Kunzwisisa Maitiro Akakodzera Mugadziriro Yokutonga Kwehondo

Apo Mutezo weMauto eU.S. Aya anotarisana nedare rinotonga, haasati achibviswa maruramiro avo makuru. Panzvimbo pezvo, ane maruramiro edziviriro dzakasimba dzemuitiro dzakadzikatidzwa nebumbiro remitemo, mutemo wehurumende, uye Explane Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). Aya madziviriro anogadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti mutezo uri wose webasa unogamuchira kutongwa kwakarurama, mukana une revo wokuzvidzivirira umene, uye muedzo unoremekedza nheyo huru dzemitemo yemitemo yeAmerica yemitemo yehondo, kunyange muzvinodikanwa zvechiuto.

Muitiro wakafanira mumashoko ehondo hauna kufanana nomuitiro woutsotsi usiri wavanhuwo zvavo; unowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvenhevedzano yakanaka nechirango. Bva nheyo inoramba iri imwe cheteyo: mupomerwi anofanira kunzi haana mhaka, anofanira kupiwa betsero inobudirira yezano, akadzivirirwa pakugombedzerwa kuzviita amene, uye akagovera banza rakazara nereruramisiro yokukwikwidza. Nyaya ino inonzvera nheyo dzapamutemo, dziviriro huru, uye revo dzinoshanda dzemuitiro wakafanira wavashandi vehondo mumatare.

Mavambo Epamutemo Egadziriro Yakafanira Mukutonga Kwehondo

Ruramisiro huru inodzora ruramisiro yehondo iUNIX Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), yakagadzwa neCongress muna 1950 uye yakabatanidza pa10 U.S.C. chita 801-946. UCM inosimbisa gadziriro yakakwana yedare rePuros naprocedational inoshanda kumitezo yose yebasa, kubatanidza basa rinoshingaira, chengetedzo, uye (mumigariro yakati) vashandi vanorega basa. Inowedzerwa neManuals of Courts-Maritial (MM), iyo ine Mitemo yeDare-M (RM), Mitemo yeMiteo yeMis, Mitemo yehondo yeUnial texts of URI yeUnice (M. R.vid.), uye dzimwe nhungamiro dzinobva muboka redare rimwe nerimwe.

Gadziriro dzinodikanwa mumauto dzinobva mumanyuko akawanda. Chivimbo cheFindth Amendment che “kukurumidza kwemuitiro womutemo” chinoshanda kunhau dzedare, sezvinozivikanwa neDare Gurusa munhau dzakadai se Weiss v. United States[[FLT] [1994] [[FL]] [FLT] [United States] v. Jacoby [1958]. maruramiro eSi6] okupa zano, uye muitiro unomanikidzirwa anoshandawo, kunyange zvazvo pane dzimwe nguva zvichiwirirana nezviuto. Kuwedzera, Chikamu 31 cheUCM chinogovera dziviriro mukurwisana nechakabatana nezvisiri zvehurumende.

Congress yakarairawo kuti matare anotonga anamatire kunheyo dze “fardary targement” uye“ muitiro worusarura” sezvinonzwisiswa mumatare ehurumende. Bhuku racho rinotaura kuti “miitiro yakarongwa neMCM yakarongedzerwa kudzivirira maruramiro eapomero.” Zvinokosha, Dare reMitemo reMitemo reMisterol redare reMitemo re “second Justice” harisi igadziriro yechirango chakaparadzana nokuda kwe“ chizvarwa chepiri”; igadziriro yakavapo kuti isvike kuwirirana nemipimo yemitemo yebumbiro remitemo, uye matare anoongorora nguva dzose anoongorora kutyorwa kwemitemo yehondo nokuda kwokuputsa mutemo.

Nokuda kwavaravi vanotsvaka magwaro ane chiremera, rugwaro rwapamutemo rwe UCJ runogona kuwanwa muU.S. Imba yeVamiririri Vomutemo. Manuals eDare-Martial (chinyorwa cha2024) inowanika kubva kuDhipatimendi reDefense.

Kudzivirirwa Kunokosha Kunotarisirwa

Dziviriro dzinotevera ndedzebetsero huru kuvimbisa kuti mutezo webasa unopomerwa unogamuchira dare rakarurama.Apo usingaparadzi, unomirira maruramiro makuru etsika anosiyanisa dare rapamutemo nechirango chakafanorongwa.

1. Kodzero Kubetsero Inobudirira Yezano

Mutezo uri wose webasa unopomerwa mhaka yedare rine maruramiro okumirirwa negweta rakakwaniriswa pasina ndyiko yomunhu oga. Ikoku kunogoverwa kupfurikidza nezano redziviriro rine udzame (kazhinji kazhinji mukuru mukuru wejaG) akagoverwa kumupomeri. Muzvinoitika zvizhinji, mupomeri angaripirawo gweta rehurumende pandyiko yavo vamene, kunyange zvazvo hurumende isati ichidikanirwa kubhadhara zano rehurumende. Rudzi rwokupa zano runonamatira pakuvamba: pamberi pebvunzurudzo ipi neipi, mukati mokupfigirwa kwokutongwa (Fonzo 32), uye kupfurikidza nepost triastems neallestes.

Zano rehondo rokuzvidzivirira rakazvimirira panhevedzano yomurairo uye harigoni kudzorwa kana kuti kupesvedzerwa nomurairo wakaunza pomero. Dare Rapamusoro rakaitirwa mu United States v. McOmber [50.M. 63, 1999) kuti mupomeri ane kodzero ye “betsero inoshanda zvikuru” mutsika ye [FLT] stecland v. Washington. Mitezo yebasa inodavira zano ravo yakanga isingashandi ingamutsa chikumbiro chakananga kana kuti kupfurikidza newrit of habeas propus.

Musiano mukuru mumuitiro usiri wavanhuwo zvavo: mudare redare, mupomeri ane maruramiro ku “zano redziviriro rehondo remunhu oga” rechisarudzo chavo kana zano iroro rinowanika nenzira ine mufungo. Irori rinogona kuva mukuru mukuru wakasiana wejaG kubva kune uyo akatanga kusano udzame. Boka rinodzivirira rinewo mukana wezviwanikwa zvokunzvera, kubatanidza mano okubvunzurudza zvapupu uye kuhwirudzura ufakazi kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokuwana.

2. Kufanira Kutongwa Zvakanaka

Mwoyo wokutonga kwakafanira ndiwo kodzero yokutongwa zvakanaka.

  • Notisiti yemhosva: mupomeri anofanira kuziviswa nezvepomero dzakananga nezvitsama zviri mukunyorwa, zvakaringana kugadzirira dziviriro.
  • Kuzvipinza kudzivirira: mupomeri angapa dziviriro, kudana zvapupu, kupa ufakazi, uye zvapupu zvehurumende zveaximine.
  • Muitiro wokumanikidzira: dziviriro ingava zvapupu zvapashure pezvipo nezvinyorwa, nesimba redare rokumanikidzira vapindi.
  • [[FOL:0] Kupomera mhaka:[ ane maruramiro okuvapo panguva dzose dzokutonga kukuru uye kutarisana nezvapupu pamusoro padzo.
  • Tribunal: mutongi wehondo nemitezo yedare (boka) inofanira kusava nemhosho uye kusununguka papesvedzero yemurairo usiri wapamutemo.

Iyi maruramiro anoratidzira avo vari mumatare ehurumende, kunyange zvazvo ane misiyano yakati. Somuenzaniso, chiuto hachishandisi “gadziriro yavakuru vamatare”; panzvimbo pezvo, kutonga kwokutanga pasi peChikamu 32 (kufanana nechisakiso chingabvira) kunoisa ufakazi husati hwanongedzera kudare rehurumende.

Kodzero yokutongwa kwedare rinotongwa navanhu inozivikanwawo, kunyange zvazvo mutongi wehondo angavhara zvikamu zvebasa kuti adzivirire mashoko akaganhurirwa kana kuti chengeteko yenyika. Zvisinei, kazhinji kazhinji, vanhu nezvinobudiswa vangapinda zviitiko zvedare kutoti kutoti kuratidzwa chaiko kwokuvharwa kukaitwa.

3. Kudzivirirwa Pakuzviparadzanisa

Chikamu 31(b) cheUCMJ chinogovera kuti “hapana munhu anozviisa pasi pechitsauko ichi angamanikidza munhu upi noupi kuti azvipindure amene kana kuti kupindura mubvunzo upi noupi ungada kumukwidziridza.” Iyi idziviriro huru kupfuura yeFindmment mumativi anoverengeka: inoshanda kumashoko api naapi kana kuti chiito (kubatanidza mabasa asingaiti zvokuremekedza akafanana nokugovera mativi emavara, kunyange zvazvo iwoyo achiramba achikwikwidzwa mumhaka yehondo). Uyezve, Chikamu 31 chinofanira kuraviwa kumunhu anozviisa kuUCM pamberi pebvunzurudzo ipi neipi yapamutemo kana pane fungidziro ipi neipi yemhosva. Ikoku kunobatira kumunhu anopomerwa uye kuuchapupu upi noupi angave angave anopiwa chiito chokuranga.

Hurumende ingasashandisa kunyarara kwemukwirirwi mukurwisana navo pakutongwa.Kuwedzerazve, kutaura kupi nokupi kunowanwa mukuputswa kweChikamu 31 hakubvumiki mudare rinotonga. Iyi dziviriro inotambanudzwa pashure pedare: mupomerwi angaramba kupupurira pamhenero kana kuti mukutaura kusina kururama pasina rondedzero yakaipa.

Matare emauto akazivawo “kodzero yokunyarara” inodzivirira zvikuru kupfuura muitiro usiri wavanhu: kana mupomerwi achikumbira maruramiro avo, kubvunzurudzwa kwose kunofanira kupera nokukurumidza. Api naapi anotevera anofanira kuva anozvipira, anoziva, uye akangwara. Ona United States v. Kuehl (744 M.J. 321, 2015).

4. Kuzvinyengera

Nheyo yakavakirwa paruramisiro yetsotsi dzeAmerica (jeri retsono) yokuti mupomerwi anorangarirwa kuva asina mhaka kutozosvikira abvumikiswa kuva ane mhaka pasina panikiro ine mufungo.() Mutongi wehondo acharayiridza boka kuti mutoro weufakazi unotsamira chose chose kuhurumende uye kuti mupomeri haana musengwa wokupa ufakazi kana kuti kupupurira. Chibvumikiso chokusasarura chinopfuurira mukutonga kwose uye chinogona bedzi kukurirwa noufakazi hunogutsa pfundo racho pasina panikiro ine mufungo.

Iyi dziviriro inokosha mumashoko akapoteredza ehondo nemhaka yokuti mitezo yebasa ingatya kuti idiwo zvaro rokupomerwa richakuvadza basa ravo kana kuti mukurumbira. Mutemo unoraira kuti kusafanorongerwa kana kuti fungira kwakavakirwa papomero kubvumirwe kupesvedzera mugumisiro. Dare rinodikanwa kushandisa vhoti yebvumirano imwe chete yokupwiswa kwemhosva inorangwa norufu kana kuti kupfigirwa kwaanopfuura makore maviri; nokuda kwemhosva duku, ruzhinji rweboka (kana kuti vhoti inobvumirana kana dare rikabatanidza mitezo mitatu) ichidikanwa.

5 Kuda Kuongorora Pakapera Kodzero Dzako

Kupwiswa padare namatare hakugumi. Dare rimwe nerimwe rine Dare raro roKukwirira Zvipikiso zveCriminal, Navy-Marine Corpor Triff of Criminal Appeals, Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals). Idzi matare dzinongoerekana dzadzokorora nhau dzose dzinobatanidza kubudiswa kwechirango, kupfigwa kwegore rimwe kana kuti kupfuura, kana kuti mutongo worufu. Kuhwirudzurudzura nhau dzomutemo neidi, kubatanidza kutaura kwebetsero isingabudiriri yezano, pesvedzero isati iri pamutemo, uye ufakazi husingagutsi.

Chikumbiro chokuwedzera chinowanika kuUnited States Courts of Admimed Forces (CAAF), iyo ine vatongi vashanu vasiri varwi. CAAF inonzwa zvikumbiro zvehwirudzuro uye inogona kupindura mibvunzo inokosha yapamutemo. Pakupedzisira, mutezo webasa ungakumbira Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States nokuda kwechibvumirano checertiorari, kunyange zvazvo kukumbira kwakadaro kusingawanzobvumirwi. Munhau huru, muitiro wehwirudzurudzuro unotova mukuru zvikuru, kubatanidza kuhwirudzura kupfurikidza neCaAF neCheritari kuhwirusa Dare Rapamusorosoro risati ragona kupfuudzirwa.

Pashure pedare, mupomeri ane maruramiro okupa nhau mukusabvumirana, kukumbira kutongwa kutsva kwakavakirwa paufakazi huchangobva kuwanwa, kana kuti tsvaka rusununguko kuBoard nokuda kwokugadziridzwa kweMisterory Records. Idzi hadzisati dziri kodzero dzakafanira dzemuitiro mupfungwa yorumano, asi zvinogovera dziviriro dzokuwedzera pakupwiswa kusina kururama.

  • [ Chikumbiro chetsika: chinodzokororwa chichibva mweni nokuda kwemitongo yakakomba; kupomerwa kungakumbirawo kuhwirudzurwa.
  • [[FUNDO:0] CAAF:[ kuhwirudzura panhau dzemitemo.
  • [ Dare reMitemo: hwirudzuro yechisarudzo panhau dzebumbiro remitemo.
  • [[[FFT:0] Tsvakaro: chiremera chinowirirana chingaderedza kana kuti kudzosa mutongo.

Kutarisirwa Chaiko Mumatare Ehondo

Nepo matare-makuru akarongedzerwa kudzivirira maruramiro omupomeri, zvinoshanda mukati memhoteredzo yechienzi inovasiyanisa nematare asiri avanhu. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaziva razivazve kuti “hondo, kupfurikidza nokushaiwa, nzanga chaiyo yakaparadzana nenzanga isiri yavanhu.” ( Pearker v. Levy, 417 U.S. 733, 1974). Kuziva uku kunoreva kuti dzimwe dziviriro dzakakodzera dzinochinjwa muchiedza chezvinodikanwa zvehondo, asi hadzibviswi.

Chimwe chengwariro dzinokosha zvikurusa ibviro yepesvedzero isati iri yapamutemo. Pesvedzero yomurairo inoitika apo mutungamiriri, zvakananga kana kuti nenzira isina kunanga, anodzvinyirira boka redare, mutongi, kana kuti dziviriro kuti asvike muuyo wakati. Ikoku kwakanzi “muvengi mukuru weruramisiro yehondo” ([[FLT: 0]] United States v. Thomas, 22 M. 388, 1986). Mutemo unoisa mutoro unorema pahurumende kuvimbisa kuti hapana pesvedzero yakashatisa. Kana kuratidzwa, kupwiswa kungashandurwa.

Chimwe chinhu chaicho ibasa rechiremera chinoumba. Chibvumirano chinoumba (zvikurukuru mukuru) mukuru mukuru uyo anonongedzera pomero kumitezo yedare, anosarudza mitezo yedare, uye anotendera mutongo. Nepo ichi chirongwa chiri madikanwa kuchengeta mutoro wechiremera, chinoparirawo rwisano dzinobvira dzefariro. UCMJ nokudaro inoisa ganhuriro dzorumano pabato rechiremera rinobatira pamwe, uye mutongi wehondo ane basa kuvimbisa kuti boka racho harina rusaruro.

Basa Romutongi Wemauto

Mutongi wemauto mukuru akagadzwa uye mutezo weMipiona inowirirana uyo akapupurirwa somutongi wehondo naMutongi Mukuru Mutsigiri webasa ravo. Mutongi anotungamirira mutongi wedare, anotonga pamusoro pezviito noufakazi, uye anorairidza boka pamutemo. Zvichipesana, mutongi wehondo haana chiremera chakabatana uye haagoni kubviswa kana kuti kurangwa pakutonga kwavo. Basa romutongi nderokuvimbisa kuti kutonga kwacho kupfuurira zvakanaka uye maererano neUCMJ neMCM.

Basa Remitezo yeDare (Muganhu Wehurumende)

Mitezo yedare inoshanda zvakafanana kuvatongi mukutonga kusiri kwapamutemo. Ivo vakuru vakuru (uye mudzimwe zviitiko mitezo inopinda, kana ikakumbirwa nomupomerwi) yakasarudzwa nechiremera chinowirirana. Zvisinei, kusiyana navatongi vedare vehurumende vanozviisa pasi penhevedzano yemurairo. Mutemo unoedza kuvadzivirira papesvedzero isina kufanira kupfurikidza nokuda kuti vave “vanokwanisa zvikurusa” uye kupfurikidza nokugovera kuti mutezo upi noupi unodavira kuti havagoni kuzvisarudzira kupembererwa nenzira isina rusaruro. Kunyange zvakadaro, bviro yefungidziro yamanomanomano inhauro iyo matare anosanoongorora.

Mutongi wemauto anofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti boka racho harina “kupinzwa mumaoko ” kana kuti kuiswa munzira inoderedza kururama.

mhedziso

Gadziriro dzinofanira mukuita matare edare mukutonga haisati iri ropafadzo inopiwa mitezo yebasa nenzira yokusazvidira; izvo chinodikanwa chikuru cheruramisiro yehondo yeAmerica. Comment=Uniform Code of Military Justice, Manual for Courts-Martial, uye makumi amakore omutemo wenhau akavaka tsika iyo, nepo yakasiyana mumashoko ayo akapoteredza, inotsigira mipimo yebumbiro remitemo yeruramisiro yeruramisiro, cherechedzo, uye maruramiro okuzvidzivirira umene umene. Kubva kurudyi kururamisiro kudziviriro mukurwisana nechakarurama nekurukurirano yapamutemo, mitezo yebasa inotarisana nedare nechirango chakasimba zvikuru nechirango.

Kuitira hanya pesvedzero isiri yapamutemo, kuganhurirwa kwekukwirira mhaka duku, uye kusawirirana kwomuzvarirwo pakati pechirango nomuitiro zvakafanira kunoramba kuripo.

Kunzwisisa idzi maruramiro inhano yokutanga kukuvimbisa kuti hadzirasikirwi nokusaziva kana kuti kutya. Mumugumo, dziviriro dzakafanira dzegadziriro yedare rehurumende dzakarongedzerwa kuita izvo muAmerica ari wose anokarira mururamisiro: kuziva zvokwadi uye, apo ufakazi hunoraira, kuisa vasina mhaka ndokuita kuti vane mhaka vazvidarire (pamberi pose) kuremekedza chiremera norusununguko rwomutezo mumwe nomumwe webasa.

“Sangano reruramisiro yehondo ragara richizivikanwa somuenzaniso weruramisiro nerokushanda zvakanaka. Kodzero dzomupomerwi dzinodzivirirwa zvakaisvonaka, uye miitiro inovimbisa kuti mutezo mumwe nomumwe webasa unzwe zvakanaka.” — General Counser of the Defense, Testamo pamberi peCongress, 2023

Kune vaya vanoda kuwedzera kuongorora nyaya yacho, zvinhu zvinotevera zvinokurudzirwa: