Kunzwisisa kuti hurumende dzinoronga sei simba ndokuita zvisarudzo zvinokosha kunzwisisa nhau, zvamatongerwe enyika, uye zvinoitika zvazvino uno. Pakati pezvimiro zvakawanda zvokutonga, demokracy nehurumende inotonga zvinomira segadziriro mbiri dzinokosha zvikurusa uye dzinozivikanwa navose. Nepo hurumende dzinotonga dzinoparadzira chiremera pakati pavagari vemo kana kuti vamiririri vadzo, madzimambo anoisa simba mumutongi mumwe wenhaka. Zvisinei, chokwadi chaichoicho chinojekeswa zvikuru: marudzi akawanda anobatanidza zvinhu zvezvose zviri zviviri, uye mitsetse yapakati pazvo yave yakajeka mumazana amakore. Nyaya inopa kunzvera kwakakwana, kwakakwana, kwakavakirwa hurumende inosarudzwa nehurumende inosarudzwa namadzimambo, nheyo dzayo, mipimo, mano, uye kuderera kwenguva ino. Kunzvera aya masangano echikamu chapanguva ino.

Kutonga Kusingabvumirwi Nevanhu Kunonzi Kuda Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Huri Kupi?

Panzvimbo yakapfava, democracy igadziriro umo chiremera chikurusa chiri muvanhu. Shoko rinobva mumashoko echiGiriki demos (vanhu) uye kratos[[. Democracy inovakwa panheyo yokuti hurumende yepamutemo inowana simba rayo kubva mukubvumira kwavanodzorwa. Iyi pfungwa huru inoonekwa kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvenguva dzose, dziviriro nokuda kwerusununguko rwevagari vemo, uye miitiro yokutora rutivi rwapachena. Decracticus restrustism, apo fariro dzinokwikwikwidzana pachena, uye mirangariro zvinoratidzira ruzhinji apo inoitiranwa pachena, uye maruramiro anoratidzira ruzhinji apo inoitira maruramiro anodzora.

Mavambo Enhau Nemhindumupindu

Hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yapakuvamba yakatanga muAthens kupote muzana ramakore rechi 5 BCE. Vagari veAtene (** vaganhurirwa kuvavhoti yavanhu vakasunungurwa) vaigona kuvhota zvakananga pamitemo nemitemo mu , chimiro chedemocracy yakananga. Zvisinei, pashure peAtene, udzori hwedemokrati hwakatsakatika zvikuru kwamazana amakore. Magna Carta (15) akaisa mbeu kupfurikidza nokuganhurira simba remadzimambo, asi democracycy yazvino uno inomutsidzira zvirokwazvo mukati me Njeko. Vafungi vakadai Johne][FLT] [[FLT]]] uye [FLT] , [FLT] , , kuMalain African , nyika dzose dzeAmerica, uye nyika dzose dzinovanyikidzwa neAmerica.[5]

Nheyo Dzamanyoro Dzehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu Yazvino Uno

Kunyange zvazvo hurumende dzinosarudzwa nevanhu dzichisiyana, dzinobatana pamativi anoverengeka:

  • uchangamire hwaPopua: Vanhu manyuko makuru echiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • [ Kuenzana kwechipo: Mugari wemo ari wose ane maruramiro akaenzana okutora rutivi, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nokuvhota.
  • Kutonga kweMajority nekodzero dzenhando: Zvisarudzo zvinotevera murangariro woruzhinji apo zvichidzivirira maruramiro avanhu vamwe navamwe namapoka maduku.
  • Rwenzi rwomutemo: Vagari vose vemo namasangano, kubatanidza hurumende, vanozviisa pasi pemitemo mimwe cheteyo.
  • Sarudzo dzakasununguka nedzakarurama: Sarudzo dzenguva dzose namakwikwi echokwadi nokuverenga kwakajeka.
  • Kudzivirirwa kwerusununguko rukuru: Kutaura, kutsikirira, gungano, uye songaniro zvinodzivirirwa mubumbiro remitemo kana kuti pamutemo.
  • Ubhadharo: Vatungamiriri vanopindura vanhu kupfurikidza nesarudzo, nzvero dzezvinobudisa nhau, uye matare akazvimirira.

Marudzi Ehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Musiyano mukuru ndewokuchinja zvinhu zvakananga uye kumiririra vanhu, asi utongi hwamazuva ano hunosanganisirawo zvigadzirwa zvakasanganiswa nemhando.

Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Navanhu

Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvakananga, vagari vemo vanovhota zvakananga pamitemo nemitemo panzvimbo pokusarudza vamiriri. Athens yekare yaiita ikoku, uye vamwe varwi vemazuva ano veSwitzerland vanoshandisa misangano yetaundi nenongedzero. Kutanga uye manongedzero munyika dzakawanda dzeU.S. kunopawo vavhoti udzori hwakananga panhau dzakananga. Nepo hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vachiwedzera kutora rutivi chakananga, hakushandi nokuda kwamarudzi makuru, akaoma nemhaka yokuti kuva namavhoti panhau iri yose hakubviri uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji miuyo mubvumirano yakaderera yavavhoti panhau dzounyanzvi.

Ubati Ushe Hworuzhinji Hunomiririrwa (Republic)

Democracy youmiriri, inonziwo republic, chimiro chavose zvikurusa nhasi. Vagari vanosarudza − vakadai savaiti vemitemo napurezidhendi kana kuti mutungamiriri wehurumende .Idzi vamiriri vanozvidavirira kuvhota kupfurikidza namasarudzo apanhambo nenhambo. Mukati meboka rino, marudzi makuru maviri aripo:

  • Ubati ushe hwehurumende hunosarudzwa navanhu: Chirongwa chomutemo (paramende) chine simba guru; musoro wehurumende (mushumiri) akasarudzwa neparamende. Mienzaniso: United Kingdom, Germany, India, Japan.
  • Ubati ushe hwedemocracy: Mutungamiriri (mutungamiriri) akasarudzwa zvakaparadzana uye akazvimirira padare remitemo. Mienzaniso: United States, Brazil, Nigeria, Indonesia.

Miitiro yakavhengana, yakadai seyomuitiro wapamberi pezvinenge zviri muFrance, inobatanidza zvinhu zvose zviri zviviri.

Rurazvo.

Musiyano wakakomba musayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika yazvino uno ndewopakati pehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakasununguka nedzisingadzoreki. Hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu inodzivirira maruramiro avanhu, ine kutonga kwakasimba kwomutemo, uye inochengeta nzvero pasimba rehurumende. Hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu [ inoita sarudzo, asi inoderedza rusununguko, masangano anonetesa, uye anobvisa zviyerevo nemwero. Marudzi akadai seHungary neTurkey akarondedzerwa seaikwirira kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Ikoku kuti democracyism idiocracy inoda zvikuru kupfuura zvisarudzo, asi inoda tsika dzekodzero neperero.

Kutonga Kwoumambo Kunoitwa Nomumwe Chii?

Monarchy igadziriro yehurumende umo munhu mumwe chete -- monarch) anoshanda somusoro wehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji nokuda kwoupenyu uye kupfurikidza nekodzero yokugara nhaka. Munhau, mamineral anotaura maruramiro oumwari kana kuti maruramiro okugara nhaka. Shoko racho rinobva muchiGiriki monarkhia, kureva "kutonga kunoitwa nomunhu mumwe." Nhasi, mamonarchism anovambira muzvinodokuva zvoutongi hwakakwana kusvikira kumipimo yebumbiro-mitemo.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Ekare

Monarchy ndirimwe rezvimiro zvekaresa zvehurumende. Maumambo ekare muEgipita, Mesopotamia, China, uye Europe akanga ari madzimambo anodokuva adzose nyika dzose. Mumakore ane chiuru, madzimambo namadzishe vaibata chiremera chikuru pamauto, mitemo, uye upfumi. Simba ramambo raiwanzoruramiswa nezvinotaurwa nezvitendero zvechitendero kana kuti zvehurumende. Kumuka kweparamende nemitemo yemitemo, zvikurukuru pashure peHondo yehondo yeChirungu (16421651), uye Glorious Revolution (1688), rakavamba kuganhurira simba roumambo. Mazana amakore 19 ne20 akaona miganhuro yemikoro yemadzimambo ichichinja kuva masangano emitemo kana kuti kubviswa chose chose chose (g., France, Russia, Germany,). Nhasi, nenge marudzi 44 ane mutungamiriri wehurumende yeBritain, asi anongova nehurumende yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Marudzi eMonarchy

Zvigaro zvoumambo zvakasiyana zvikuru pakuti mambo ane chiremera chakakura sei.

Mutongi Wakakwana

Muhurumende yamambo yakakwana, mambo ane simba rinodokuva risina kudzorwa. Iye anogona kupa mitemo, mitero yelevy, kuzivisa hondo, uye kupa ruramisiro pasina ganhuriro dzapamutemo. Mienzaniso yenhau inobatanidza Louis XIV weFrance, Peter Mukuru weRussia, uye Tokugawa shoguns weJapan. Nhasi, marudzi mashomanene achiri kushanda samadzimambo makuru, zvikurukuru Saudi Arabia, Oman, United Arabhu Emiratis (kunyange zvazvo UE ine chivako chehurumende chine emimirs nomwe), uye Eswatini. Mumiitiro yakadaro, hamuna zvisarudzo zvine revorevo, uye chishoro kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji chitsoro. Vatongi vazhinjisaruki vanobvunza, asi chiremera chokupedzisira chinova namambo.

Mutongi Webumbiro reMitemo

Muhurumende inodzorwa nebumbiro remitemo, masimba emadzimambo anorondedzerwa uye anoganhurirwa nebumbiro remitemo nemitemo. Mambo kazhinji kazhinji anobatira somufananidzo wetsika, apo vakuru vakuru vanosarudzwa vanotonga. Mamishe eEurope mazhinjisa (jenalia Kingdom, Spain, Sweden, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark_audhinarime. Mambo anoita mabasa okufananidzira, akadai separamende, anopa kubvumira mitemo, uye anomirira rudzi pazvinoitika. Simba rezvamatongerwe enyika rechokwadi rinova nagurukota guru rehurumende.

Mutongi Anonzwisisa

Hurumende inosarudzwa isati iri yavose, inosanangura mambo kupfurikidza nomuitiro wakarongwa panzvimbo pokugara nhaka kwakakomba. Munhau, Umambo hutsvene hweRoma hwakasarudza madzimambo ahwo. Mienzaniso yazvino uno inobatanidza Malaysia, uko madzimambo mapfumbamwe anosarudza mambo makore mashanu ari ose, uye Vatican (Papa samambo). madzimambo eCambodia anodzorerwawo nedare rechigaro choumambo.

Mavara Anokosha Emadzimambo

  • [[FUNDO:0] Kutevedzana kwemazakwatira emari: Simba rinowanzopfuura nomumutsara wemhuri youmambo.
  • [[FT:0] Head yehurumende vs. musoro wehurumende: Muhurumende dzamasimba masimba dzazvino uno, mambo akaparadzana nehurumende yezuva nezuva.
  • Kubatana nechinzwano: madzimambo anowanzobatira sechiratidzo chorudzi, chinomirira nhau nokupfuurira.
  • Kuzvidavirira kwakaiswa: Muhurumende dzamambo, mutongi haazivikanwi; mumitemo yebumbiro remitemo, kuzvidavirira hakuna kunanga.

Misiyano Mikuru Pakati Pehurumende Inosarudzwa Namadzimambo

Nepo masangano ose ari maviri achidzora marudzi, fungidziro dzawo huru pamusoro pesimba, chiremera, uye kutora rutivi murutivi rwevagari vemo dzinopesana zvikuru.tafura iri pasi apa inopeta misiyano mikuru, asi rugwaro runotsanangura urefu humwe nohumwe.

Kwakabva Chiremera

Chiremera chinobva kuvanhu (uchangamire hunodiwa). Bumbiro remitemo nemitemo zvinoratidza kuda kwevoruzhinji, vanoteerera kodzero.
[ Chiremera chinobva mumavara okugara nhaka, maruramiro oumwari, kana kuti gamuchidzanwa.

Kuparadzirwa Kwesimba

Simba renyika: Rinoparadzirwa zvikuru pakati pamapazu ehurumende (inotonga, inotonga, inotonga) uye mhiri kwemwero (yamarudzi, yenharaunda, yomunzvimbomo). Vagari vanogoverana simba kupfurikidza nokuvhota uye kuvimbisana navanhu.
Maschid: Simba rinoiswa pamusoro. Mumiitiro yebsolist, miganhuro yose; mumiganhuro yemitemo.[[FLT] [FLT]] [FLT] [iLT]] [idzo] [idzo] [idzo] inodzosanwa] [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] Simba] inonara] nesimba rinonakirwa pamusoro pezviito zvechiratidzo. Mutsika zvinowanzo kuva zvokufananidzira.

Kuronga Chisarudzo

[[FLT: 0] Zvisarudzo zvinobatanidza kurukurirano, kubvumirana, uye vhoti zhinji. Zvisarudzo zvagara zvichidzorwa uye zvinorerutsa mirangariro mizhinji.
] Maracty: zvisarudzo zvinogona kuitwa nokukurumidza nomutongi kana kuti denderedzwa duku romukati. Uku kuita zvakanaka kunogona kuva kunokosha munjodzi, asi kunodzivisa mubatanidzwa wavose.

Kuzvidavirira Nenzvero

Vatungamiriri vanotarisana nezvisarudzo zvenguva dzose, kutungamirira kwedare, kubudisa mapepanhau kwapachena, uye mativi enzanga avagari vemo anoongororwa. Nzvero nedzinoiswa mubatanidzwa.
[[FLT]] Mastrarchy:[[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [mumaganhu] mumitevedzero, mutongi anotarisana nokusazvidavirira kwapamutemo; mumitemo yemitemo, mambo anowanzova pamusoro pezvamatongerwe enyika uye asingataurwi nokuda kwemiitiro, nepo hurumende yakasarurirwa inozvidavirira.

Kodzero Nerusununguko

. Kodzero dzevanhu vamwe navamwe (masangano, rudzidziso, muitiro wakafanira) dzinodzivirirwa nenzira yebumbiro remitemo. Vagari vanogona kudenha zviito zvehurumende mumatare akazvimirira.
[[FLT]]] Marchy:[[[FLT:]] mumiitiro yakakwana, kodzero dzinovapo bedzi pafaro yamambo. Mumabhishopu, kodzero dzinodzivirirwa nomutemo, uye basa remiitiro yemadzimambo rinoremekedza mirangariro yedemocracy.

Kubudirira uye Kubudirira Kwevatungamiriri

` Kutungamirira kukachinja kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo, izvo zvinogona kuva zvisina kujeka. Kuchinja kazhinji kazhinji kune rugare uye kunotsamira pakutonga, asi kungaparira chinjo dzemiitiro.
[[FLT]] Marchy:[ budiriro inhaka kana kuti yakafanorongwa, inogovera dzikamo nokupfuurira. Zvisinei, inoparira njodzi kubatana kana kuti kushatiswa kwavana. Inorambawo vagari vemo vanosarudza mutungamiriri wavo.

Kutonga kwoMutemo

Mutemo unoshanda zvakaenzana kuvose, kubatanidza vatungamiriri. Independent judiary inotsanangura mitemo.
Materarch:[[[FLT:]] Mumitemo yakakwana, mambo ari pamusoro pomutemo. Mumabumbiro emitemo, anoisa mambo munhau dzetsika bedzi; hurumende inozviisa pasi pomutemo.

Betsero Dzoubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunodzora

Simba rehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu riri mumano ayo okupa simba vagari vemo, kudzivirira maruramiro, uye kuchinjira kuchinjo.

  • Kusimbiswa nokukudzwa: hurumende yehurumende inopa munhu mumwe nomumwe inzwi mukudzorwa kwaanoitwa, kusimudzira pfungwa yesangano uye kuremekedzwa kwechiremera chomunhu.
  • Kudzivirira udzvinyiriri: Nesimba rinoparadzirwa nokunzverwa, hakuna munhu mumwe kana kuti boka rinogona kudzora zviri nyore. Kudzivirira kwesangano kunodzivisa udzvinyiriri.
  • Kubvumira zvinodikanwa zvavose: Vakuru vakuru vanoregeredzwa vanofanira kupindura kuvavhoti kuti varambe vari muhofisi, kuchitungamirira kumiitiro inoratidzira zvishuvo zvenzanga (mutoo., purogiramu dzegarikano, mirau yemhoteredzo).
  • [ chisarudzo cherwisano ine rugare:[[FLT: 1] Sarudzo nematare zvinogovera gadziriro dzisina masimba masimba dzokupedza gakava, kuchideredza ngozi yegakava ravagari vemo.
  • Kuchinja nokuchinjika:[[FT:1] Hurumende dzinokurudzira kurukurirano nokuedza, kuchibvumira nzanga kuchinja nemigariro inochinja (mutoo, masangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo, mirau yeruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu).
  • Kuzvidzora nokuzvidavirira: Mapepanhau akasununguka nezvinobudisa nhau zvakazvimirira zvinofumura uori, nepo kuongorora nokutarisira mitumbi kuchiita kuti vakuru vakuru vave nomutoro.

Pasinei zvapo naaya mano, mademokrase haana kukwana. kusakendenga kwemajere uye kuderera, zvikurukuru pakati pezvizvarwa zviduku, zvinogona kunetesa kuva pamutemo. , sezvinoonekwa munyika dzakawanda nhasi, zvinogona kutungamirira kumifungo nekusakwanisa kukurukura nhau dzekurumidziro. [[FLT: 4,] influence yemari [ mumibato yemipiro, PaCs] inoshatisa , inotenderwa, inonatsa fariro dzamari. Decracracswo anotarisanawo nezvinetso zvinobva mukusadzo.

Betsero Dzoumambo

Mambo, anowanzorambwa seachinyakare, anoramba ane betsero dzakati dzinotsanangura kupfuurira kwaro mune dzimwe nyika.

  • Kupfuurira nokupfuurira:[ Musoro wenhaka wenyika unogovera pfundo rakatsiga rechinzwano, zvikurukuru munzanga dzine paradzano huru yedzinza kana kuti yorudzidziso. madzimambo anobatira nokuda kwoupenyu, achidzivisa rwisano dzesimba pamusoro penzvimbo yapamusoro.
  • [[FLT: 0] Chinzwano chaMapoka nezivikanwo yorudzi: madzimambo anomirira nhau yenyika namagamuchidzanwa, anokurira mabato ezvematongerwe enyika. Vanogona kushanda semunhu anobatanidza mukati menjodzi (g., hurukuro dzaMambokadzi Elizabeth II mukati meCHOVID-19).
  • Kuita chisarudzo chakananga: Mumamirire emadzimambo akakwana, zvisarudzo zvokukurumidza zvinogona kuitwa pasina kurukurirano dzeparamende. Ikoku kunogona kuva kwakanakisisa mumigariro yekurumidziro kana kuti mukukura kwemari kunokurumidza (sumo, kuva azvino uno muSaudi Arabia).
  • Kuronga nguva refu: Pasina nhevedzano yesarudzo, mamonarch anogona kutevera gadziriro dzakawanda, dzakadai seSaudi Arabia’s Chiono 2030, pasina kutya kuvhotwa.
  • Tsika netsika: madzimambo anowanzobatira savachengeti venhaka yetsika nemhemberero, achikwezva kushanya nokuchengeta zivikanwo.

Zvisinei, kusadzora kwoumambo kunokosha. Kushaikwa kwemireza kunoreva vagari vemo vasina chavangataura mukusarudza mutungamiriri wavo. Kushandisa simba [[ hakudzoreki mugadziriro dzakakwana, kunotungamirira kukushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwekodzero dzevanhu, uori, uye kudzvinyirira. [FLT:]] SUCP] NHAUROOD [[ inogona kumuka kana mambo akasawirirana kana kuti kukakavadzana pakati pemitezo yemhuri youmambo. Kunyange mami ehurumende yehurumende anogona kutsoropotera nokuda kwokusimudzira kusaenzana uye ropafadzo yedemocrati.

Kusanganiswa Kwazvino Uno: Mibatanidzwa Yemitemo Negadziriro Dzehwai

Zvomenemene, nyika zhinji dzinoshandisa gadziriro dzemhika dzinobatanidza masangano edemocracy neautomast. Chinozivikanwa zvikurusa ihurumende inosarudzwa nehurumende, umo mambo anotonga asi asingatongeri. Idzi nyika, dzakadai seUnited Kingdom, Japan, Spain, uye Sweden, dzinoshanda sehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu neparamende. Basa ramambo zvikurukuru nderetsika(kuvhura paramende, kusangana nezviremera zvokumwe, uye kupa mambo basa. Simba rehurumende chairo rinova nomutungamiriri mukuru nomuro unozvidavirira kuhurumende.

Rumwe rudhaka ndirwo umambo hunosarudzwa namativi edemokrase, sezvinoonwa muMalaysia neCambodia. Mambo weMalaysia anosarudzwa namadzimambo, asi nyika inewo hurumende inosarudzwa navose nashe mukuru mukuru. UAE inobatanidza madzimambo ehurumende akakwana mudare rimwe nerimwe nehurumende ine simba remitemo.

Humwe utongi hwemadzimambo eMorocco hwakachinja zvishoma nezvishoma. Somuenzaniso, British yakachinja kubva pakutonga kwehurumende yeRoma muna 2008, ichiita sarudzo yehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu asi ichichengeta mambo semunhu anobatanidza. Mambo weMorocco anochengeta masimba makuru makuru asi anotongawo neparamende yakasarudzwa.

Kubatanidzwa uku kunoratidza kuti hurumende yegutsaruzhinji iri muhurumende yegutsaruzhinji iri kunzi idemokracy dichotomy haisi iyo yakakwana.

Kupedzisa: Kuonga Kushongedza Kwoutongi

Democracy nehurumende inotonga inomirira uzivi huviri hwakasiana zvikuru hwechiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika (8) humwe hwakavakirwa murubvumo rwakakurumbira, humwe mumaruramiro okugara nhaka kana kuti oumwari. Bva udzori hwazvino uno hunobvisa maruramiro ari nyore. Democracrac inogona kurwisana nokusashanda zvakanaka nokuparadzana, nepo mamonarcharch anogona kugovera dzikamo asi kazhinji kazhinji pamutengo worusununguko. Sangano dzinobudirira zvikurusa, pasinei zvapo nechiratidzo, ndiavo vanoremekedza mutemo, vanodzivirira maruramiro makuru, uye vanopa vagari vemo inzwi rine revoro.

Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi, kufunda aya masangano haasati achingovawo bedzi akadzidza; kunotibetsera kunzwisisa mipimo nezvinoumba nzanga. Sezvo zvimiro zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvenyika yose zvinochinja, simba pakati pekuzvidavirira kwehurumende negamuchidzanwa roumambo rinopfuurira kupesvedzera chinhu chiri chose kubva kukurukurirano dzamarudzi ose kusvikira kurusununguko rwomunhu oga. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera gadziriro dzose dziri mbiri nenzwisiso, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani hukukutu hwehurumende uye mutsigiri wechinjo idzo dzinowedzera ruramisiro, kutora rutivi, uye chiremera chavanhu.

nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvero Encyclopedia Britannica’s common yedemocracy, BBC's nhau yehurumende ye Amene yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu[, uye [[FLT]] United Nations pademocracy ne Control.].]