Basa ramasangano akazvimirira mukudzikamisa simba mukati memasangano azvino uno rinojekeswa uye rinokosha. Masangano aya, anoumbwa neCongress kuti apedze zvinodikanwa zvezvidzo nezvoutariri zvakati, anoshanda nemwero wakati woutongi kubva kubazi guru rinoabvumira kudzikamisa mitemo nemirau pasina kupindirana kwakananga mune zvematongerwe enyika. Uku kuzvitonga kunokosha kuti achengete chivimbo chavose uye kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti zvisarudzo zvinotapura maindasitiri, vatengi, uye zvakapoteredza zvinoitwa zvakavakirwa paunyanzvi nezvinorongwa zvokuongorora. Munhambo yokuwedzera kuoma kwemitente, kutengeserana, uye dziviriro kwemhoteredzo, masangano anozvimirira anobatira sembirumbidzoro kusasarura nokuzvidavirira. Mano avo okuita mufambiro murefu uye kudzorwa kwemitemo inodzorwa kupfurikidza nokuumbwa kwegadziriro kwoutungamiriri.

Kunzwisisa Nhungamiro Dzokuzvimirira

Masangano ezvimiriyoni anozivikanwa anozivikanwa zvikuru ehurumende, akagadzirirwa kubata nhau dzounyanzvi nedzokutungamirira idzo dzinoda zivo chaiyo nokushandiswa kunowirirana. Kusafanana namadhipatimendi edare, ane misoro inoshanda pamufaro wapurezidhendi uye inogona kubviswa pasina chisakiso, masangano anozvimirira anowanzotungamirirwa nemabhodhikiti ezvibvumirano kana kuti masangano ane miitiro yakagadzwa inorevesa inobatanidza kutungamirira kumabasa akawanda. Iyi purogiramu inoitirwa kuvadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye madenderedzwa. Nheyo yepamutemo yamasangano akawanda anozvimirira inobva kuAStatement Procediture Act Act (AA) ya 1946, iyo inobvumira kuti masangano ashande masimba okushandisa mitemo nenzira inoitwa nenzira isina kurongwa uye namagariro. Nokuda kwokutarisisa APA, [FLT]

Nhoroondo

Pfungwa yamasangano akazvimirira inovambira muNguva inofambira mberi, apo vachinji vakatsvaka kukurukura kuoma kukura kwezvokutengeserana kwenyika nemitemo imwe. Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), yakatangwa muna 1887, inorangarirwa kuva sangano rokutanga rinozvitonga. Chisiko chacho chakaratidza chido chokuva neunyanzvi hwokutarisira zvitima uye miitiro, pasina pesvedzero yezvose zviri zviviri zvebhizimisi nevezvamatongerwe enyika. Iyi muenzaniso wakaratidza kuva ine simba, inotungamirira kukutangwa kweFederal Trade Commission (FTC) muna 1914 uye Federal Powerce Commission. Nhamba yemasangano raMasangano anozvimirira yakapfukira pakupfukira kufukidza kutepfekedzerwa, zvikwazvo, uye dziviriro mhoteredzo. Nhasi masangano akadai seSCOMPFFFFC) uye Federal Comment Comment (FC) anoongorora nhevedzano yakananga yetsika imwe neimwe inopfurira kupfurira kusarura.

Zvinhu Zvinokosha

Masangano anozvimirira anogoverana mativi anoverengeka anorondedzera:

  • Bipartisan Leadership: Masangano mazhinjisa anodzorwa namasangano ane mashoko akawanda anozunguzika, kazhinji kazhinji achida dzikamo yemasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika. Ichi chivako chinoderedza ngozi yokudzora kupfurikidza nehurumende imwe.
  • Chiremera chokuita: Masangano ane simba rokubudisa mirau ine simba rinotakura simba romutemo, rinodzorwa netsinhiro dzavose nehwirudzuro yedare. Ikoku kunobvumira kuchinja kwemiitiro kumigariro pasina kumirira mutemo mutsva.
  • [[FOL: 0] Kumanikidza uye Kubvisa: Vanogona kunzvera kuputswa, kuisa faindi, uye kukakavadzana kwechitsotsi kupfurikidza navatongi vomutemo wehurumende, vachigovera nzvimbo chaiyo yokupedza rwisano.
  • Mabhajeti akagadzirwa:[[FLT: 1] Kunyange zvazvo Congress inodzora kudzorwa kwemashoko, masangano akazvimirira kazhinji kazhinji akatsaurira mari yehova, zvakadai semitero pamaindasitiri anodzorwa, kuderedza kurwisana kwegore negore kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kukosha Kwoutarisiri

Kudzora ibasa guru remasangano anozvimirira, kuvimbisa kuti maindasitiri anoshanda mumitemo uye kuti zvinhu zvinoitirwa vanhu zvinodzivirirwa. Pasina utarisiri hunobudirira, misika inogona kukanganiswa nounyengeri, kuparadzwa kwemhoteredzo, uye ngozi dzegadziriro dzinokuvadza vatengi nevanoisa mari. Somuenzaniso, Sacturaties and Exchange Commission (SEC) inoita nzvero dzenguva dzose dzevapinduri vemari nevavambi vemari kuti vazive kuti kushamba kwebhizimisi nokubiridzira. Sangano yeNzvitsuwa yenzvimbo yokuchengetedza zvinhu zvinoiswa munyika inogona kutungamirira kukuvadziko ine njodzi, nei masangano eEclotemental Agency (EPA) achiisa mipimo yemipimo yokushamba yokushambadzira nokudzo, uye zvirango, zvichiita kuti vashatisimudziridzi vasa simba uye vachengete mwero wokutamba. Sezvidzorwa kwemari ya20088, kudzosera kukuva migumisiro yenjodzi, izvo zvakaita semasangano eCFP yakagadzirwa kuti ashambadzirirwe mutengeso.

Michina Yokutarisira

Masangano anozvimirira anoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokutarisira zvinobudirira:

  • Audits nenzvero: Kunzvera kwokukurumidzira kurongwa kwamasangano anodzorwa kuti aone kuwirirana nemitemo nemirau. Somuenzaniso, Office yeMahurumende yeMasano (GAO) inowanzobatira pamwe namasangano akazvimirira kuyera kubudirira kwepurogiramu.
  • [ Zvinodikanwa Kuzivisa: Masangano mazhinji anoraira kuwanwa kwenguva dzose kubva kumakambani, zvakadai semashoko emari nokuda kweSC kana kuti mishumo inobudiswa nokuda kweEPA. Uku kuoneka kunobvumira vose vari vaviri vadzori vavo kuona zvinopesana.
  • [[FOLT:0]Public Wiss: Zvirongwa zvinochengeta kutongwa kwemashoko kubva kuvachengeti vemari, nyanzvi dzemaindasitiri, uye vagari vemo.
  • Munzveri mukuru: Masangano mazhinji akazvimirira ane hofisi dzomukati dzinonzvera tsvina, unyengeri, uye kubatwa zvisina kufanira, zvichiwedzera kumwe kuzvidavirira.

Kuchinja Kwazvinoita Zvinhu Pamaindasitiri Nevanhu Vanotenga Zvinhu

Kudzora kunoitwa namasangano akazvimirira kune miuyo inooneka. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) inodzora migove yemapoka nokusatora rutivi kwemambure, ichitapura zvakananga kuti vatengi veInternet vanoshanda sei uye kuti zvinopindwa nevashandi veInternet zvinoshanda sei uye kuti zvinobatanidzwa nemunhu zvinobatanidzwa. Zviito zvokutarisira zvinorwisana nokutengesa kwete bedzi mufambiro wakaipa asiwo kudzivisa mufambiro usina kunaka womunguva yemberi, kusimudzira chivimbo chezvokutengeserana. Nenzira yakafanana, kuchengetwa kweEPA kweEscope Air Act kwakatungamirira kuderera kukuru mukushatisa kwemhepo inoshatiswa, kuvandudza migumisiro youtano yavose. Mienzaniso iyi inosimbisa kuti miitiro yokutarisira inoita sei kuti pave nemibayiro chaiyo yepasi nokuda kwamakwikwidzano, kuchengeteka uye kutendeka.

Kuzvidavirira

Kuzvidavirira idi redare. Masangano ezvimiriri anofanira kupindura kudare revoruzhinji, Congress, uye matare kuva nechokwadi chokuti zviito zvavo zvinooneka uye zvinoruramiswa. kuzvimirira kwawo hakurevi kuti hakuna kuzvidavirira; panzvimbo pezvo, kunovabvumira kupiwa mutoro pahwaro hwezvisarudzo zvavo panzvimbo peruvimbiko rwezvamatongerwe enyika. Mitemo yokuzvidavirira inoshanda inosimbisa chivimbo chavose ndokudzivisa kubatwazve.

Michina Inozvidavirira

Mitoo inoverengeka inowedzera kuzvidavirira kwamasangano akazvimirira:

  • Mushumo wePublic: Zvirongwa zvinobudisa mishumo yegore negore, zvinyorwa zvokutonga, uye mashoko okushandisa paIndaneti. Sepyro yeSEC'S EDGAR inogovera kusvika kwapachena kumapepa ebhizimisi, nepo EPA's Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO) inobvumira vagari vemo kunzvera mugariro unotedzerwa wezvivako.
  • Process: Masangano mazhinjisa ane gadziriro dzezvinyunyuto zvevatengi. Somuenzaniso, CFPB inochengeta shopu yavose yenyunyuto pamusoro pezvigadzirwa zvemari, izvo zvinogona kupesvedzera muitiro nerokuchengeta.
  • Chibvumirano cheProfeta: Zvirongwa zvinoita misangano yedare rokuronga, kukumbira tsinhiro dzavose pamirau inokarakadzwa, uye mufambiro kunzanga dzinotapurwa.
  • Utariri hweChirevo: Matare muCongress anogara achitonga vatungamiriri vesangano, kuhwirudzura bhajeti, uye kurayira mishumo pamusoro pemibato mikuru. Ikoku kunovimbisa utariri hwemitemo pasina vhiringidzo yakananga yokushanda.

Kuongorora uye Kuongorora Kutonga

Masangano anozvimirira anogonawo kuhwirudzurwa. Madare anogona kubvisa zviito zvesangano zvinozvidira, zvisina mufungo, kana kuti zvisiri zvechiremera chomutemo. Nhau dzepanyika dzakadai se Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council [19984]) dzakatanga kuchemedzwa netsananguro dzesangano remitemo isina kujeka, asi kutonga kwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi kwakaderedza kuderera ikoko. Dzinza pakati pesangano napamberidzo yedare inzvimbo inoshanda zvikuru yomutemo unodzora uyo unochinjikira kunzira kunoitwa.

Matambudziko Anotarisana Nemasangano Anozvimirira

Kunzwisisa matambudziko aya kunobatsira kuti pave nokuchinja kwavanoita zvinhu uye kuti varambe vachishanda.

Dzvinyiriro Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kuda kuita zvematongerwe enyika kunogona kuoneka munzira dzakawanda. Mapoka ezviwanira hanya angaedza kuderedza mirau kana kuti kunonozeka. Vakuru vakuru vanoregeredzwa pane dzimwe nguva vanotyisidzira kucheka mari kana kuti kudzorwa kwemitemo kuti kudzore zviito zvesangano. Mukuwedzera, muitiro wokugadza unogona kuva wokudzorwa, namaminene akananga kunonotswa kunonotswa kwenguva refu kana kuti kusarudzwa nokuda kwokugadziridzwa kwavo kwepfungwa panzvimbo pokuva nyanzvi. FEC, somuenzaniso, yakatarisana nokutsoropotedzwa kwemifungo yakafa nemhaka yemifungo yeboka rehurumende. Kuderedza dzvinyiriro dzakadaro, vamwe vanokarakadza kusimbisa miraudzo inosimbisa miraudzo yetsika kana kuti kuganhurira kurukurirano yavo mukati mokuita mutemo.

Mitemo Yemari

Kuganhurirwa kwemabhangi idenho inopfuurira. Mitemo yemari inodzora mamiriro emari, uye mwero yemari inowanzokundikana kuvambirana nemitoro inokura. Mari isingadhuri inogona kutungamirira ku: [

  • [[FLT:]] kupfuudzwa:[[[FLT:]] Kunzvera:[[FLT:] [[FLT]]] Muzvirongwa zvokuwedzera mari kudzorwa kwemari kudzorwa kwemari inotaputira mano okufunda, kuunganidza, nokunzvera miitiro yemiitiro. [[5] [FLT:] [FLT:][12] [FLT]] [FLT:]][FLT]] Kumwe kushamba kwapa mutengo mari, kana kuti kushanyiswe.[12]

    Zvinetso Zvedare Nezvepamutemo

    Zvinetso zvapamutemo zvinobva kumasangano anodzorwa nenzira inowedzera zvinoedza chiremera chamasangano akazvimirira. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu LLC v.Consumer Financial Protection Bureaution 2020) chakatonga kuti CFPB's raray yakadzorwa nemuitiro wokudzivirira wokubvisa kwakanga kusiri kwechibvumirano, kuchida chinjo. Zvisarudzo zvenguva yemberi zvinogona kuganhurirazve masimba, zvikurukuru pamusoro pedzidziso isiri youtereri uye kujekedzo yesangano. Artiveticleation inofanira kuramba achigadziridza miitiro yavo kuti irambe ichidzorwa pakunzvera kwokutonga apo ichiita mabasa avo.

    Kuongorora Zvirwere Zvezvirongwa Zvokuzvimirira

    Kuongorora masangano chaiwo kunopa nzwisiso chaiyo yekuti basa rokuzvimirira, kutarisira, uye rokuzvidavirira rinoshanda sei.

    Komisheni Yekurukurirano Yamatunhu (FCC)

    FCC inodzora international nekurukurirano dzamarudzi ose neredhiyo, terevhizheni, tayela, uye tambo. Chirairo chayo chinobatanidza kuvimbisa ruramisiro nerokupinda kwamabasa ekurukurirano, kudzora magiravhiti, uye kusimudzira makwikwi. Basa reFCC mukusatora rutivi kwemambure rinoratidzira zvose zviri zviviri simba rayo nebatano yayo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Muna 2015, FC yakaisa miganhuro yakafara sechipotenzi sebasa rekufambisa zvinhu, kuisa mitemo yakasimba yeretinate. Muna 2017, , dare idzva rinochinja, kuparira mufambiro uye kuita chimwe chinhu chapamusoro. Iyi mamiriro ezvinhu anoratidza kuti kuchinja kwesangano rezvo kugona kutungamirira kumiitiro inoshamisa, kuedza ganhuriro yezvimiriro. FCC inoitawo basa guru mumibato wemibato yemibato wa 5 GG, kudiro yemiteve inoda kubetsera zvikuru kubetsera kubetsera kubetsera kwamabasa avose.[0]

    Ubati Ushe uye Basa Rokuchinjana (SEC)

    SEC inotarisira misika yemitengo yokuchengetedza mari kuti idzivirire vatengi vemari, ichengete misika inochengetedzwa neinorongeka. Zviito zvayo zvokuchengetesa zvinokosha kutsigira kutendeseka kwomusika. Zvisarudzo zvinobatanidza kutengesa mari yehomwe yehomwe yehomwe yehomwe yehomwe na $750 000 000 yemigodhi yemari ne Goldman Sachs CDs. Chikamu cha SEC chinounza mazana ezviito zvevagari vemo gore negore, kubvisa mabhiriyoni nokuda kwokukuvadzwa kwemari inoiswa mumugwagwa. Zvisinei, SEC inotsoropodza nokuda kwokusaita njodzi dzinokura nokukurumidza se Goldman Sachrober Sach jimender com namadonzo chaiwo okuwana (SPAC). Kuzvizvimirira kwacho kunokosha nokuda kuita zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa pamitengo yemato yematongerwe ezvo zvamatongerwe enyika. SECCED idiro yedatem.

    Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

    EPA inodzivirira utano hwavanhu nemhoteredzo kupfurikidza nokuisa mirau yakavakirwa pamitemo yakadai seChene Air Act yeDer, Clean Water Act, uye cheToxic Substances Control Act. Basa rayo rinobatanidza mhepo nenzvimbo dzakachengeteka dzemvura, makemikari, uye ruramisiro yemhoteredzo. EPA's inoita kuti Simbiso yeChene Power Plan pasi peObama uye kudzora kwayo yapashure pasi penzvimbo dzetsvina ine ngozi nenzvimbo dzemhoteredzo. Zvinetso zvamabhizimisi zvinobatanidza kudzorwa kwemabhizimisi nenzvimbo dzemhoteredzo. Zvinetsoro, zvakadai setsoro zvamanyuko eIntegrated Rilited Infation Information System (IRIS), zvinorambawo kuva nenheyo huru yokutarisira tsvina yetsvina yenzvimbo nenzvimbo yapasi pevhu. [5]

    Varidzi Vemari Vanodzivirira (CFPB)

    Yakatangwa pashure penjodzi yemari ya2008, CFPB inodzora mishonga yemari nemabasa, kusanganisira zvikwereti, makadhi okukwereta, uye mari yokubhadhara. Chivako chayo chomutungamiriri mumwe chakamutsa nharo, zvichitungamirira kuMutemo we SALA[. Pasinei zvapo neizvi, CFPB yakadzosera mabhiriyoni kumitengo yebhizimisi kupfurikidza nezviito zvokumanikidza uye inopa shoo yesero yavose inofambisa kuoneka kwemisika. Kudzosa kwayo mitero yezuva rokukweretesa nerobhoti yakavavarira kudzivisa miitiro inodzorwa. Nguva yemberi yeCFPB ingabatanidza kudzorwazve kumira kwayo kumitezoro yemitezo yayo ichiita basa rayo repamutemo.

    Nguva Yemberi Yezvirongwa Zvisingadzorwi

    Nguva yemberi yamasangano akazvimirira ichaumbwa noruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye dzidziso dzapamutemo. Kudyidzana kwenyika yepasi, chinjo yemitemo, uye chinjo yemamiriro okunze zvinoda masangano kukurumidza kugadziridza apo anochengeta mabasa avo makuru okutarisira nokuzvidavirira. Kumuka kwouchenjeri hwokuisa miganhu, kugadzira miganhu, uye mashoko makuru anopa zvose zviri zviviri mikana nenjodzi. Zvirongwa zvakafanana neFTCPB zviri kutoongorora nzira yokudzora nayo kururama kwemitemo nekuvandika. Munguva ino, kukumbira kuti zvisarumbidzwe kubva kune dzimwe nzvimbo kungaedza kugadziriswa kwesangano.

    Kuchinja Kungaitwa

    Kuchinja kunoverengeka kungagona kusimbisa masangano anozvimirira nokuda kwenguva yemberi:

    • Kuisa Kuzvimirira:[[FLT: 1] Congress ingagona kugadza mipimo yakajeka zvikuru nokuda kwokuzvimirira kwesangano, kubatanidza nzvimbo dzinovigirwa zvisakiso zvinodzivisa kudzongonyedzwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kusimudzira dziviriro nokuda kwokuridzira.
    • [[FLT: 0] Mari Yakakwana: Kuwedzera kana kuti kutanga manyuko okupa mari akazvitsaurira kwaizobvumira masangano kupinza masangano nyanzvi, kuvandudza ruzivo, uye kudzora mativi enhau nenzira inobudirira.
    • Chibvumirano chapachena chinobatanidza: Zvirongwa zvinogona kugamuchira maturusi azvino uno semahombekombe anoshandisa mirau paIndaneti, mabhodhi okutumira, uye zvitsama zvinopindwa pachena kuti zvikudziridze kujeka nokugamuchira.
    • [ Nhungamiro yeChibvumirano:[[FT: 1] Zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro pachiremera chesangano zvingaderedza kusava nechokwadi uye zvingabetsera masangano kuronga mitemo inokurira zvinetso zvepamutemo.

    Kujairana Nematambudziko Matsva

    Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runoda kuti masangano agadziriswe. FCC inofanira kudzora mirakatirano nokuda kwe5G neInternet ichiri kukurukura nhau dzinokamuraniswa nemirairo. SEC inotarisana nengozi dzemari nedzinochengetedzwa dzeIndaneti. EPA inotarisana nenjo dzemamiriro okunze uye mirau inodzorwa. Idzi denho dzinoda unyanzvi hwokuranga nokubatirana. Masangano eependeration anosanoiswa kuvhotera vachengeti vemari uye kuvamba mitemo yetsinhirano, chero bedzi achichengeta maruramiro awo okuzvimirira uye chivimbo chavose.

    mhedziso

    Masangano anozvimirira anokosha nokuda kwesimba rokudzikamisa mugadziriro dzehurumende. Kuzvimirira kwawo kunovabvumira kutungamirira nokutarisira nokuita kuti vasaparadze nhambo, kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvisarudzo zvokutungamirira zvinotsigirwa muunyanzvi uye fariro yavose. Nepo vachitarisana nedenho dzinokosha kubva mudzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika, ganhuriro dzemari, uye makwikwi apamutemo, chinyorwa chavo chemikoto chinoratidzira ukoshi hwavo mukudzivirira vatengi, vatengi, uye mhoteredzo. Sezvo nzvimbo inodzorwa inodzivirira kuzvimirira nokuvandudza mano avo zvichava zvinova zvakakomba. Kupfurikidza nokuisa mari mumasangano iwawa, masangano anogona kuchengeta gadziriro yokudzora iyo iri yose iri miviri inoshanda uye inovimbwa, inokwanisa kudzora migariro mikuru yenyika yazvino unovapo.