Nheyo yedzikamo yesimba inokosha kukushanda kwegadziriro dzehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.Iro rinovimbisa kuti hakuna sangano rimwe kana kuti munhu mumwe anogona kudzora muitiro wokudzora, nenzira iyoyo achichengetedza maruramiro nerusununguko zvavagari vemo.iyi nyaya inonzvera mashoko enhau, revo, uye mitoo zvinotsigira dzikamo yesimba mukati mekutonga kwazvino uno, nepo ichinzverawo denho dzazvino uno uye mugariro unotenderera weiyi dzidziso inokosha.

Mavambo Mupfungwa Dzekare Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika

Murangariro wehurumende yakadzikama usati watanga utongi hwehurumende hwazvino uno. Aristotle, mu Platics , akarondedzera marudzi matatu ebumbiro remitemo(mabumbiro emitemo, zviremera, uye mapoka) akapikisa kuti chimiro chakanakisisa chehurumende chakabatanidzwa kubva pamativi ose matatu kudzivirira rudzi rupi norupi pakudzora. Polybius, wezvenhau wechiGiriki, akavandudzazve pfungwa iyi kupfurikidza nokunzvera bumbiro remitemo rakavhengana reRoma, iro rakadzikamisa masangano (atrust) anodzorwa muudzori, Dare remitemo (matocracratic), uye magungano akakurumbira (democratic). Polybius akadavira kuti gadziriro ino inobvumira Roma kudzivisa nhevedzano yemabumbiro remitemo yaPlato. Izvi zvakadzikamisa rondedzerwa kuti pave nesimba rokutonga kwapa.

Kujekeswa Nokuparadzaniswa Kwemasimba

Kujekeswa kwakaratidzira nguva yechinjo inochinja mukukura kwerondedzero yesimba rakadzikama. Baron de Montesquieu ya 1748 basa ra Mudzimu weMitemo [ wakagovera mano anopesvedzera zvikurusa. Akarangarira kuti kudzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba, “simba rinofanira kuva chenjero kusimba. Montesquie pureace yehurumende pakati pamapazu matatu akasiana, mukuru mukuru, uye mutongi akagovera kupfurikidza naMasimba rimwe nerimwe rokudzivisa mamwe. Pfungwa dzake dzakapesvedzera zvakananga chimiro cheUnited States, uyo akagadzira gadziriro ye [FL:2] uye muganhu waro, [F.N.NU.]

Zvinoreva Kudzikamiswa Kwesimba

Kudzikama kwesimba kunobatira mabasa anokosha anoverengeka:

  • Kubvisa kwaTyranny: kupfurikidza nokuparadzira simba mumapazu akawanda ehurumende, ngozi yokutonga kwechidzvinyiriri inoderedzwa. Kuiswa kwesimba mumunhu mumwe kana kuti boka munhau kunotungamirira kudzvinyiriro, sezvinoonwa muhurumende kubva kuRoma yekare kusvikira kuzana ramakumi maviri routongi hudzvinyiriri.
  • Kudzivirirwa kwaMaruramiro: Gadziriro yakadzikama inodzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga norusununguko kubva kuvhozhokerwa nehurumende. Apo bazu rimwe nerimwe rinogona kunzvera dzimwe, kunova kwakaoma kuti bazu ripi neripi riputse rusununguko rwakadai sekutaura, gungano, uye muitiro wakafanira.
  • [ Kuzvidavirira: Necherekedzo dzesimba munzvimbo, vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanozvidavirira nokuda kwezviito zvavo. Tyisidziro yemisikanzwa, shongedzo, uye utarisiri hwemitemo zvinovimbisa kuti vatungamiriri vasagona kuita nechirango.
  • Kushanda zvakanaka naMasimba:[[FLT: 1] Kudzora kwakadzikama kunosimudzira chivimbo chavanhu mumasangano. Vagari vemo sezvingabvira zvikuru vachagamuchira mitemo nemitemo apo vanodavira kuti simba harishandiswi nenzira yamaune. Uku kwapamutemo kunoderedza bviro yenyongano yavagari vemo uye kunosimbisa chibvumirano chamagariro.

Kupfuura iyi mibato yapakati, dzikamo yesimba inosimudzirawo kurangarira nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.

Michina Yokudzikamisa Simba Mumadhimoni Emazuva Ano

Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Kukamukana kwemitoro yehurumende kuva mapazi akasiyana - siyana(*kuparadza, kutonga, uye kutonga) kunoisa bazu rimwe nerimwe risingashandisi simba rakawanda. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine mabasa aro makuru: isangano rinogadza mitemo, mukuru mukuru anoiisa, uye judiary inoidudzira. Uku kuparadzanisa kunoumba rusvingo rwokudzima moto runoganhurira kusvika kumunhu mumwe mutambi upi noupi. Nyika dzakawanda, dzakadai seGermany neIndia, dzinogamuchira chivako chakafanana, kunyange zvazvo misiyano iripo, gadziriro yeparamendementa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inobatanidza vakuru vakuru namasimba emitemo kusvikira kudhigiria, asi dzichingoramba dzichiva nenzvimbo inozvimirira.

Makeja Nedzikamo

Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine chiremera chokuganhurira masimba avamwe, kuva nechokwadi chokuti simba rakadzikama uye kuti hakuna bazi rimwe rinova guru. Mienzaniso inobatanidza desidential veto (kuparadza pamusoro pomutemo), kusimbiswa kweDare nezvibvumirano (zvinodzorwa pamusoro pomukuru mukuru), uye kuhwirudzurwa kwedare. Mukudzokororwa, mutemi wedare rinogona kukunda vapuresi vehurumende neato , uye mukuru mukuru mukuru anogona kupa kukanganwira. Idzi nzvero dzinoparira kubatira pamwe chete nekuita chiito chikuru chinoda kubatira pamwe chete nekuita chiito chokudzokorodza.

Midziyo Inozvimirira

Mutongi asingasaruri anodudzira mitemo uye anovimbisa kuti inoshandiswa zvakaenzana, achitsigira nheyo yokuti hakuna munhu ari pamusoro pomutemo. Kuzvimirira kwomutemo kunodzivirirwa kupfurikidza noupenyu (kana kuti mirau yakatarwa), mibairo yakadzivirirwa, uye kudzorwa kwedzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Simba redare rokuhwirudzura (mitemo kana kuti mabasa ehurumende asingashandisi maruvara) rinova nenheyo dzetsika dzazvino uno. Zvisarudzo zvakadai se [[FLT:]] Marbury v.[FLD] [5] .FF]

Kushanda Muchikamu

Mugadziriro dzehurumende, simba rinokamuraniswawo pakati pehurumende dzorudzi nedzamarudzi. Uku kuparadzana kwakananga kwesimba kunowedzera imwe dziviriro mukurwisana nekuva pakati.

Kuongorora Zvirwere Mukudzikamiswa Kwesimba

United States

Dare reMitemo reUnited States rakatanga gadziriro yecherekedzo nedzikamo zvakashanduka - chinja kwamazana maviri amakore. Chisarudzo cheWatergate (721-1974) chakaedza gadziriro, sezvo Purezidhendi Nixon akaedza kumisa ruramisiro ndokusimbisa ropafadzo yehurumende. Dare Rapamusorosarudzo rakatonga rimwe chete mu United States] v. Nixon kuti purezidhendi aisagona kunyima ufakazi mukunzvera kweutsotsi, achisimbisa kuti hapana munhu, kunyange mukuru mukuru wehurumende, ari pamusoro pomutemo nguva pfupi yapfuura zvikuru. Zviito zvavakuru vakuru pamusoro pokutama, masimba, hondo, uye zviziviso zvekurumidziro zvakatanga pamusoro pemiganhuro zvesimba rapurezidhendi. Dare rapanhambo nenhambo nenhambo nenhambo. Chibvumirano chakadzoro chadzokororo chapa pamutemo mumiteshina, nguva nhatu, Aygnean, (Maygnown, J.)

United Kingdom

Hurumende yeUK isina kunyorwa inotsamira zvikuru pakokorodzano, mirau, uye magwaro enhau akadai seMagna Carta (1215) neBill of Rights (1689) kuparira dzikano pakati poumambo, Paramende, uye judiary. Nepo masimba amambo achidzorwa zvikuru, nheyo youchangamire hweparamende inoreva kuti Paramende inogona kuita kana kuti kushandura mutemo upi noupi. Zvisinei, vatongi vawana rusununguko rukuru zvikuru chibviro cheBumbiro remitemo reReformation Act 2005, iyo yakagadza Dare repamusorosoro reUnited Kingdom, ichiparadzanisa dare rapamusorosoro reImba yaMadords. Ganho yeHumo 1998 inopawo simba rokuzivisa mutemo usingawiriraniswi neEurope Convention on Human Rights, kuwedzera. UK inoenzanisira chibvumirano chetsikano muteshina yetsikano yazvinonyorwa pasina kunyora gamuchidzanwa, chinyorwa chimwe.

France

French Fin 5 Republic, yakatangwa muna 1958, ine gadziriro inoisa kaviri mberi napurezidhendi akasarudzwa zvakananga uye mutungamiriri wehurumende anozvidavirira kuParamende. Purezidhendi ane masimba makuru, kubatanidza mano okunyungudutsa Gungano reNational uye kudana. Constitution Council inoongorora mitemo yokuwirirana neBumbiro reMitemo remitemo, ichishanda sechekero yedare. Iyi dhaisiti inoratidza kuoma kwesimba rokudzikamisa apo mukuru mukuru mukuru ane simba anogara nekamuri reparamende. Nguva dzokuvatana (apo purezidhendi nagurukota gurukota vanobva kumapoka akasiyana - siyana) dzimwe nguva yakadzokororwawo asi yakadzokororwazve mitemo yokunzvera neyamutezo, secherekedzo hurusa, sezvo bazi rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kukurukura panzvimbo pokudzora.

South Korea

Chinjo yeSouth Korea kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu muna 1987 yakatanga gadziriro yapurezidhendi neDare reBumbiro reMitemo iyo inohwirudzura nokushingaira mutemo nezviito zvoupurezidhendi. 2016-2017 kuongorora kwaPrezidenti Park Geun-hye, yakatsigirwa neDare reMitemo, yakaratidza simba redare ramagariro ravanhu kuti risazvidavirira. Chisarudzo chedare chakatungamirira kukubviswa kwake pahofisi uye kutenderwa kwemhaka kwapashure. Iyi mhaka inosimbisa kuti kunzvera nemwero zvinogona kushanda kunyange muhurumende duku zvikuru, inosimbisa nheyo yokuti hapana munhu ari pamusoro pomutemo. [FG.G.Geneticle] Dare reMitemossion rehurumende rinodzidzisa mugadziriro iyi.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Yose Nokusiyana Kwakaita Zvinhu

Nepo muenzaniso weAmerica wamasimba akaparadzana une pesvedzero, simba rehurumende dzakawanda reparamende rakadzikama kupfurikidza namapurani akasiyana. Gadziriro dzeparamende, dzakadai sedziya dzomuCanada, Australia, neJapan, dzinobatanidza mapazu ehurumende nemitemo, dzichiita kuti hurumende itsigire paparamende. Uku kubatanidzwa kunogona kutungamirira kukudzora kwakanakisisa asi kunoparirawo ngozi yokudzora kana mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru anodzora achidzora voruzhinji. Kupesana naidzoro yeparamende dzakawanda dzinoshandisa makamuri akasimba echipiri (umg., masangano eMitemo aGermany Bundesrat) uye kuhwirudzura kukurusa. Mitemo yedare ramato yeFrance inoita kuti iedze kubatanidza betsero dzemiitiro dzose dziri mbiri. Pasinei zvapo namagadzirirwo omutemo anoramba aripo: haafaniri kudzorwa.

Kubvisa Masangano Okubvisa Uye Kudzorera Kwesangano

Hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu itsva dzinowanzoparapatika kutanga nzvero nedzikamo dzakasimba. Nyika muEastern Europe, Latin America, uye Africa dzakava nokudzokera shure apo vakuru vakuru vanosekesa matare apamutemo kana kuti kudzvinyirira chishoro. Somuenzaniso, Hungary nePoland dzakaona chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo idzo dzakanetesa rusununguko rwokutonga nerusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau, dzinosunda kupindira kweEuropean Union. Izvi zvinoitika zvinosimbisa kuti dzikamo yesimba haisati iri yokuzvitsigira iwe umene; inoda dziviriro inoshingaira nenzanga yavagari vemo, vatambi vezvamatongerwe enyika, uye masangano enyika. [[FLT: 0] Dare reEurope rekodzero dzekodzero dzevanhu rakaita basa mukuchengeta nyika dzine mhaka yokuputsa mutemo.

Zvinetso Zvinoita Kuti Simba Rive Pakati Nepakati Munguva Yazvino Uno

Kuchinja Zvematongerwe Enyika

Zvigadziko zvakasiana - siana zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvinowedzera zvinogona kutungamirira kukuderera, kuderedza zviremera zvinobudirira. Apo mapati anoisa betsero dzinotsiva pabatira pamwe yesangano, nzvero nedzikamo zvinova zvombo panzvimbo pedziviriro. U.S. yakawana nguva nenguva kurambidzwa kwehurumende, kusimbiswa kwedare kunononozeka, uye ganhuriro dzemari dzinopfuudzira shambidziko dzinoderedza chivimbo chavanhu. Kuwedzera kwendangariro kunokurudzirawo kushandiswa kwemirairo yavakuru vakuru vehurumende uye kudzorwa kwemiitiro yemitemo yenguva dzose, sezvo boka rimwe nerimwe rinotsvaka kufambisira mberi nhevedzano yaro yemitemo pasinei zvapo nechishoro.

Kubudirira Kukuru uye Simba Renjodzi

Vatungamiriri vangaedza kuwedzera chiremera chavo, kupfuudza nzvero nedzikamo munguva dzenjodzi. Dambudziko reCOVID-19 rakaona hurumende dzakawanda dzichishandisa matanho ekurumidziro nokutarisira kwomutemo kwakaganhurirwa. Nepo chiito chokukurumidza chakanga chiri madikanwa, vamwe vakuru vakuru vakashandisa njodzi kusimbisa simba (hwunosimudzira rusununguko rwevagari vemo pasina kuhwirudzurwa kwakakwana kwedare kana kuti paramende. Nenzira yakafanana, tyisidziro dzechitsotsi netyisidziro dzamarudzi zvakashandiswa kururamisa kunzvera, chiito chehondo pasina kutenderwa, uye kupfigwa pasina kutongwa. Dzikanyo dzamano pakati pechengeteko nerusununguko dzinoramba dziri denho inopfuurira.

Kuzvimirira Mudare Kuri Mungozi

Kuedza kupesvedzera kana kuti kusekesa vatongi kunogona kutyisidzira kusasarura kuri madikanwa kutsigira mutemo. Dzimwe hurumende dzakarongedza matare nevezvokuramba vakavimbika, dzakachinja nguva dzokurega basa, kana kuti matare akangobviswa ehurumende panhau dzakati. Somuenzaniso, kuchinja kwedare rePoland muna 2019 kwakatungamirira kuEuropean Union kuranga nokuramba dare. Apo matare anova anopesana, anorasikirwa nokuvimbwa uye mano awo okunzvera mamwe mapazu. Kudzivirira kuzvitonga kunoda kugadzwa kwakajeka, kudzivirira kuchengetedzwa, uye tsika dzinotonga dare.

Kushaya Mashoko Nekuderera Kwochivimbo

Kuwedzera kwemasangano anobudisa nhau uye kupesana kwemasangano ehurumende kwakaderedza kuvimba kwevanhu nemasangano ehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu. Kana vagari vemo vasingagoni kubvumirana nezvezviito zvikuru zvehurumende, kuongorora uye kusabatana kwadzo kwakapera. Kusanzwisisa kuvimbika kwevhoti kwakatungamirira kunhamburiko dzokuchinja migumisiro, kuderedza kuchinjwa kworugare kwesimba nechinhu chinokosha chinodzikamisa utongi hwehurumende. Hurumende dzakashandisawo kuongorora kwemakombiyuta pakurwisana nevanorwisana nevezvematongerwe enyika, zvichikanganisa kuchengeteka kwenyika uye kumanikidza kwezvematongerwe enyika. Chigaro chevagari vemo uye mapepanhau chinongoda kurwisa magariro azvo, asi ivowo vanotarisana nokutyisidzirwa kuti vasarurwa nevhotera kunoitwa neveri paIndaneti.

Kusimbisa Dzikamo Yesimba: Basa Renzanga Yehurumende Nezvinobudisa Nhau

Chimiro chakanaka chesimba hachigoni kutsamira chose chose pazvivako zvebumbiro remitemo; zvinodawo kuvimbisana kwevagari vemo uye kubudisa kwakasununguka. Masangano enzanga avagari vemo anoongorora zviito zvehurumende, anotsigira kuti zviitwe, uye anosimudzira pfungwa dzavose pakusabatwa zvisina kufanira. Independera pasi rinoongorora zvakaipa, kufumura uori, uye kugovera nzvimbo yemanzwi akasiyana - siyana. Munyika dzakawanda, vatori venhau vakatarisana namasimba masimba, kuiswa mutorongo, uye kukwikwidza matare (kukwidza mukurwisana nokutora rutivi rwavose, kana kuti SLAPP) kunovavarira kutsoropodza kutsoropodza. Kudzivirira rusununguko uye kuita kuti kugovera kugamutsigire rutivi kunokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta kuzvidavirira. [[FLT:] Majeridhendimendimendima[FLT]

Uyezve, gadziriro dzedzidzo dzinodzidzisa tsika dzehurumende nokufunga kwokutsoropodza dzinopa simba vagari vemo rokuziva tyisidziro dzesimba. Apo vanhu vanonzwisisa kuti kunzvera nokudzikamisa zvinoshanda sei — uye chikonzero nei vane zvinhu — sezvingabvira zvikuru kuvadzivirira pakuderera kwapashoma napashoma. Kuona chitarisiko muhurumende, zvakadai semitemo yakazarurwa uye kunzwika kwavose, kunobetserawo vagari vemo kuti vazvidavirire.

mhedziso

Dzikano yesimba inoramba iri chinhu chinokosha chehurumende inotonga yedemocracy, chinokosha nokuda kwokuva nechokwadi chokuti hakuna munhu kana kuti boka riri pamusoro pomutemo. Kubva pamavambo ayo ekare kusvikira kumagadzirirwo ebumbiro remitemo razvino uno, nheyo yakabvumikisa kuva inokosha mukudzivisa udzvinyiriri, kudzivirira maruramiro, uye kusimudzira kuzvidavirira. Chibvumirano hachitongona kuchengetwa kwechigarire; chinotarisana nedenho dzinopfuurira kubva pakuparadzana, kudzorwa kwedare, uye kubviswa kwemifungo yemifungo yetsika. Kuchengeta iyi inoda kungwarira kwenguva dzose, kuchinja zvivako, uye kutora rutivi runoshanda kunoitwa navagari vemo vemo vemo, zvinodzorwa. Kuzvipira kudzora kwakadzikama hakusati kuri nzvimbo inotevedzerwa asi muitiro unopfuurira wokuchinja. Sangano yehurumende inodzorwa, saizvozvowo zvinofanira kuramba simba mukunzvera (8) kubvisa mutemo usina kudzorwa, mutemo unotodza simba, hakuzofanira kudzora zvose zviri zviviri vanhu vane simba.