manyuko echinhu chipi nechipi chinoshamisa kana kuti chinonyandura mirangariro pamberi pokuchipfuudza.
  • Kuzivisa manyuko enhau: Tsvaka mashoko kubva munzvimbo dzakawanda, kubatanidza idzo dzine mirangariro yakasiana - siana yokupepeta nhau.
  • [[FT:0] Kunzvera maturusi eidi: Website dzakafanana neSnopes, FactCheck.org, uye PolitiFact zvinogona kukurumidza kubvumikisa ururami hwezvinotaurwa.
  • Kunzvera mashoko apakuvamba akapoteredza: Mabhii namashoko anonokora mashoko zvinowanzobviswa mashoko akapoteredza. Wana manyuko apakuvamba usati waita mhedziso.
  • Kusava nechokwadi namashoko asingazivikanwi: Kana manyuko asingagoni kuzivikanwa kana kuti kusimbiswa, bata kutaura kwawo sekusina kusiiwa.

Nhau Chaidzoidzo Dzenyika Yakabudirira: Kunyora Nokunyora Mashoko Kunoitwa

Munyika yose uye munyika yose, nzanga dziri kuratidza kuti kupindira pakudzidza mashoko kunogona kuita migumisiro inoyevedza. MuFinland, iyo iri pakati penyika dzakakwirira mumabhuku okunyora, kudzidza mashoko yave iri imwe yezvidzidzo zvenyika yose kubvira muna 2014. Vadzidzi vokuFinland vanodzidza kuongorora mashoko anoparadzirwa, unyanzvi hwokuziva, uye kuyera zvinhu zviri mumichina yemakombiyuta zvinotanga muchikoro chepuraimari. Mugumisiro wacho imhaka inotsungirira zvikuru kubvisa makambani emashoko kupfuura vagari vemo munyika dzakawanda dzeEurope.

MuUnited States, Project yeMitemo yokunyora nokunyora [[FLT: 1] yakatanga chiteshi chapachena chemitauro chinonzi Checkology icho chinodzidzisa vadzidzi vechikoro chapakati napamusoro nzira yokuziva nayo mashoko akavimbika, kuziva tsvukiro, uye kunzwisisa basa remuchina wokutsikirira wapachena muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Purogiramu yasvika vadzidzi vanopfuura mirioni muzviuru zvezvikoro. Nenzira yakafanana, Cententer for News Licycy [[FTLTY:3] paStony University inomhanya masurosaru evadzidzisidzisodzi uye yakakudziridza zvinhu zvinoshandiswa nezvikoro namaraibhurari mhiri kwenyika.

Pamwero womunzvimbomo, maraibhurari munzvimbo dzakadai seSeattle, Denver, uye Nashville akashandisa "masangano emhinduro dzemashoko" ayo vatarisiri veraibhurari vanorovedza kubetsera vatengi kuyera kutaura kwezveutano, kushambadza kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye nzvimbo dzemagariro avanhu. aya mapurogiramu anokosha zvikuru nokuda kwavakuru, avo vanowanzonangidzirwa noutano uye zvitsotsi zvemari zvinotsamira pamashoko asina kururama.

Kupedzisa: Kudzidza Mashoko Sechinokanganisa

Democracy haisi mutambo wevaoni. Zvinoda kushingaira, kutora rutivi kwakananga kuvagari vemo vanogona kushandisa mashoko nechivimbo uye nokutsoropodza. Kurava mashoko unyanzvi hunoita kuti kubatanidzwa kwacho kubvire. Kunopa vanhu simba rokubvunza chiremera pasina kutera kumafungiro, kuita zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana vasingarasikirwi nepfumo yavo, uye kushandisa mashoko kwete sechombo asi sechishandiso chokugadzirisa chinetso chenyika.

Kutyisidzira kugona kurava mashoko ndokwechokwadi uye kunokura, asi hakukundiki. Nokutsigirwa kwemari yedzidzo, maraibhurari, zvinyorwa, uye mapurogiramu enzanga, tinogona kuvaka nzanga umo kurava nokunyora mashoko kuri muitiro panzvimbo pokungova chinhu chakasiiwa. Nguva yemberi yokuzvitonga kwehurumende yeruzhinji inotsamira pairi.