Mavambo Emakemikari Nedzikamo: Fandesheni Yefirosofi

Nheyo yemitemo nedzikamo haina kubuda muchinhu chisingakoshi. Midziro yayo youngwaru inodzika muuzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hweChenjero, zvikurukuru basa raBaron de Montesquieu. Mubasa rake ra1748] Mudzimu weMitemo [[, Montesquieu yakataura kuti kudzivisa udzvinyiriri, simba rehurumende rinofanira kukamurwa pakati pamapazu akaparadzana. Iye akanyora nenzira yakakurumbira kuti "simba rinofanira kuva nzvero kusimba." Iyi pfungwa yakapesvedzera zvakananga vagadziri veMitemo yeMitemo yeUnited States, avo vakatsvaka kuita hurumende yakasimba zvakakwana kudzora nenzira inobudirira asi yakadzvinyirirwa zvakakwana kudzivirira rusununguko.

Vavambi vakanga vazvionera vamene ngozi dzechiremera chikuru mukutonga kweBritain. Vakatya zvose zviri zviviri udzvinyiriri hwavazhinji nohudzvinyiriri hwomutongi mumwe. James Madison, Murwi waFederast: Kwete. 51, vakabudisa denho huru: "Unofanira kutanga kugonesa hurumende kudzora vadzorwi; uye panzvimbo inotevera inoita kuti izvidzore. Mushonga wakanga uri muitiro wakaparadzana wegadziriro yokugoverana simba, mumwe nomumwe wakashongedzerwa nenzira yokudzivisa nayo kupindira navamwe.

Chimiro ichi chakanga chiri chokuchinja nemhaka yokuti chakaramba muenzaniso wegamuchidzanwa wechigaro chine chiremera chisingadzorwi. Panzvimbo pezvo, chakanyandura rwisano nekurukurirano muchimiro chimene chehurumende, kuchikuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuti sangano ripi neripi rikurire. Kunzvera nedzikamo hakusati kuriwo purogiramu yemitemo yemiitiro; igadziriro yamaune yokuparadzira simba kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu mukurwisana nemhosho dzehurumende.

Kuongorora uye Kudzikamisa Kunoita Basa

Kuti tinzwisise kuti kuongorora uye kudzikama kunodzivisa sei kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba, zvinokosha kuongorora mashandiro chaiwo anoita bazu rimwe nerimwe kuti rikwanise kumanikidza vamwe.

Kuongorora Mutezo Padare

Dare reU.S., sebazu romutemo, rine zvishandiso zvinoverengeka zvine simba zvokutarisira nokuganhurira bazu guru. Kuparwa kwemhosva muenzaniso unoshamisa zvikurusa. Imba yeVamiririri inogona kuunza pomero papurezidhendi agere, mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwe "chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe utsotsi hwakakwirira uye utsotsi hwakaipa." Kana House ichinameses, Dare rinotonga uye rinogona kubvisa dare kupfurikidza nevhota. Iri simba rakashandiswa mukurwisana napurezidhendi Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, naDonald (Trump), kuratidzira kuti hofisi haisati pamusoro apa.

Kupfuura kudzorwa, Congress inodzora bhajeti yehurumende kupfurikidza ne simba rechikwama. Hapana sangano rinotungamirira rinogona kupedza mari pasina kurongedzerwa. Ikoku kunopa Congress mibato mizhinji pamusoro pemitemo nemabasa avakuru vakuru. Kuwedzera, Dare rinofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa kukuru kwapurezidhendi, kubatanidza vanyori vedare, vatongi vehurumende, uye nhume. Iyi mitoo yokusimbisa inogona kubvumira vatenzi vaminei ndokuramba avo vanonzi havakwani kana kuti vanopfuura. Congress inogonawo kubvisa purezidhendial commoration nevomss divies coms mumakamu ose ari maviri, achivimbisa kuti munhu mumwe haagoni kudzika mutemo netsigiro yakakurumbira.

Mukuru Mukuru Anoongorora Mutemo

Bazu guru harisi chipfuro chipfuro chipfuro chokudzora mitemo. Purezidhendi anogona kupfuudzira pamutemo upi noupi unopfuudzwa neCongress, achimanikidzira vaiti vemitemo kuunganidza tsigiro huru kuti iiratidze. Iri simba rinodzivisa Mitemo yokukurumidza kana kuti kudzorwa kwemitemo. Paramende inogona kupa chigaro patafura yewirirano. Purezidhendi anewo chiremera ku [FLT: 2] mirayiridzo yehurumende yehurumende. Kunyange zvazvo iyi mirayiro isingagoni kuita mitemo mitsva, inogona kudzorerazve kuti mitemo iripo idzorwe sei, zvikurukuru apo mitemo inoitwa.

Purezidhendi anogonawo kudana Congress kuva rusando chairwo apo nhau dzokukurumidzira dzinomuka, kunyange zvazvo iri simba risingawanzoshandiswi. Zvikurukuru, purezidhendi anobatira se mutungamiriri wemauto [, asi Dare bedzi rinogona kuzivisa hondo. Uku kuoma pakati pechiremera chehurumende nesimba rehondo icherekedzo icherekedzo huru yakaedzwazve, kuvambira pahondo yeKorea kusvikira kurwisano dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi muMiddle East.

Kutonga Kunonzvera Mamwe Mapazi

Dare redare, zvikurukuru Dare Gurusa, rinobatira somuturikiri mukurusa weBumbiro reMitemo. Kupfurikidza nesimba rekuhwirudzura , rakaumbwa mu Marbury v. Madison [1803]), matare anogona kurova mitemo inopfuudzwa neProsarostora kana akaputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Iri simba rinovimbisa kuti mapazi ose ari maviri anoshanda mukati memiganhu yawo yakatemwa.

Vatongi vehurumende vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu, izvo zvinovadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Uku kuzvimirira kunovabvumira kuita mitemo isingadaviriki apo kunenge kuri madikanwa kudzivirira maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo. Zvisinei, vatongi havasati vachitongozvidzoresa vamene: Dare rinogona kuchinja chiverengero cheruramisiro (kunyange zvazvo ikoku kusingawanzoitwi), richikarakadza chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo kuti dziputse zvisarudzo zvokutonga, uye vatongi vanosakafanira nokuda kwomufambiro wakashata. Mukuru mukuru anomanikidzira mitemo yedare, achipa matare simba rinoshanda bedzi apo mamwe mapazu anobatira pamwe chete.

Kuongorora Mhaka Kwenhau: Kuongorora uye Kudzikama Kunoshanda

Kuongorora kuti zvinhu izvi zvinoshanda sei kana zvinhu zvikaoma. Chinoitika chimwe nechimwe chinoratidza kuti zvinhu izvi zvinogona kugadzirisika kana kuti hazviwirirani.

Mvura Inoyerera Nesimba Rokudzivisira

Chinonyadzisa cheWatergate chema 1970 chinomira somuenzaniso webhuku unoshandiswa wechekero nedzikamo zvinoshanda zvinobudirira. Purezidhendi Richard Nixon nehurumende yake vaiita nhevedzano yokubatwa zvisina kufanira, kubatanidza kuputsika padzimbahwe reDemocratic Committee napamute-aup. Satete Watergate Komiti yeWatergate , inoshandisa utarisiri hwemitemo, yakaita kuti nzeve dzave dzinotendwa idzo dzakazivisa ukurumbidziko. Dare reDhiirusaudiciary raitendera nyaya dzekudzorwa kweruramisiro, kubatwa zvisina kufanira simba, uye kuzvidza Dare.

Apo Dare Rapamusoro rakabvumirana kurayira Nixon kubudisa makaseti akarekodhwa ekurukurirano dzeWhite House (mu United States v. Nixon), mutongi akanzvera ropafadzo yehurumende achitaura. Kutarisana nechiremera chakati neImba uye zvimwe kupwiswa muDare, Nixon akarega. Ichi chinoitika chakaratidzira kuti hapana purezidhendi anodzivisa kuzvidavirira apo chibvumirano namapazu edare anoita mabasa avo emitemo. Mapepanhau akaitawo basa rinokosha, navatori venhau vakadai saBob Woward naCarl Bernstein vanobudisa maidi ayo akaita kuti kunzvera kuvedzero.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa uye Kudzora: Youngstown HETS & Tube Co v. Sawyer

Mukati meHondo yeKorea, Purezidhendi Harry Truman akabata udzori hwezvigadziko zvesimbi zvenyika kuti adzivise kurova kwaigona kudzongonyedza kugadzirwa kwehondo. Iye akataura kuti zviito zvake zvakanga zvichiruramiswa na "masimba apurezidhendi" mumugariro wengozi wenyika. Dare Rapamusorosabvumirana. Mu Procestown Comment & Lamp; Tube Co. v. Sawyer [1952], Dare rakatonga kuti Truman akanga adarika chiremera chake chapamutemo nemhaka yokuti Congress Congressment akanga asina kubvumira kukwiza. Hugo Black akanyora kuti simba rapurezidhendi rinofanira kubva muchiito cheDare kana kuti kuBumbiro reMiteose.

Nyaya iyi yakasimbisa pfungwa yokuti simba revakuru vakuru rakaganhurirwa, kunyange munguva dzenjodzi.Mutongi akanzvera purezidhendi akakurumbira munguva yehondo, achisimbisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo /_hakusi kupfuudza chiito chapurezidhendi. Chisarudzo chacho chakasimbisawo kukosha kwokuparadzana kwemasimba: Bazu remitemo rakanga ragovera mimwe miitiro yegakava ravashandi, uye purezidhendi aisagona kuzvikurira.

Kupererwa Nemitemo Nokutanga Kwechiito Chinodzora

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kudzorwa kwenzvimbo dzinogarwa kwaidzongonyedza mano ebazu remitemo kupfurikidza nemitoo yegamuchidzanwa. Apo Congress inokundikana kupfuudza mutemo mukuru, purezidhendi kazhinji kazhinji vanotendeukira kumirando yavakuru vakuru uye kuiswa kwemitemo yokutonga kuti vafambisire mberi zvinangwa zvavo. Iri simba rakamutsa funganyo pamusoro pe "bumbiro remitemo" iro rinopfuura mubatanidzwa webumbiro remitemo.

Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Obama akashandisa zvirango zvevakuru vakuru kuti vashandise zvikamu zveAffordble Care Act ndokuita Defered Action for Childhown Agewals (DACA) Purezidhendi Trump akashandisa zvirango zvehurumende kuti adzore mitemo yezvakatipoteredza uye adzoredze kufamba. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti zviito zvakadaro zvinosimudzira chiremera chevakuru, nepo vadziviriri vachitaura kuti zvinokosha apo Congresss aoma. Bazu redare pane dzimwe nguva rakapinda kuti ridzivise kana kuti riise miganhuro iyi, richiyeuchidza mapurezidhendi kuti chiito chimwe chete chine miganhuro yemitemo.

Makeja Nedzikamo Zvinopfuura Hurumende Yenyika

Nheyo yenzvero nedzikamo dzinotambanukira kupfuura mapazi matatu ehurumende yehurumende. MuUnited States, unani hwehurumende humene inzvero pasimba rapakati. Hurumende dzine mabumbiro adzo amene emitemo, mitemo, uye matare, uye dzinogona kudzivisa kutsoropodzwa kwehurumende kupfurikidza nokurongwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Tenth Amendment restoration kumasimba asingagoverwi kuhurumende yehurumende, achiparira paradzano yakananga yamasimba.

Mukuwedzera, mabasa ehurumende akasununguka senzvero yamapazu ose. Kunzvera kwapamutemo pepanhau kunofumura uori, kusakwanisa, uye kusashanda zvakanaka kwesimba. Pentagon Papers nhau ( New York Times Co. United States) inosimbisa kodzero yamapepanhau kubudisa magwaro anoratidzira kusazvibata kwehurumende, kunyange pamusoro pezvirambidzo zvebazu rehurumende. Masangano enzanga, mapoka ezvizvarwa zvavagari vemo, uye masangano edzidzo anotarisirawo zviito zvehurumende uye kuunganidza murangariro wavose kuraira kuzvidavirira.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Zvokuongorora Nokudzikama

Kunzwisisa tyisidziro idzi kunokosha kuvagari vemo vanoda kuchengetedza utongi hwehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu.

Kukura Kwebazu Kune Vatungamiriri Nehurumende Inotarisira

Muzana ramakore rapfuura, hurumende yehurumende yakawedzera zvikuru ukuru nehukukutu. Masangano anotungamirirwa naVatongi saEnvironmental Protection Agency, Department of Homeland Security, uye Sangano reMabasa neCExchange anoshandisa kuisa mitemo nemasimba okudzikamisa. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti iyi "Hurumende" inovhara mitsetse pakati pomutemo, dare, uye mabasa okutonga, sezvo masangano ose ari maviri anoita ndokuita miraudzo nokushandisa noutarisiri hwakaganhurirwa.

Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa panhambo nenhambo rine chiremera chemitemo chakaitwazve. mu [Fom"inganzi Service v. Chadha [19983], Dare rakarova chibvumirano chewirirano, Dare rezvombo rinoshandiswa kushandura zviito zvesangano pasina kupfuudza mutemo mutsva. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Dare rakashandisa dzidziso ye "minzvero" kukumbira kubvumira kwakajeka pachena kuti masangano agone kuita zviito zvemibato mikuru yezvemarisakiso nezvamatongerwe enyika. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinosimbisa pfungwa yokuti zvisarudzo zvinokosha zviri zvemiitiro yakasarudzwa kuvagadziri vemitemo, kwete kupfuutau.

Kumirira Kumwe Nokumiririra

Apo maruwa emitemo anokweverwa kukuda mubato mumwe, dzvinyiriro yamakwikwi inobetsera kuzvidavirira vakuru vakuru inoderera. Kunyanyisa kwemifungo kunogona kuderedza kugamuchira kweCongress kudare gurusa. Dare guru rakatonga kuti matare ehurumende haagoni kunzwa kutaura kwevatengi (mu [[FLT: 0]] RUCON] v. Chisakiso chaMarudzi , 2019), achisiya nhau yacho kumatare ehurumende nemiitiro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Dzimwe nyika dzakatanga masangano okuzvimirira kuti adzivise kudzosa.

Kujeka Kwokutonga uye Kusimbisa Hondo

Kutenderwa kwapamutemo kwebazu rinotonga kunotsamira pakuvimbwa kwavanhu kuti vatongi vashandise mutemo nenzira isingatori rutivi. Asi sezvo Dare Gurusa razova hondo dzinowedzera, nzwisiso dzeDare sezvo sangano rezvamatongerwe enyika rakura. Kurwa pamusoro poMutongi Brett Kavataugh chisimbiso chaMatongi nokugadzwa kwokukurumidza kweMutongi Amy Coney Barrett pamberi chaipo pekusarudza 2020 kwakawedzera mapoka evatongi. Apo Dare rinorangarirwa sewedzero yemapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika, kutonga kwaro kunova kunogamuchirwa zvishoma kupfuura mitsetse yebato, kunoderedza mano aro aro okunzvera mamwe mapazu nenzira inobudirira.

Kutyisidzira Kusarudzwa Kwesimba Nokufambiswa Kworugare

Nzvero nedzikamo zvinotsamira pakuvhota kwapachena uye kwakarurama, uko kunobvumira vavhoti kubvisa vakuru vakuru vanoshandisa zvisina kufanira simba. Kuedza kudzvinyirira kuvhota, kuparadzira mashoko, kana kuti kushandura miuyo yokusarudza kunorova mwoyo wokuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Kudenha paU.S. Capitol kwakaratidzira kuputsika kukurusa kwokutamiswa kune rugare kwesimba munhau yazvino uno yeAmerica. Zvakaitika zvakaratidzira zvose zviri zviviri kuvandudzwa kwegadziriro (Confernerv akabatanidzwazve kusimbisa miuyo yokusarudza) uye zvakwazvo (zvinoenderera mberi kuedza kusekesarudzo mukusarudzo).

Kusimbisa chengeteko yesarudzo, kugovera mari yakakwana nokuda kwegadziriro yesarudzo, uye kudzivirira padzongonyedzo dzokumwe zvose zvinokosha mukuchengeta nzvero yavavhoti pasimba. Kuwedzera, miitiro yakafanana neElectoral Count Reform Act ya 2022 kujekesera basa romutevedzeri wapurezidhendi mukusimbisa sarudzo ndokudzivisa kuedza kwomunguva yemberi kushandisa zvisarudzo.

Basa Rokubatanidzwa Kwavose Mukuchengeta Maketi Nedzikamo

Hapana gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo inogona kushanda pasina kuzivikanwa uye kushingaira kwevagari vemo. Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadzira gadziriro, asi vagari vemo vanofanira kuishandisa. Kuziva vanhu kuti hurumende inoshanda sei(//nesimba rinogona sei kushandiswa zvisina kufanira (ndiro jira rokutanga rokuzvidzivirira pasimba rinodzorwa nechiremera chinokukurwa.)

Kuvhota[ ndiyo nzira yakananga zvikurusa iyo vagari vemo vanotarira nayo simba rehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokusarudza vamiriri vanotsigira mitemo yebumbiro-mitemo, uye kupfurikidza nokuvhota avo vasingatsigiri, voruzhinji vanomanikidzira dzvinyiriro inopfuurira pamapazu ose. [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] Irimwe basa ravagari vemo [[FLT:] rinova rinozvidavirira uye rinosimbisa kuti vagari vemo vane basa repamutemo.

Mitedia nokunyora inowedzera kukosha munguva yokusazivikanwa. Vagari vanofanira kukwanisa kusiyanisa manyuko enhau akavimbika kubva pamashoko anoparadzirwa, nemhaka yokuti vanhu vakasanosanoumbwa vakagadzirira zviri nani kuziva kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba. Kutsigira zvinyorwa zvemagazini zvakazvimirira `kunyoresa, mipiro, kana kuti kungorava bedzi mabudisi akasiana- siyana enhau.]

Masangano epic[[FLT Voters 1] akadai seChinzwano chavakadzi, American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), uye Bipartarisan Policy Center anodzidzisa vanhu uye vatsigiri vehurumende yakanaka. Masangano eGrassoot anogona kuraira kuzvidavirira pamwero yose, kubva kumapurai echikoro kusvikira kuWhite House. Apo vagari vemo vanoronga, vanokudza manzwi avo ndokuita kuti vakuru vakuru vazvifuratire kuvafuratira.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa: Kunzvera Nedzikamo Munyika Yose

United States haisati iri nyika bedzi inoshandisa mipimo nedzikamo. Ubati ushe hwehurumende hwakawanda hwakabatanidza nheyo namagamuchidzanwa avo vamene ebumbiro remitemo. Mu Kingdom , tsika yakavakirwa pauchangamire hweparamende, asi Imba yaMadzishe nedare rinotonga ramajaji rakasununguka zvinogovera nzvero pahurumende. Dare rapamusoro reUK, rakagadzwa muna 2009, rinogona kuputsa mitemo inoputsa kodzero dzavanhu kana kuti mitemo yemitemo yemitemo. Zvisinei, hapana kuparadzana kwapamutemo kwamasimba pakati pamapazu ehurumende nemitemo, sezvo gurukota nedare rehurumende zviri mitezo yeSangano rehurumende.

chiGerman [ chine chirongwa chakasimba chehurumende neDare reBundestag iro rinogona kubvisa mitemo inopiwa neBundestag. Boundesrat[, inomirira hurumende, inofanira kubvumira mutemo unotapura fariro dzehurumende. Gadziriro yeGermany inobatanidzawo vhoti inovaka kusavimba, uko kunodzivisa hurumende kubviswa pasina hurumende itsva yakagadzirira kutora, nokudaro ichigovera chengeteko.

France ine gadziriro yezvisingasarudzwi apo purezidhendi anogoverana simba roukuru nemutungamiriri wehurumende. Constitution Council inohwirudzura mitemo yebumbiro remitemo isati yaziviswa. Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanocherekedza kuti purezidhendi weFrance ane masimba makuru ekurumidziro anogona kukunda kunzverwa kwomuzvarirwo.

India, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hurusa yenyika, ine gadziriro yeparamende ine dare rakasimba rinoita hwirudzuro yedare. Dare rapamusoro reIndia rakaputsa mitemo nezviito zvehurumende zvinoputsa maruramiro makuru. Zvisinei, tsika yeIndia inotarisanawo nezvinetso kubva pakukwira kwechikuru chehurumende nedenho pakuzvimirira kwedare.

Iyi mienzaniso yokuenzanisa inoratidza kuti nepo miitiro chaiyo ichisiyana, pfungwa huru inoramba iri imwe cheteyo: Kukamuranisa simba nokugadzira makwikwi anoita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuti mutambi upi noupi adzore.

Mugumisiro: Kutsigira Tsika Yezvizvarwa Zvemunguva Yemberi

Nhevedzo nedzikamo hazvisati zviri zvokuzviparadza. Zvinoda kungwarira kwenguva dzose, perero yesangano, uye kuva mugari wemo anoshingaira kuti zvishande zvakanaka. Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vakanzwisisa kuti chisiko chomunhu chine zvikanganiso uye kuti simba rinokomba kushatisa. Mhinduro yavo yakanga iri yokurwisa gwinyiro, kuumba hurumende yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa udzvinyiriri kunyange apo vanhu vamene vanenge vasingapi ngwariro.

Asi gadziriro inogona kuparadzwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Apo rimwe bazi rinoramba kubatira pamwe nerimwe, apo matare anenge akazadzwa nemitemo, apo vamiriri vedare rinotonga vanonyanyova vane chiremera kumukuru mukuru, kana kuti apo vagari vemo vanova vasingakendengi, mifungo yedzikamo. Nhau inoratidza kuti hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzinogona kukundikana mukati, sezvo vatungamiriri vane chiremera chinodzvinyirira vanoshandisa zvibudiso zvapamutemo uye kunetesa mipimo yenguva refu.

Mutoro wokuchengeta nzvero nedzikamo uri muchizvarwa chiri chose. Kudzidzisa vanhu vaduku pamusoro penheyo dzehurumende, kutsigira miitiro yechisarudzo chakarurama, kuraira kuoneka kunobva kuvakuru vakuru, uye kuisa mapazu ose achizvidavirira kupfurikidza namasarudzo nedzvinyiriro yavose mabasa ose anokosha outariri hwehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa nokudzivirira miitiro inodzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba, vagari vemo vanogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti hurumende inoramba iri mubatiri wavanhu, kwete tenzi wavo.