Hwaro Hwepamutemo Hwezvinodikanwa Zvinovimbisa

Zvinodikanwa zvisingachinji zvinoiswa mubumbiro remitemo neremitemo zvinoisa chiremera chomunhu oga pamusoro pezviwirirano zvehurumende. MuUnited States, Fourth Amendment inozivisa kuti ̴ maruramiro avanhu okuchengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye miuyo, kurwisana nokunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari, hazvifaniri kuputswa, uye hapana vaWarrant vachapa chiremera, asi pachimwe chikonzero chinobvira, chinotsigirwa neOath kana kuti kusimbisa, uye zvikurukuru kurondedzera nzvimbo yacho kuti inzverwe, uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvokubatwa. ” uyu mutongo unoparira nzvero yakasimba yakasimba: mutemo unofanira kutanga kupwisa mutongi asingatori rutivi kuti pane chikonzero chakanaka chokuvhotera. Pasina chinodikanwa, mapurisa upi noupi angagona kupinda mufurati yakavakirwa pahomwe, kana kuti chigumburo, chibharo.

Nheyo yacho inotambanukira zvikuru kupfuura United States. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Artle 12) neEuropean Convention on Human Rights (Article 8) zvose zviri zviviri zvinodzivirira padzongonyedzo younyengeri neimwe ̱ musha. MuCanada, Chikamu 8 cheChikamu cheChibvumirano cheRendiyo rekodzero neRhumo dzinoraira kuti kunzvera kuve kune mufungo, uye iko itendero inzirawose yokugutsa nayo. United Kingdom ̱ Mapurisa neCrimial Expligin Act Act inodawo kuti zvibvumire kupinda munzvimbo yapamberi kunze kwokunge kwapa. Izvi zvirongwa zvinorevesarira zvinosimbisa kunzwisisa kumwe: musha inzira yokuyera iyo hurumende inzvimbo tsvene isingangoshati ishati ishati ishanduri.

Kudzivirira Kunoita Vatsigiri Vezvinhu

Kuramba: Bhizimisi reMabasa Rinoitirwa Vanhu Vasina Kutsarukana

Vazhinji vanorangarira kuti kudzivirira kunobetsera varidzi vemisha bedzi, asi vagari vanofarikanya nhoo yeChina yeFindment. Munhu anorenda imba ane icho matare anodana kuti i “ kariro ine mufungo yezvakavanzika ̵ mudzimba dzavo. Mapurisa haagoni kupinda murotari, kunyange kana muridzi wemba akapa mvumo, pasina rugwaro kana kuti kusiiwa kwakatangwa. Ikoku kwakajekeswa muU.S. mhaka yeDare Gurusa reSango Chapman v. United States[FLT:] (11961]), umo ufakazi hwapashure mapurisa akabvumirwa kunzvera mapurisa gumi anenge abvumirwa kunzvera.

Chinodikanwa chinodikanwa nokudaro chinodzivisa varidzi vedzimba kuva vapedzisi vachiva vadzo vapamberi pakodzero dzavo dzakavanzika. Inodzivirirawo varidzi vezvinhu vanogara mumisha yavo ̬ kutsvakwa kweimba yemhuri imwe kunofanira kururamiswa nechisakiso chinobvira nemurayiro chaiwo. Iyi nhevedzano inova nechokwadi chokuti murombo zvikuru muimba inokandwa navanhu vazhinjisa uye muridzi wedzimba akapfuma zvikuru anodzivirirwa zvakaenzana.

Mumiririri Pakuongorora Simba

Chinodikanwa chokuti mutongi asarerekera kurutivi rumwe ahwirudzure ufakazi pamberi penzvero inoshandura rwendo runobvira rwokuredza kuva nzvero yakarongwa. Magstates anonzvera aspect yechakananga: rugwaro runofanira kurondedzera nzvimbo yokunzverwa uye zvinhu zvinotsvakwa nechaizvoizvo . Izvi zvinodzivisa kudzorwa kwenhare. Chibvumikiso icho chinoti ̴ nzvera 123 Elm Street ndokutora chikwata chipi nechipi nechipi chapameso ̵ hachishandi nemhaka yokuti chinoshaiwa chinhu chaicho. Mutarisiri anofanira kubatanidza nzvimbo kumibato woutsotsi nezvisarudzi chakati chakananga (g.#220; maslatectuss anozivikanwa nen XYPYP.12221;1.

Ichi chinodikanwa chakakomba zvikuru mudzimba dzokurenda, umo zvivako zvine mayunifomu akawanda zvinogona kukoka kunzvera kwechipameso. Kana mapurisa akakanganisa 2A nokuda kwe2B, rugwaro rwacho rusina chinhu. Mu Maryland v. Garrison [1987], Dare Rapamusoro rakabvumira nzira yakaganhurirwa yezvikanganiso zvine mufungo pamusoro peity at syst, asi richiri kusimbisa kuti chipikirwa chekorinion i.

Muitiro Unoparirwa: Nhano Nenhanho

Chisakiso Chinowirirana

Mukuru mukuru haagoni kungotaura zvake, “ I ine kunzwa. ̵ chisakiso chine mufungo chinoraira maidi ayo angatungamirira munhu ane mufungo kudavira kuti ufakazi hweutsotsi huripo munzvimbo yokunzverwa.

  • Rimwe bhuku rinonzi Ander ’ rinotsigirwa nokuongorora kwazvinoita.
  • Ufakazi chaihwoihwo hunoonwa mumurangariro wakajeka panzvimbo yapamutemo.
  • Marekodhi anoratidza maitiro aiita zvinhu zvisiri pamutemo akabatanidzwa nekero yacho.

[“FLT:0] rega kutaura kwaingavikirwa piritsi , uye batanidza udzame hwakananga, hwakakodzera nguva. Chiratidzo chakaresa ̬ chimwe chakavakirwa paufakazi hwokuti mavhiki ekare nokuda kwomugariro unopfuura ̬ hachishandi. Gavhuna anoratidza kuti pamutemo, uye rinofanira kuurawa mukati mechikamu chenguva chakaganhurirwa, kazhinji kazhinji 10 kusvikira kumazuva 14, zvichitsamira pavhu.

Kuparadzwa Kwokutsvaka

Kana yangobudiswa, murairo wacho unofanira kuitwa nomutoo une mufungo. Varwi kazhinji kazhinji vanofanira kugogodza ndokuzivisa kuvapo kwavo vasati vapinda, kunyange zvazvo “knock ndokuzivisa ” mutemo [ wakatosiyana kana kuzivisa kungava kune ngozi kana kuti kusina maturo (g., gomba remirimo apo ufakazi hungaparadzwa). Mukati mokunzvera, vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanogona bedzi kutora zvinhu zvakarongwa muwirirano, uye mubatanidzwa upi noupi unowanwa mumurangariro wakajeka unooneka nokukurumidza soufakazi.

Kushanda kwemitemo kunofanira kusiya kopi yetsamba yacho uye kunyora zvinhu zvakabatwa.

Vakasiyana Nevanhu Vanofanira Kuteerera Mutemo Usingarambidzwi

Dare rinobvuma kuti kupinda pasina mutongo kunoitwa nematare kunoitwa nematare, mumwe nomumwe une miganhu yakananga inoshandiswa nemapurisa zvakasimba.

Kubvuma

Kana mugari akabvumirana nokuzvidira kusecha, hapana murairo unodikanwa. Kubvuma kunofanira kuva kupiwa pachena uye nouchenjeri, kwete kumanikidzwa nokuratidzwa kwesimba kana kuti chiremera. Mapurisa haagoni kutaura kuti anobvuma kana akanetsa mushandisi wepasuo. Uyewo, kana vanhu vakawanda vachigoverana nzvimbo yokugara, mumwe angabvuma kutsvakwa kwenzvimbo dzinozivikanwa asi asingagoni kubvuma kutsvakwa kweimwe ’ imba yapachivande pamusoro pemunhu iyeye R kushora. Georgia. v[FLT][FFFOLT] [200], R[200], Courtum]

Migariro Yakaoma

Zvinhu zvinoda kukurumidza zvinogona kururamisa kupinda pasina chikonzero. Mienzaniso yekirasi inobatanidza:

  • Kuronda kwomunyumwiri anotiza anopinda muimba yokugara.
  • Kuparadzwa kukuru kwoufakazi, zvakadai sokudhonza mirimo muchimbudzi kana vakuru vakuru vakanzwa ruzha mukati.
  • [ yamuro yokusanyanyisa apo mapurisa anodavira kuti mumwe munhu ari mukati akakuvadzwa kana kuti ari mungozi yapakarepo.

Mapurisa haagoni kuita kuti mamiriro ezvinhu okukurumidzira arege kudiwa; kukurumidzira kunofanira kuva kwechokwadi uye kusingagadziriswi.

Tsvaka Chinoparira Kusungwa Nomutemo

Pashure pokusunga mumwe munhu mukati meimba, mapurisa anganzvera munhu nenharaunda mukati memusungwa ’ udzori hwapakarepo kudzivirira ufakazi nezvombo. Kuti ̴ daro rinopaza daro rapamhete; rakamanikana; haribvumiri kutsvakwa kwefurati yose. Mu Chimel v. California [1969], Dare rapamusoro rakaganhurira kunzvimbo apo musungwa angasvika chishandiso kana kuti kuparadza ufakazi.

Murangariro Wakajeka

Kana mapurisa ari pamutemo mukati meimba (chibvumikiso, kana kuti kurumidziro), uye vanoona chinhu chinooneka nokukurumidza soufakazi hweutsotsi, vanogona kuchitora pasina maruramiro akaparadzana. Chinodikanwa chinokosha ndi asingashandi mubatanidzwa [. Kana chisiko chiri mukurumbira hachisi #8220; chiri pachena zvikuru ̵ uye chinoda kunzverazve, dzidziso yacho haishandi.

Kuongorora Zvinhu

Apo mapurisa anoisa motokari kana kuti nzvimbo, ivo panhambo nenhambo vanoitisa murandu zvinhu. Ichochi hachisi chikonzero chokunzvera; ibasa rokutarisira. Kunzvera mumichina yokurenda hakuwanzoitika nemhaka yokuti boka racho rimene hariwanzodzingwa. Asi kana muridzi akadzingwa uye muridzi akabatwa, mapurisa angapinda namuridzi ̱ vanobvuma mumigariro yakati, kunyange zvazvo mutemo unoganhurira iyi zvikanganiso.

Kuitira Hanya Chaiko Vatengi

Vari voga vanoramba

Vatendi vakatarisana nekodzero dzechienzi. VaLandlomes kazhinji kazhinji vane makiyi, kupinda nokuda kwokugadziridza, kana kuti kuratidza mapoka kuvagari vanokarirwa. Asi mvumo yepasi renyika haipinyi vetenant ̱ yeWene Amendmentment reconfrective reconfrect [[[[FLLT:1]]. Mapurisa haagoni kukumbira muridzi wemba kuti avabvumire kupinda uye ipapo kutsvake pasina mvumo, nemhaka yokuti tenant ̱ kariro dzezvakavanzika dzinodzosa zvinotaura muridzi wepavhu ̱ mhindu yezvinhu. [[FLT:] Ston]. California v [1964], Dare gurusa redare raingasagona kunzvera mueni ashanyi wemusha.

Dzimba Dzakagadzirwa Nezviri Kutarisirwa

Mamwe matare akarangarira nenzira yenharo kuti vagari vedzimba dzavose kana kuti dzakashatiswa vane kariro yakaderedzwa yokuva voga nemhaka yehurumende ̱ basa samuridzi uye nemhaka yokuti dzimba dzakadaro kazhinji kazhinji dzinobatanidza zvikamu zvemvumo murodha (g., kubvumira kunzvera kusina kuziviswa nokuda kwekotsekano). Dare repamusorosoro redzimba mu . Rucker[[FL:1] (2002] rinobvumira kudzingwa kwavaeni vane mirimo yakashandiswa zvakananga panzvimbo, asi harina kunzvera kwapamutemo. Zviremera zvizhinji zvedzimba zvavose zvakaedza kubvira pakushandisa ̴ #8222; proctal orgations. orgationss [[5]'''''''''''''''''''''''' zvinokakavaka izvi zvirongwa izvi zvisati zviripo.

Vavanogara Navo Mumba Nevaibata Nevanhu Vavaishandira

Dzimba dzinogoveranwa dzinonetsa. Kana vaviri vanogara pamwe chete vachigoverana imba yokugara asi vane makamuri akakiyiwa akaparadzana, mapurisa anoda chibvumikiso chomuimba yokurara yomugari asingabvumirwi. Dare Rapamusoro mu Fernendandez v. California (2014]) (2014) (aidavira kuti kana mumwe mugadhi anoramba mvumo uye ipapo asungwa, mapurisa anogona gare gare gare kubvunza mumwe mugamukidzani nokuda kwokubvuma kunyange kana munhu wokutanga asipo. Ikoku kuparira kupfuudza kuiswa musengwa kwapamutemo: vakuru vakuru vakuru vangagona kubvisa munhu anoramba uye ipapo ndokuwana mvumo kubva kumusara.

Zvinokosha Zvemutemo Wemhosva

Camara v. Dare reMasipala (1967) ̵ Warrant Anodikanwa nokuda kweNzvimbo dzokugara

Muchisarudzo chechiratidzo chenhau, Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti kunyange kunzverwa kwemiitiro yedzimba kunoda chibvumikiso kana mugari wedzimba asingabvumiri. Dare rakaramba pfungwa yokuti #8220; fariro yavose ̵ muutano nechengeteko zvinoruramiswa. Mhaka iyi yakasimbisa kuti kunzvera kwokudzora misha kunodzorwa nechinodikanwa chimwe chetecho chinokosha sokunzvera kweutsotsi, kunyange zvazvo zvinobvira kuchiparira mupimo wefanikiso wechiremera chiri pasi (migariro yose inotenderwa panzvimbo pokunyumwira kwomunhu oga).

Mapp v. Ohio (1961) ̵ Kuedza kweExclussion Ruramo kuStates

Pamberi pa , matare ehurumende aigona kubvumira ufakazi hunowanwa zvisiri pamutemo. Dare Gurusa raibatanidza Komishina Amendment kupfurikidza ne 144th Amendment ndokutonga kuti ufakazi hunowanwa mukuputswa kwechinodikanwa hahusati huchitongova hunofungwa mukukwirira mumatare ehurumende. Uyu mutemo wokuparadzanisa ndiwo mutoo mukuru wokuita kuti mutemo ugotedzerwa: pasina iko, chinodikanwa chapamutemo chichava chikarakadzo chisina mazino.

Vernonia School District v. Acton (1995) ̵ Zvinodikanwa Chaizvo

Iyi nhau yakakurukura kuedzwa kwemirimo kwavadzidzi vamhanyi ndokutanga “ zvinodikanwa chaizvo ̵ kunze kwechinodikanwa chinodikanwa, chinoshanda apo hurumende ’ fariro inopfuura kuchengetwa kwomutemo kwenguva dzose. Kumwe kwakashandiswa zvishoma kumashoko edzimba, akadai sokunzvera pamusha kana kuti kunzverwa kwapadzimba dzavose, asi matare akadzivisa kukudziridza kubvunzurudza kwoutsotsi kwenguva dzose.

Matanho Anoshanda Kuvanhu Nemadzishe

Nokuda Kwavashandi

  • Ziva kodzero dzako[: Muridzi wenzvimbo haagoni kupa mvumo mapurisa kuti atsvake pasina mvumo yako. Kana mapurisa amuka pasina judha, unogona kuramba kupinda ndokuvakumbira kuti vataure nemutongi.
  • Wana gwaro[: Kana mapurisa achipa rugwaro, airava nokungwarira. Cherechedza kuti kero inowirirana neboka rako, musi wacho wazvino, uye zvinhu zvakarongwa zvakananga. Kana chimwe chinhu chiripo, cherekedza asi usaivhiringidza mumuviri ̵ gweta rako ngarikudenha kuva anoshanda gare gare.
  • [[FOLT:0] Tsamba yokunzvera [: Chengeta chinyorwa chezvinobatwa navatariri, zvakaipa zvipi nezvipi, uye kana vakagogodza kana kuti kuzivisa kuvapo kwavo.

Nokuda Kwamadzishe

  • Kurutsira zvakavanzika zvapachivande : Kunyange nechikamu chekodhi chinopa kubvumira kugadziriswa, usatongorega mapurisa achipinda pasina mvumo inobva kumunhu anoshanda. Kuita kudaro kungakuratidzira kuva nemhaka yokuputsa ̱ inobvumira pamutemo.
  • Kushandira pamwe pasina chibvumirano[[FLT: 1]: Kana mapurisa akakumbira kupinda munharaunda dzakarovedzeka (masuo, makamuri apasi, makamuri okuwachira) aunodzora, ungabvumira, asi usavhura mayuniti ezvibvumirano.

Kubatsira Kunoita Ruzivo Rwemagetsi Pazvinodiwa Zvinoda Kuitirwa Mhindu

Makhamera omuviri, mifananidzo inopisa, uye madronesi anomutsa mibvunzo mitsva nokuda kwokunzvera dzimba. Mu Kyllo v. United States (2001], Dare Rapamusorosa rakataura kuti kushandisa mushandisi wemifananidzo inopisa kuti anzwe mitoo yokupisa mukati momusha pasina murairo unoputsa Ivhura rechina. Dare rakataura kuti apo hurumende inoshandisa ruzivo rwezvigadzirwa zvisiri zvenguva dzose kunzvera mukati memusha, uko kunoumba kunzvera kunoda pamutemo. Uku kurangarira kunodzivirira imba yokurenda zvakafanana: muridzi haagoni kubvumira mapurisa kushandisa drone kuti aone muwindo wechipiri, nemhaka yokuti dare rinochengeta kariro ine mufungo yechivande.

Zvibvumikiso zvemagetsi, kana kuti e-rastant, zvakapfuudza muitiro. Nyika zhinji dzinobvumira vatongi kugamuchira maatomupidhi pafoni, kuchideredza nguva kuwana rugwaro kubva pamaawa kusvikira kumaminiti. Ikoku kwakanetesa “ designancy ” gakava, nemhaka yokuti zvino vakuru vakuru vanogona kuwana maruramiro nokukurumidza pasina kuda kuvimba nechinhu chisiri chenguva dzose.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Dzose

Canada

Chikamu 8 cheCanada Charter chinoshandisa mutauro wakafanana kuGavhura reChina. Dare reSupreme reCanada mu Hunter v. Southam Inc. [19984] rakadavira kuti kunzvera pasina pamutemo hakuna mufungo. Vatungamiriri havagoni kubvumira kupinda kwamapurisa mukurwisana neAntact ̱ vachadaro. Vatsigiri vanobatanidza kubvisa ufakazi pasi peChikamu 24(2) kana vachibvuma kuti kutungamirira ruramisiro kuipinza mukusatendeseka.

United Kingdom

Mapurisa neCriminal Evidence Act 1984 inodzora zvinodikanwa zvokupinda nokutsvaka. Nokuda kwedzimba, mupurisa anofanira kuwana judha kumonitisiti, anoratidzira nzvimbo nenyaya dzinodavirwa kuva panzvimbo yacho. UK inewo “ simba rokupinda ” bumbiro remitemo rokushandisa. Vatendi vanodzivirirwa pakuvhozhokera kwounyengeri nevakuru vakuru vedzimba vomunzvimbomo.

Germany

German Sign Law Artigo 13 inovimbisa kusatsarukana kwomusha. Chibvumikiso chinodikanwa kunze mumhaka dzengozi yava pedyo. Varidzi vanofarikanya dziviriro imwe cheteyo savaridzi; varidzi havagoni kuishatisa. Dare reFederal Constitution rakahwirudzura zvakasimba kusiiwa, zvikurukuru ayo anobatanidza kunyumwira kwamapurisa mhaka dzakakomba.

mhedziso

Chinodikanwa chokunzvera dzimba nezvivako zvokurenda hachisi chinhuwo zvacho chemifungo. Iko ibwe retsika renzanga inokoshesa kuzvitonga kwomunhu oga pamusoro pesimba rehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokuraira kuti mutemo upe maidi chaiwo kuna mejasitiriti asati apinda mumusha, tsika yemitemo inoisa mhinganidzo yamaune mukurwisana nevhozhokero dzounyengeri. Iyi dziviriro inotambanukira kumunhu ari wose, angave ari oga imba kana kuti ari kurenda kamuri, uye haigoni kupiwa mhaka namuridzi weimba kana kuti nezvibvumirano zvokubvumirana zvose zvakavigwa muadhiro.

Masangano aripo, asi matare anovadzivirira negodo. Muitiro uri muzvose zviri zviviri mutemo wemhuri nowamarudzi ose unova nesimba rokuparadzira, kwete kutora, chinodikanwa chekuraira [ sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runowedzera uye zvinhu zvakavanzika zvinowedzera. Vagari vanotarisana nokugogodza pasuo, vachiziva kuti mutemo wakakwana unovapa simba rokusimbisa kodzero dzavo uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti nyika inotakura mutoro wokururamisa. Munhambo yokungwarira kukuru uye yokushanda nesimba kwamasimba masimba, chiito chakapfava chokuda maruramiro pamberi pokupinda mumwe munhu ̱ musha unoramba uri mumwe wedziviriro dzinobudirira zvikurusa mukunzvera kwokuzvironzesaronzesa.