Dzikamo yesimba inomira seimwe yembiru dzinogara zvikuru dzehurumende dzinotonga nehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu. Igadziriro yebumbiro remitemo uye inoshanda inoparadzira chiremera mumapazu akawanda kana kuti mwero yehurumende, ichivimbisa kuti hapana munhu mumwe chete, dare, kana kuti chirongwa chinogona kuunganidza kudzora kusingadzorwi. Pasina izvi, kunyange hurumende dzinosanosanosanosa dzinogona kupinda muudzvinyiriri, apo rusununguko rumwe norumwe runopwanywa pasi poukombiso yemirayiro yapakati. Kunzwisisa kuti iri chiyero chinoshanda sei mavambo nechai, mipimo chaiyoiyo yenyika, uye zvishandiso zvenguva ino. Zvishandiso zvenguva ino zvinoda kunzwisisa zvinhu zvisingangovi zvesayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika bedzi asi zvinodzivirira zvezuva riri rose izvo zvinochengeta Hurumende inotonga.

Kunzwisisa Dzikamo Yesimba

Pamavambo paro, dzikamo yesimba igadziriro yechiremera chinoparadzirwa chakagadzirirwa kudzivisa kuiswa kwesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika. Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzazvino uno zhinjisa, ikoku kunoreva kukamuranisa hurumende kuva mapazu matatu akaenzana: mukuru mukuru, anotungamirira mutemo; mubati wemitemo, uyo anoita mutemo; uye mutongi, uyo anodudzira mutemo. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinogoverwa masimba akasiana emitemo, uye rimwe nerimwe rinopiwa maturusi okudzivisa mamwe. Ichi chivako chinowanzorondedzerwa segadziriro yechenjero nedzikano, apo chishuvo chinoitirwa kukurira chinzvimbo.

Chitsama chamashoko chokuti “kudzikama kwesimba” chinogona kushandawo kugadziriro dzehurumende dzehurumende, uko chiremera chinogoveranwa pakati pehurumende dzapakati nedzamaruwa, kana kuti kuukama hwamarudzi ose, umo hurumende dzinowirirana kudzivisa rudzi rupi norupi kusadzora. Asi mumashoko akapoteredza ehurumende dzemhuri, ndiko kuparadzana kwomukati uko kunodzivisa zvakananga kumuka kwoutongi hwechiremerera. Uzivi huri pasi pechinzvimbo chakapfava: simba rinofanira kuganhurirwa, kuganhurirwa, uye kuzvidavirira. Apo rimwe bazi rinoedza kukunda, rimwe rine zvose zviri zviviri sundo nechiremera chebumbiro remitemo kudzo.

Mavambo Enhau Edzikamo Yesimba

Mavambo ouchenjeri edzikamo yesimba anodzokera shure kuGirisi yakare neRoma, umo vafungi vakafanana naPolybius vakarondedzera mabumbiro emitemo akavhengana anobatanidza mamitezo emadzimambo, matomu, uye ehurumende. Asi chimiro chazvino uno chakabuda mukati meNjere, chakakurumbira zvikurusa mubasa raBarn de Montesquieu. Mu 1748 chikamu Mudzimu weMitemo , Montesquieus akarangarira kuti rusununguko runobvira bedzi apo “simba rinomira.” Iye akacherekedza kuti mubumbiro remitemo reChirungu, roukuru, chibvumirano, uye mabasa okutonga zvakachengetwa zvakaparadzana zvakakwana kudzivisa udzvinyiriri.

Mifungo yaMontesquieu yakafamba ichiyambuka Atlantic ndokuumba zvikuru Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. James Madison, achinyora muFederalst No. 51, akawana pfundo guru: “Kudai vanhu vaiva ngirozi, hapana hurumende yaizova iri madikanwa. Kudai ngirozi dzaifanira kudzora vanhu, kwete udzori hwokunze kana kuti hwomukati pahurumende.” Nemhaka yokuti vanhu havasi ngirozi, Bumbiro reMitemo rakagadzirirwa kupa bazu rimwe nerimwe mitoo yokudzivisa kupindira navamwe. Iyi gadziriro yave ichitogamuchirwa, uye yakanatswa namarudzi akawanda kupota nyika.

Mimwe mienzaniso yenhau inobatanidza kunzvera kweRome Republic pakati pevamiriri, Dare, uye magungano akakurumbira; kutaura zvishoma nezvishoma kweParamende yeBritain chiremera paumambo; uye utungamiriri hweSus Federal Council hweboka routungamiriri. Muchinoitika chimwe nechimwe, vavariro yakanga iri imwe cheteyo: kuparira mapfundo anopesana ayo simba rinorangarira, kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, uye kubvumirana simba risati ragona kushandiswa.

Mapazi Matatu: Miseve Youtongi Hworuzhinji Hwazvino Uno

Kuparadzana kwose kwakarongwa zvakanaka kwemasimba kunogara pamapazi matatu akasiyana, rimwe nerimwe rine basa raro guru uye kuzivikanwa kwaro.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri

Bazu guru rine mutoro wokushandisa nokuisa mitemo. Rinotungamirirwa zvakashata napurezidhendi kana kuti mutungamiriri wehurumende, achibetserwa namasangano ehurumende nehurumende. Mumiitiro yapurezidhendi seUnited States, mukuru mukuru akazvimirira padare; mugadziriro dzeparamende, mukuru mukuru anobva uye anoramba ane mutoro kudare. Simba romukuru mukuru rinobatanidza kuisa mutemo, kutungamirira masimba ane zvombo, kutungamirira muitiro wokumwe, uye kugadza vatongi navamwe vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende (8) asi aya masimba nguva dzose anozviisa pasi pomutemo neutariri hwedare.

Bazu Romutemo

Mumiitiro yebicameral, makamuri maviri (akadai seImba neDare) anopa dzimwezve nzvero: imwe kamuri ingasanoratidzira murangariro wakakurumbira, nepo imwe ichipa chiverengero chikuru, kazhinji kazhinji cheruwa. Mitemo mikuru yedare inobatanidza kupfuudza mari, kubvumira kurongwa kwemitengo, kugadza zvibvumirano zvevakuru vakuru, uye kunzvera. Nzvero dzayo hurusa isimba zvikuru isimba rokusagona kunyora nokubvisa vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende kana kuti vakuru vakuru vedare nokuda kwomufambiro wakaipa.

Bazu Rokutonga

Vatongi vanodudzira mitemo uye vanovimbisa kuti inoshandiswa zvakanaka uye nguva dzose. dare rakazvimirira ibwe resimba rinoyera. Matare ane chiremera chokuhwirudzura kumira kwemitemo yemitemo nezviito zvokutonga (a simba rinozivikanwa senzvero yedare. Pasina simba iri, mamwe mapazi angagona kufuratira ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo pasina chirango. Vatongi vanowanzogadzwa kupfurikidza nemuitiro unobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri mukuru mukuru wehurumende nedare, uye vanofarikanya upenyu mubato wamakore gumi kana kuti mashoko okuadzivirira mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kunyange zvazvo dare renyika dziripo, dzimwe nyika dziripo dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa. Dzimwe nyika dzinosanganisira dare rebumbiro remitemo rakaparadzana, hofisi yevhota, kana kuti hofisi yemunhu. Dzimwe dzinoshandisa sangano reparamende umo mukuru mukuru anobatanidzwa nedare remitemo, asi dzichiri kuongorora nepaimba yepamusoro, dare rebumbiro remitemo, uye mukuru wenyika ane masimba enzvimbo.

Kuongorora uye Dzikamo Zvinoshanda

Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine maturusi chaiwo okutarisira, kuganhurira, uye kana zvichidiwa, kukunda mamwe mapazi.

Mukuru Mukuru Anoongorora

  • Simba reVeto: purezidhendi kana kuti mukuru wehurumende anogona kuramba kusaina mutemo unopfuudzwa nedare remitemo, achimanikidzira kudzora kukuru kukunda vhato.
  • Simba Rokugadza: Mutungamiriri anoisa vatongi, mitezo yedare, nhume, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vanogadza, vachizviisa pasi pesimbiso yemitemo.
  • Simba rePradente:[[FLT: 1] Mutungamiriri anogona kudzosa mitsetse kana kuti kukanganwira vanhu, achigovera chekero pazvisarudzo mumhaka dzoutsotsi.
  • Chiremera chikuru cheMitemo: Mutungamiriri anotungamirira hondo, asi musangano womutemo bedzi unogona kuzivisa hondo ndokutsigira mauto akashongedzwa nezvombo.

Nzvero Dzomutemo

  • Kuronga nokubvisa: Musangano wemitemo unogona kuunza pomero mukurwisana navakuru vakuru navakuru vakuru vanotonga nokuda kwokupandukira, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe matsotsi makuru uye matsotsi.
  • Kusimbisa nebvumirano: Imba yesenate kana kuti yepamusoro inofanira kutendera kugadzwa kwavakuru vakuru nezvibvumirano.
  • Kudzora kwakakomba: Hurumende bedzi inogona kuisa mari yakafanira, ichiganhurira icho mukuru mukuru anogona kupedza.
  • Kunzwa:[ Matare anonzvera zviito zvokutungamirira, anoda magwaro, uye anodana zvapupu.
  • [ Kukura: Congress inogona kupfuudzazve muromo wakavharwa nembirisa mumakamuri ose ari maviri.

Nzvero Dzokutonga

  • [[FUT:0] Kuhwirudzura kwokurangarira: Matare anogona kurova mitemo kana kuti zviito zvokutungamirira izvo zvinoputsa bumbiro remitemo.
  • [ Kuiswa kwemutemo: Dare rinorondedzera revo yemirau, richiganhurira nzira iyo mutarisiri anoigombedzera nayo.
  • Simba rokusavapo: Matare anogona kubudisa mirairo inodzivisa chiito chehurumende chisiri pamutemo kutozosvikira panzwiwa zvizere.

Iyi nzvero haisati iri yefungidziro; inoshandiswa nguva dzose. Somuenzaniso, apo purezidhendi weU.S. anopa murairo wavakuru vakuru unopfuura chiremera chomutemo, matare ehurumende anowanzouraira. Apo mutemi wemitemo anoramba kusimbisa vamiririri, mukuru mukuru anofanira kutaura kana kuti kurega zvisarudzo zvake. Apo matare anodudzira mirau munzira idzo dare risingabvumirani nayo, mitemo mitsva inogona kupfuudzwa kujekesa donzo. Muitiro unogadzirirwa kuva unononoka uye usingashandisiwi sousino), naizvozvo kudzivirira chiito chenhambudzo kana kuti chinodzvinyirira.

Chikonzero Nei Zvinhu Zvichidzikama: Kudzivisa Kudzvinyirirwa

Kutonga kunomuka apo hurumende inova isingateereri mutemo, inoita zvokusada, uye inodzvinyirira. Kunogona kuva nezvimiro zvakawanda: mudzvinyiriri anodzvinyirira kusabvumirana nedzidziso, mutongi anotambudza vanhu vashoma, kana kuti mutongi asingadzorwi anoisa kuda kwake amene.

Kusimudzira Kuzvidavirira

Kana simba rapiwa, hapana angada kuzvidavirira. Gadziriro yakadzikama inovimbisa kuti bazu riri rose rinonzverwa navamwe. Musangano wemitemo unogona kunzvera kusazvibata kwechiremera; matare anogona kumanikidza mukuru mukuru kutevera mutemo; mukuru mukuru anogona kufumura ushati hwemitemo kupfurikidza namashoko ehurumende uye kukumbira kwapachena. Uku kutarisira kunoparira tsika yomutoro wapamutemo nowezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzomunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Hurumende ine utsinye inodzvinyirira rusununguko rukuru((speech, gungano, rudzidziso, muitiro wakafanira, kodzero dzezvinhu. Dzikamo yesimba inodzivirira idzi maruramiro kupfurikidza nokuita kuti kuomere kuti bazu ripi neripi riite matanho okudzvinyirira. Kunyange kana mutungamiriri wehurumende akapfuudza mutemo unodzivisa kutaura kwakasununguka, matare anogona kuuzivisa kuva asingawirirani. Kunyange kana muchuchisi wemhosva anoshinga zvikuru akadenha vashori vezvamatongerwe enyika, vatongi vanozvimirira vanogona kubvisa mhaka yacho. Kuparadzana kwemasimba masimba sedziviriro yekodzero dzevoruzhinji.

Kukurudzira Kurukurirano Nokubvumirana Pane Zvisina Kufanira

Tyranny anowanzobuda muhurumende inogona kuita chimwe chinhu pasina donzo uye nokukurumidza. Gadziriro yamasimba masimba haigoni kupedza mari pasina kuronga kwemitemo; mubati wehurumende haagoni kumanikidzira mitemo yayo pasina batira pamwe yavakuru vakuru; mutongi haagoni kubvisa bhenji. Uku kubatana kunosunda kukurukurirana, kuvaka kwakabatana, uye kubvumiranisanisa pane zvisina kufanira.

Nhau inoratidza kuti nyika dzine kunzvera kwakasimba nedzikamo hadziwanzopinda muudzvinyiriri. Nyika dzinonetesa kana kuti kubvisa idzi dziviriro — kupfurikidza nokurongedza dare, zvirevo zvokutungamirira, kana kuti kudzora kumwe chete — kazhinji kazhinji dzinodemba kurasikirwa norusununguko runotevera.

Fundo Dzenhau: Dzikamo Yesimba Munyika Yose

Kuongorora kuti nyika dzakasiyana - siyana dzinoshandisa sei simba radzo kunoratidza kuti dzine simba uye hadzina simba.

United States

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. muenzaniso wakatanhamara wegadziriro yapurezidhendi neparadzano yakasimba yamasimba. Purezidhendi, Congress, uye Dare Rapamusoro mumwe nomumwe akarondedzera mabasa nezviremera zvinopfuudzirana. Somuenzaniso, purezidhendi anotonga Dare Gurusa, asi Dare rinofanira kuvasimbisa. Dare rinogona kutungamirira purezidhendi, asi Chiratidzo Chikuru chinotungamirira pakutongwa kwacho. Dare Gurusa rinogona kurova mitemo yehurumende nehurumende, asi Musangano unogona kubvisa Bumbiro reMitemo. Iyi yapukunyuka kwamazana maviri amakore, kunyange zvazvo ichitarisana nesimba guru mukuchinja kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kudzorwa kwehurumende. Congregation Arence Ress reRessssting Sercervicervice Sercial rinogovera chibvumirano chikuru pamusoro pokushanda kwaaya mashandiro.

Germany

Hurumende yeGermany inogadzira gadziriro yeparamende ine dziviriro dzakasimba nokuda kwedzikamo yesimba. Chancellor anosarudzwa neBundestag (imba iri pasi) uye anogona kubviswa bedzi nevhoti inovaka yokusavimba. Chirongwa chehurumende cheGermany chinofanira kubvumirana pamutsivi pamberi pokudzinga mutengi. Dare reMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo (Bundesfestrasricht) rine masimba makuru okuhwirudza uye chinogona kurambidza masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anotyisidzira nhevedzano yedemocracy. Gadziro yeGermany inofanirawo kuparadzira simba pakati pehurumende yenyika ne 16 Länder (zviteshi), kuwedzera kuparadzaniswa kwapasi kwapasi kwakafara kwamasimba makuru.

India

India ndiyo hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hurusa yenyika uye inotevera gadziriro yeparamende yeWestminster. Mutungamiriri wedare mutevedzeri wemitemo wehurumende, apo Gurukota naDare raVamiririri rinoshandisa simba ravakuru vakuru. Paramende yeIndia ine Lok Sabha (imba iri pamusoro) naRaje Sabbaha (imba inodzorwa). Dare repamusoro reIndia rine simba rokuongorora uye rinogona kuderedza mitemo inoputsa kodzero dzinokosha dzinovimbiswa neBumbiro reMitemo. India inewo Komishoni yakazvimirira inovimbisa kusarudza nokusarudzorwa kwapachena. Zvisinei, vatsoropote

France

France’s Fin 5 Republic inobatanidza mativi apurezidhendi naparamende mu “gadziriro inowirirana”. Purezidhendi anosarudzwa zvakananga uye ane simba guru, kubatanidza chiremera chokunyungudutsa Gungano reNational uye kudana. Mutungamiriri weProfester, akagadzwa naPrezidhendi, ane mutoro kudare. Constitution Council inohwirudzura mitemo yebumbiro remitemo isati yaziviswa. Iyi rondedzero yewidropicism inoronga kubatanidza dzikamo nokuzvidavirira, asi inoisawo ngozi yokudzorwa kwechiremera apo mutezo waPrezidhendi unodzora Gungano unodzora Gungano. Mukati nhambo dze “kugarikano." apo Purezidhendi naMutungamiriri weMitengi anobva kumasangano anopikisana), chiyero zvinodzokera kudivirira kunzvimbo inodzo.

Mimwe mienzaniso inocherekedzwa inobatanidza gadziriro yeparamende yeCanada neDare rakagadzwa, bumbiro remitemo repashure peSouth Africa rinoparira maruwa mapfumbamwe neDare reMitemo rakasimba, uye gadziriro yapurezidhendi weBrazil ine masimba makuru okutarisira. Chimwe nechimwe chinoratidzira kuti dzikamo yesimba inofanira kugadziridzwa kukwaniswa nemamiriro enhau enyika, tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye nzvimbo yesangano.

Zvinotyisidzira Simba Ramazuva Ano

Pasinei zvapo noukoshi hwaro hwakabvumikiswa, dzikamo yesimba iri kudenhwa muhurumende dzakawanda dzinosarudzwa navanhu nhasi.

Kubudirira Kukuru uye Simba Renjodzi

Munguva dzenjodzi(_pandemics), ugandanga, kuparara kweupfumi, kuparadzwa kweupfumi (jecha rokuuraya) kazhinji kazhinji kunoedzwa kupfuudza nzvero dzenguva dzose muzita rokumhanya nokutsunga. Vangapa mirayiridzo yevakuru vakuru iyo inonyatsonyorazve mitemo, kuzivisa njodzi dzokuvhura masimba anoshamisa, kana kuti kuramba kuwirirana nehurumende dzechinyakare. Nokufamba kwenguva, uku kuwedzera kwechinguvana kunogona kuva kwechigarire kana kusingadziviswa nematare nemitemo.

Kuchinja Kwematongerwe Enyika uye Kuvhakacha

Apo masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anova anoparadzaniswa zvikuru, nzvero nedzikamo zvakarehwa kusimudzira kubvumirana panzvimbo pezvo zvinoparira kuoma. Musangano wemitemo ungaramba kusimbisa kugadzwa, kuchitungamirira kunzvimbo mudare redare neromukuru. Mabhajeti angasaiswa pachena, kuvhara hurumende. Uku kudzikamisa kutenda kwavose mumasangano edemocracy uye kunoparira kudikanwa kwevatungamiriri vakasimba, nenzira inoshamisa kuchideredza kuparadzana kumene kwamasimba anodzivisa udzvinyiriri.

Kuzvimirira Mudare Kunotongwa

Vatongi vanozvimirira vanokosha kuti vape miganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Bva munyika dzinoverengeka, vakuru vakuru vakatsvaka kuisa matare navatsigiri vakavimbika, vatongi vanopesana vanotonga mukurwisana navo, kana kuti matare anotonga dzimwe nhau. Kunyange muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakatangwa, muitiro wokugadza wazova unodzorwa, uchibvisa chivimbo chavose mukusasarura kwedare.

Uori Nevatengesi

Apo vabati vanoshandisa simba ravo nokuda kwokupfumisa munhu oga kana kuti kutusa zvikwereti, dzikamo yesimba inoputsika. Chiokomuhomwe, shavo, uye mabackcks zvinochinja macheki kuva zvitambi zverabha. Masangano anozvisarudzira anodzivisa uori nedziviriro dzerivara ikoshi, asi ivo vamene vanoda tsigiro yomutemo neyavakuru vakuru kuti vashande.

Kushandisa Mashoko

Mapepanhau anowanzonzi “bazi rechina” rehurumende nokuti rinoongorora simba nokubudisa mashoko. Kana mapepanhau adzvinyirirwa kana kudzorwa, imwe yemichina inokosha inopera.

Kuchengetedza Simba

Kuchengetedza simba kunoda kuti vagari vemo, masangano, uye vakaroorana vemarudzi akawanda vagare vachishanda nesimba.

Kuperera kwebumbiro remitemo Nedzidzo Yemirayiro

Vagari vemo vanofanira kunzwisisa mitemo iyi uye kuva nechido chokuidzivirira.

Zvinobudisa Nhau Nenzanga Yavagari Vemo Yakasununguka

Chinobudisa nhau chakasimba chinonzvera chakaipa chehurumende ndokudzorera manzwi anopesana ichenjero yakakomba yokunze. Masangano asiri ehurumende anogona kunyora mhaka, nhimbe nokuda kwechinjo, uye sarudzo. Apo aya masimba anobatira pamwe(se zvaakaita mumasangano okuzvidavirira kwedare munyika dzakawanda) anogona kudzorera kukunda kunyengera.

Kutonga uye Kuchinja Kwomutemo

Michina yakafanana namashoko akatsiga nokuda kwavatongi, masangano okugadza asiri apapatika, uye mirangariro yokuraira pamusoro pebumbiro-mitemo inogona kusimbisa kuzvimirira kwomutemo. Mitemo inogona kuisa mitemo inodzivirira maruramiro ebato vashoma, inoda zviito zvikuru nokuda kwezviito zvakati, uye inoraira kuti kunyura kwezuva pamasimba ekurumidziro. Muitiro weDzi unoita kuti masangano anogombedzera kutevera kuzivisa kwavose noumba utongi kubetserawo.

Kudzvinyirirwa Nevanhu Vemarudzi Akawanda

Nyika dzinodzora hurumende nemasangano enyika dzakawanda dzinogona kutsigira dzikamo yesimba kunze kwenyika kupfurikidza nokukurukurirana, kuyamura kuwiriraniswa kwemawirirano, uye chengeteko yakabatana. Mitumbi yakafanana neVenice Council yeEurope inopa mirangariro yenyanzvi pamitemo yebumbiro remitemo. Nepo uchangamire huchifanira kuremekedzwa, tsika dzakajeka dzinorwisana nokuisa simba mungozi dzinogona kudzivisa kudzokera shure.

Kurwa kwokuchengetedza nzvero nedzikamo hakutongogumi. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kuzvibatanidza icho chimene nengozi dzesimba rakasimba ndokuzviisazve kumiitiro yakaipa, inononoka, kazhinji kazhinji inokangaidza yokudzora kwoubati ushe hwehurumende.

mhedziso

Dzikamo yesimba haisati iri rondedzero yokufungidzira; igadziriro yokurarama, inoshanda inodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu. Kuvambira pahoro dzeCapitol yeU.S. kusvikira kudzimba dzeDare Rapamusorosoro reIndia, kubva kuBoundestag kuBrasília’s Palácio do Planalto, nheyo yokuti simba rinofanira kunzvera rinoramba riri dziviriro yakavimbika zvikurusa mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri. Democracies inobudirira apo kusati kune bazi rinokwanisa kutonga riri roga, apo matare asingagoni kutaura kuti kwete, uye apo vagari vemo vanogona kuva nomutoro wokuzvidavirira. Kunzwisisa iri chiyero neinodzivirira mutengo werusununguko.