Thitut IX inomira semumwe wemitemo yehurumende yapamberi zvikurusa yati yambogadzwa kufambisira mberi chiyero chevatano muUnited States. Chifo chapakupinda kwayo muna 1972, uyu mutongo mumwe womutemo wakagadziridza nzira iyo mamiriyoni avadzidzi anowana nayo dzidzo — kubva mukirasi kusvikira kunzvimbo yokutamba kusvikira kunzira iyo chikoro chinobata nayo kusazvibata kwevatano. Understanding IX inoreva kuziva kwete bedzi vavariro yayo yapakuvamba asiwo kuti kududzira kwaro kwakaitika mumakumi amakore ezvinetso zvapamutemo, kutendeseka, uye mipimo yenzanga. Nyaya inopa kutarira kwakaisvonaka paTitle IX, mirangariro yayo inoshanda, yakaita, uye kushanda kwayo kunopfuurira mukurwisa ruramisiro.

Zvakaitika Kare Zvezita Rokuti “IX ”

Thit IX haina kubuda muchinhu chisiri chinhu. Yakagadzirwa mukushandiswa kwama1960 uye pakuvamba kwe1970 kwemasangano ekodzero dzevanhu, apo vashingairi navanogadzira mitemo vakatendeudzira ngwariro yavo kumipinyi yetsika yaitarisana nayo mudzidzo. Pamberi peTitle IX, makoreji mazhinji evakadzi, kunyoreswa kwapamhene, uye kudzorwa kwavakadzi mu “minda yemagariro echikadzi” yakadai soukoti kana kuti kudzidzisa. Vakadzi vakawana kuwana kazhinji kazhinji mari inopfuudzwa, dzimba dzinokwana, uye pasina kutongowana mapurogiramu emitambo.

Midzi yemitemo yeTitle IX inodzokera shure kusundwa kukuru nokuda kwezviverengero zvechirume nenhamba dzakatsigirwa naVamiririri Edith Green naSenator Birch Bachh, avo vakatanga bhiri racho. Bayh akasimbisa kuti mutemo wakarongedzerwa kukurukura “kupararira kwerusaruro rwakavakirwa pavatano” mupurogiramu yedzidzo inotsigirwa nehurumende. Murau wacho wakanga wakajeka: “Hapana munhu muUnited States achabviswa pahwaro hwevatano, achanyimwa betsero, kana kuti kudzorwa kusarura mupurogiramu ipi neipi yedzidzo kana kuti basa rinowana betsero yemari.” Pasinei zvapo nebetsero yadzokororo yemari.

Kurwisa kupfuudza musoro weTitle IX kwakanga kuri rutivi rwekukunda kukuru kwekodzero dzemitemo nokuda kwevakadzi kwaibatanidza Act yeAumement Pay yeDzidzo ya1963 neFimendement yeDzidzo ya1972, iyo iyo musoro weTitt IX waiva rutivi rukuru. Kufamba kwomutemo kwakaratidzira nguva yechinjo, asi kushandiswa kwawo kwakanga kuri kure nokure. Kwaizotora makore okutungamirira, mirau yedare, uye kupfuurira kudzora kuti mashoko ari papepa ashanduke chinhu chaichoicho nokuda kwavadzidzi munyika yose.

“Title IX chishandiso chine simba, asi inoshanda bedzi apo zvikoro zvinorangarira misengwa yazvo zvakakomba.” — Catherine Lhamon, aichimbova Mutsigiri woMunyori weRudzi rweHurumende paBato reDzidzo[[FLT: 1]

Gadziriro Huru Dzokuremekedza

Chitendero chikuru cheIX chakananga: hakuna rusaruro runotsigirwa nedzidzo ipi neipi kana kuti mubato unowana mari yehurumende. Ikoku kunoshanda kumaruwa ezvikoro omunzvimbomo 17 600, makoreji 5 000 namayunivhesiti, uye mamwe masangano edzidzo asingaverengeki — zvikurukuru chikoro chipi nechipi chinogamuchira hurumende madhora, kubatanidza kupfurikidza neyamuro yemari yavadzidzi. Mutemo unofukidza nzvimbo nhatu dzakafara dzezvisungiro.

Kurambidzwa Kworusaruro Rwevatano Rwakavakirwa

Chinodikanwa chokutanga uye chikurusa ndechekuti masangano haafaniri kubata vadzidzi nenzira yakasiana pavatano muzvitendero zvokubvumidza, mipiro yekosi, kupa zano, yamuro yemari, imba, kana kuti rumwe rutivi rupi norupi rweruzivo rwedzidzo. Ikoku kunobatanidza kudzivirira vadzidzi pakurevesa nokuvimbisa kusvika kwakaenzana kumapurogiramu edzidzo. Nokufamba kwenguva, matare akadudzira ikoku kufukidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa pakuva napamuviri, mugariro woubereki, uye — mumativi akawanda — kuzivikanwa kwourume uye chimiro chevatano.

Mikana Yakaenzana Mune Zvedzidzo

Zvichida tapuro inooneka zvikurusa yeTitle IX yakasvika mumitambo. Mutemo unoda kuti zvikoro zvigovere mikana yakaenzana nokuda kwavadzidzi vechirume navakadzi. Spending inoyerwa nenzira inowanzova nzvero yetatu: (1) kana mikana yokutora rutivi iri inowirirana zvikuru kunyoresa; (2) kana sangano rine nhau yokuwedzera mikana yevatano iri pasi pevatambi; kana kuti (3) kana kuti kana ichigovera zvizere fariro namano evane mitezo yevatano yakaderera. Somuuyo, kutora rutivi rwevakadzi mumitambo yechikoro chakakwirira kwakakura kubva kuvanopfuura 300 000 muna 1971 [[FLT] kusvika kumamirioni 3.1], maererano neNational Federation of High School Association.

Kudzivirirwa Pakunetswa Nekurohwa

Thitut IX inodawo masangano kurangarira kunetswa kwevatano namasimba masimba sezvimiro zverusarurano rwevatano. Zvikoro zvinofanira kuva nemiitiro yakajeka yezvichemo, zvinoratidzira Murongi weIX, uye zvinopindura nokukurumidza apo zvinenge zvine “zivo chaiyo” yomufambiro wakashata. Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights (OCR) rinomanikidzira izvi zvinodikanwa, uye zvikoro zvinogona kurasikirwa nemari kana zvikakundikana kuwirirana. Iyi nharaunda yazova imwe yedzinorwisana zvikurusa, zvikurukuru pamusoro pedzikamo pakati pekodzero dzavapukunyuki uye gadziriro inopomerwa yavadzidzi.

Kubatsira Kunoita Zita Rokuremekedza Padzidzo

Kushanda kwemutemo kwakatoita kuti pave nezvirongwa uye mayunivhesiti anobatsira pakuwana mari yakawanda, mararamiro okuita basa, uye masangano anoshandiswa muzvikoro.

Musoro weIX uye Zvemari

Miuyo yemitambo yavakadzi inotapurwa neTitle IX inosanonyorwa asi yakafanirwa nokunzvera udzame. Pamberi pomutemo, vakadzi vakagamuchira 2% bedzi yemari yemitambo yekoreji uye vanodokuva vasina mari yokubetsera. Nhasi, mapurogiramu emitambo avakadzi anopa nhau nokuda kwamabanza 45% okutora nhabvurira paNCAA, uye nhamba yavakadzi vanogamuchira mari dzemitambo yakawedzera. Uku kukura kwakakuchidziridza mufambiro wetsika: mitambo zvino inoraira kupfuudza zvikuru, mikana yenyanzvi, uye fariro yavose. Bva mishumo ya 2023 NCAA yakawana kuti mitambo yavarume ichiri kugamuchira ndyiko dzemitambo nokupinza mari yakakwirira zvikuru. [[FLD] NCA[F] [F]

Zita romusoro IX muDzidzo

Mumapurogiramu edzidzo, musoro weIX wave uchibatsira kuputsa miganhu. Kunyoresa kwevakadzi mudzidzo yakakwirira kwakawedzera kubva pa 43% muna 1972 kusvika kuinenge 60% nhasi. Vakadzi zvino vanowana yakawanda yescript, madhigirii enyanzvi, uye madhigirii ezvokunyora. Mutemo wakakurudzirawo vasikana navakadzi kuronda nzvimbo dzavaitevera, zvikurukuru musayenzi, ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, injiniya, uye masvomhu (STM). Mas akadai sepurogiramu yeADVAND [[FL:1]] yeNational Foundation yeS] — iyo inotsigirwa neTitlet IX’s plagial — yakawerome yakawedzera nhamba yavakadzi mumiteonzi nemutungamiriri mumaSM.

Title IX inodzivirirawo vadzidzi vane pamuviri kana kuti vane tarisiro, ichida kuti zvikoro zvigovere pokugara zvine mufungo zvakadai sezororo rokusavapo, mamwe mabasa, uye kuwana nzvimbo dzokurasira.

Kuchengeteka Kwemisasa Nokugamuchira Kusazvibata Muvatano

Mutemo wakamanikidzira masangano kurangarira zvakakomba kunetsa kwevatano nedenho. Pamberi pekushandisa kweIX kumasimba masimba evatano, vatarisiri vazhinji vepachikoro vangave vakafuratira guhu kana kuti zvimwe vakaabata nenzira isina kurongwa. Zvino, zvikoro zvinofanira kuitisa nokukurumidza, kunzvera kusina rusaruro, kugovera matanho anotsigira vose vari vaviri vanonyunyuta navapinduri, uye kubudisa zvisarudzo zvakavakirwa paufakazi hwapamberi. Nepo muitiro wacho wakatsoropodzwa mumativi ose, mashoko anobva kuBureauer of Justice Statistic Staties anoratidzira kuti mwero yokushuma nokuda kwedenho yevatano yakawedzera, uye vapukundwi vakawanda vari kuwana mabasa anotsigirwa.

Matambudziko Nenzvimbo Dzinochengeterwa Zvinzvimbo Dzakapoteredza

Pasinei zvapo nezviitwa zvaro zvinokosha, musoro unoti IX hauna kutongova negakava.kurukurirano pamusoro pokuitwa kwawo dzinozivisa kusawirirana kukuru pamusoro perevo yokuenzana, basa rehurumende mudzidzo, uye maruramiro avanhu vamwe navamwe vanobatwa mumiitiro yokuronga zvinhu.

Musoro weIX uye Athletics: Ndyiko Dzemari Nemiuyo Isingakarirwi

Imwe yetsoropodzi dzinopfuurira zvikurusa ndeyokuti Thit IX yakatungamirira kukubviswa kwemitambo yavarume. Kuwana nhevedzano, mamwe mayunivhesiti akatema zvikwata zvavarume zvakakurumbira zvishoma — zvakadai seguttle, kushambira, kana kuti rovedzo — nepo nguva dzose isingawedzeri mitambo yavakadzi yakaenzana. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti iyi inokuvadza vatambi vechirume pasina kubetsera chaizvoizvo vakadzi. Vatsigiri vanodzivisa kuti izvi miuyo yemari yezvikoro, kwete mutemo umene, uye kuti masangano mazhinji akachengeta nenzira inobudirira zvose zviri zviviri zvirongwa zvavarume navakadzi nezvipfumo chaizvoizvo. Kutaura idikai, [FLT:] Mitambo yavakadzi inonongedzera kuzvikoro izvo zvinowana zvichiwana zvichibudirira.

Musoro Unoti IX uye Kuitwa Kwokurohwa Munyaya Dzevatano

Gakava gurusa mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya rakava nechokuita nemhesano yepachikoro. Mukati megadziriro yeObama, Department of Education rakabudisa nhungamiro yakaderedza mupimo woufakazi ndokukurudzira zvikoro kushandisa mupimo mumwe wemienzaniso. Vatsoropodzi — kubatanidza nyanzvi dzapamutemo navadzidzi vanopomerwa — vakarangarira kuti iyi miitiro yakaramba kodzero dzokuita vatano dzinokosha. Kutungamirira kwaTrump kwakapindura nemiraudzo mitsva muna 202020 iyo inodikanwa kuvanduru, kuyambuka, uye mupimo wakakwirira zvikuru weBden panguva iyoyo yakakarakadza chinjo dzayo mu 202222,2020,20,20, kudzorongedzero yeB inodzivirira kururamisa kwevatano yevatano nero yevatano. Vadzidzi vanoenderera mberi vanodzidza kudzivirira mufambiro wavo vamene nokuda kwokuchengeta miitiro yokuchengeta mufambiro.

Kodzero Dzemari Nezita Romusoro IX

Muganhu unokurumidza kubvisa muganhu ndewokuti kana kurambidza kweIX rusaruro rwevatano kunobatanidza kuva munhurume kana mukadzi. Muna 2020, chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro mu Bostock v. Clayton County — icho chairangarira kuti rusaruro runobva pamurangariro wevatano kana kuti chiratidzo chevatano irusaruro rwevatano pasi peTitle VII — chakapa simba rakasimba kukutaura kuti Thit IX inofanira kutsanangurwa zvakafanana. Matare mazhinji ehurumende akabvumirana, uye vatarisiri veBiden Titry IX vanotonga zvakajeka kuti vapfuurei. Zvisinei, magetsi mazhinji akapfura anorambidza vatambi vanopfuudza vatano vanopfuura vamabhinya panzvimbo dzemitambo yavakadzi kana kuti vanoganhurira vadzidzi kunzvimbo inopindwa kunzvimbo inorwisana. Chisaruso chinotemende chenhau chokupedzisira chinotsamira padare repashure.

Zviitiko Zvazvino Nenguva Yemberi Yezita Rokuremekedza IX

Zvinhu zvakawanda zvichachinja pamakore gumi ari kuuya.

Kudzivirira LGBTQ+ Vadzidzi

Kubatanidzwa kwechiratidzo chevatano nechimiro chevatano pasi peTitle IX iwedzero inokosha zvikurusa chifo chegadziriro dzapakuvamba dzomutemo. Zvikoro zvinodikanirwa kurapa vadzidzi vanopa utachiona hwevatano inowirirana nezivikanwo yavo yevatano, kubatanidza kupinda muzvimbudzi, makamuri emitambo (kunyange kuti yapashure ichiri kukwikwikwidzwa). OCR yakabudisa nhungamiro inosimbisa kuti kunetsa LGBTQ irudzi rwekusarura vatano. Ikoku kunowirirana nokuratidza kutsigira kwakafara nokuda kwedziviriro dzavose dzechinorwisana nediginoumbidziko, asi kugadzirwa kunosiana zvikuru nehurumende.

Zvinetso Zveruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu uye Kunetswa Nekombiyuta

Sezvo dzidzo inowedzera kuva inochinja, musoro weTitle IX unotambanukira kunzvimbo dzokudzidzira paIndaneti. Uku kunetsa vanhu, kubvisa pfungwa panzvimbo yepasi, uye kugoverana mifananidzo yepachivande zviri kukurukurwa pasi pomutemo. Zvikoro zvinofanira kuva nechokwadi kuti mitemo yazvo inovhara mufambiro unoparira mhoteredzo ine utsinye pachikoro.

Hondo Dzinopfuurira Dzokurambidza Miitiro

Hondo dzinodzorwa pamusoro peTitle IX hadzina kupera. Kutonga kumwe nokumwe kubvira muna 2010 kwakadudzirazve zvinodiwa nomutemo nokuda kwemitoo yokusazvibata. Uku kusagadzikana kunoparira nyongano kuzvikoro navadzidzi. Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakawanda dzinotsigira kubvumirana kwemabhiparti kunobatanidza muitiro wakafanira nedziviriro dzakapukunyuka mumutemo, kubvisa nhau yacho pachambo chesarudzo. Kana Congress ichigona kuita kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwakadaro hakuvi nechokwadi.

“Title IX hachisi chipikirwa chipenyu chokuti chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kuvandudzwa.” — Judith Areen, aichimbova mukuru mukuru weGeorgetown University Law Center[

Nguva yemberi yeTitle IX ichatsamirawo pamapoka asingapinduri ekodzero dzavo, akadai se ACLU uye Ziva IX Yako, iyo inopfuurira kusimbisa vadzidzi nezivo yekodzero dzavo. Munguva ino, zvikoro zvinotarisana nedenho inopfuurira yavashandi vokurovedza, mirairo yokuvandudza, uye kusimudzira mamiriro okunze anoisa ruremekedzo nekotseko.

Mugumisiro: Simba Risingaperi Repfungwa Yakapfava

Nhaka yaIX ndeimwe yechinjo huru. Mumakore anongopfuura makumi mashanu, yakabetsera kuparadza mirangariro, misuo yakazaruka yavadzidzi, uye inoita kuti masangano ave anozvidavirira nokuda kworusaruro. Asi basa harina kupedzwa. Kuramba kuri mutsinhano mumitambo yemari, nharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro penzira yokubata nayo unzenza hwevatano, uye makwikwi okuchinja kodzero dzemunhu, zvose zvinosimbisa kuti kuva nomwero nokururamisira zvinoda kungwarira kwenguva dzose. Vadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vagadziri vemitemo, vanonzwisisa musoro IX zvinoreva zvinopfuura kungobata nomusoro migove yazvo — zvinoreva kupfuumbira nheyo yokuti munhu ari wose, pasinei nokuti ane mitezo yevatano kana kuti iko, akafanirwa nebanza rokudzidza, kukwikwidzana, uye kubudirira. Tsika iyoyo, sokunzwika kwakapfava nhasi, sokunzwika kwaiita mu 1972 muna 1972.