Dare reBasi reClassias rinomira seimwe yedziviriro dzinokosha zvikurusa muUnited States Constitution, yakaiswa mukati meMitemo yeshanu neyegumi namana. Inodzivisa hurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende kunyima munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu pasina muitiro wapamutemo wakarurama uye wakagadzwa. Mumazana amakore, chitsama ichi chakabva muvimbiso yemitemo yakaganhurirwa kuva gadziriro yakasimba inodzivirira maruramiro makuru anodzivirira maruramiro makuru pakushanda kwehurumende. Kunzwisisa nhau nerevomhiko huru dzeChiteshi cheCur Procesment Clauscessom kunokosha kukunzwisisa kukura kwomutemo weAmerica wemitemo yemitemo yavagari vemo, rusununguko rwevagari vemo, uye dzikamo inopfuurira pakati pechiremera chehurumende nechigaro.

Mavambo Enhau: Kubva paMagna Carta Kusvika Kunguva Yakavambwa

Murangariro wemuitiro wakafanira unosvika shure mazana amakore, nokutaura kwawo kwakakurumbira zvikurusa kwakawanwa muMagna Carta ya1215. Chitsauko 39 chechata iyoyo chakazivisa kuti hakuna munhu akasununguka aigona kuiswa mutorongo, kudzingwa, kana kuti kudzingwa “kunze kwerutongeso rwapamutemo rwavezera rake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika." Iyi rugwaro [“ mutemo wenyika [[[FLT:] [] [] [] [] [] [] wakanga ari mukare akananga weizvo vaAmerica vaizodana gare gare gare gare muitiro wakafanira. Nokufamba kwenguva, mutemo wechiNgezi wakadzokorora ndokunatsa iyi nheyo, kuvimbisa kuti umambo hwemadzimambo hahugoni kuita nenzira yakananga muvadzorwi vahwo. Sir Edward Coke, mutongi anopesvedzera, akadudzira “mutemo wenyika” sokudikateererwa kupfurikidza nokudzivirirwa kwapamutemo nomutemo wavose.

Masangano echiKoroni aiwanzobatanidza chibvumirano cheReformation chekuramba kuvimbisa “kubetsera kwaMambo nomutauro waJury” uye kudzongonyedzwa nomutoo wakafanira sezvichemo. Pashure pokuzvimirira, mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende akavamba kuisa dziviriro dzakafanira. Somuenzaniso, Massachusetts Constitution ya 1780 akazivisa kuti hapana munhu aigona“ kuronga kubetsera kwaMambo noupenyu hwake, rusununguko, kana kuti nzvimbo, asi kupfurikidza norutongeso rwevezera rake kana kuti rwomutemo wenyika.

Apo Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rakanyorwa muna 1787, rakabvisa zvikurukuru dziviriro dzakajeka dzomunhu oga, panzvimbo pechirongwa chehurumende. Uku kusiiwa kwakamutsa gakava guru, kuchitungamirira kukuwedzerwa kwe Bhill yeKodzero muna 1791. FG] FF [FLD]] trandmentedmerment [ yakanga iri murairo wokutanga kutemwaramisi yenheyo yakafanira yakafanira.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu: Kudzivirirwa Pakudzvinyirirwa

Dare reChikamu cheshanu reChiteshi chePremistry Claus yakashanda bedzi kuhurumende ye yefederal. MuRepublic yapakuvamba, Dare Rapamusoro rakadudzira iri shoko mumurangariro wakatetepa, wemifungo. Mu [[FLT:]] Mumutengo waLeaceeeeav v. hoboken Land & Production Co. [1856], Dare rakarangarira kuti muitiro wakafanira unodikanwa kuzivikanwa uye kunzwa pamberi pezvinhu ungagona kutorwa. Asi rakatongawo kuti muitiro wakafanira ungagona kuchinjira kumigariro yokuchinja upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti upfumi kana kuti pasina kucherekedza kwakanga kusinganzwisisiki, asi mitemo yaigona kutsanangura, nokuda kwamakumi amakore akawanda anoshandiswa kutonge anoshandiswa kutonge anoshandiswa.

Zvisinei, Find 5 Amendment haina kumanikidza hurumende dzehurumende. Mu Barron v. Baltimore [1833], Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akagumisa nokubvumirana kuti Bill of Rights yaishanda bedzi kuhurumende yenyika. Iyi nyika yakabva yakasununguka kuputsa kodzero dzakawanda idzo hurumende yaisagona. Somuenzaniso, hurumende yaigona kutora zvinhu pasina kubhadharwa kana kuramba kutongwa nedare ramatsotsi, chero bedzi mutemo wayo waibvumira. The Reconficiation yaizochinja zvikuru ikoku.

Mutezo Wechigumi Nechina: Kutambanudzira Muitiro Wakafanira kuUnited States

Pashure peHondo yeChivil, Congress yakatsvaka kudzivirira vaAmerica vachangobva kusunungurwa veAfrica pamitemo inodzvinyirira yehurumende. Zvikurukuru iya yeyaichimbova nyika dzinotonga. Fourteendment [, yakatenderwa muna 1868, yaiva netsanangudzo dzinoverengeka. Chikamu 1 chinoti: “Hapana Hurumende ichaita kana kudzikamisa mutemo upi noupi uchabatanidza maropafadzo kana kuti kudzivirira vagari vemo veUnited States; uyewo hachisati chichizotorera munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo; kana kuramba kudzivirira munhu upi noupi mukati momutemo wakaenzana."

“ Muitiro wapamberi” pano wakafanana neFindt Amendment asi zvino yakashandiswa ku urongwa uhwu hwakava nemigumisiro miviri mikuru. Chokutanga, hwakarambidza zvakananga kutsvaka kunyima vagari vemo kodzero dzinokosha pasina muitiro wakarurama. Chechipiri, mumakumi amakore anotevera, Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa [[FL:] ku [FLT] [ yakawanda yeBhishopu inorwisana nehurumende. Iyi inodanwa [[FLT:]] Idzidziso yokubatanidza [FOLT] [FLT] [FLT] pamakumi amakore anoverengeka anotevera [FG.G.G.G.G.PUM.S.S.S.S.

Gadziriro Inodikanwa Nhaka. Gadziriro Yakaoma Kuisa

Kunzwisisa upamhi hwechitsama chamashoko chacho chose, mumwe anofanira kusiyanisa pakati pezvikamu zviviri zvakafara: procedical muitiro wehurumende unodikanwa uye zvinoda kuzivikanwa, mukana wokunzwa, mugadziri wechisarudzo asina chiziva, uye muitiro wakakodzera kurudzi rwemhindu padanda. Somuenzaniso, pamberi pokugumisa betsero kana kuti reze yezvamashandiro, mugariro unofanira kugovera chimiro chakati chokunzwa.

Muitiro wakafanira wakaderera, nokupesana, kero [[FLT: 0] idzo idzo hurumende ingaita. Inobvunza kana mutemo uri wokuzvitutumadza kana kuti usina mufungo kuti unoputsa kodzero dzinokosha(kunyange kana kuti muitiro wacho ukashandiswa zvakakwana. Iyi nzira yokuita yakabuda mukupera kwamazana amakore ane gumi namapfumbamwe napakuvamba kwemakumi maviri, yakakurumbira zvikurusa mukati me nguva , apo Dare rakaputsa mitemo yezve mamiriro ezvinhu ezvemari pavhu raidzongodzongonyedza pamutemo pasi penhambo inodzongonyedzwa. [FLT:] Lochner v. [2] (195]] jatime retsika remitemo yemite yebasa rekugadzira zvinhu.[FLT]]

Mhaka Dzakaumbwa naClaus Dzikurusa

Zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zvinokosha zvinoratidzira tsananguro dzinochinja nokusvika kukuru kweGuer Procession Claus:

  • Meyer v. Nebraska (123] — Dare rakaputsa mutemo weNebraska uyo wakarambidza murayiridzo wemitauro yokumwe, richitaura kuti IPramende ye14 inodzivirira kodzero yavabereki kutungamirira dzidzo yavana vavo nokuvadzidzisa mutauro mumwe kunze kwechiNgezi. Iyi nhau yakakura “revokubatanidza zvisarudzo zvinokosha pamusoro pemhuri nokurerwa.
  • Pierce v. Sosaiti yeHanzvadzi (1925) — Mushamwari Meyer[, Dare rakabvisa mutemo unoda kupinda kwavose weOregon, uchitaura kuti vabereki vane muitiro wakafanira wokutumira vana vavo kuzvikoro zverudzidziso zvapachivande.
  • [FLT]Griswold v. Connecticut (65)[FLT] — Dare rakaziva maruramiro ezveroorano, richitsvaka kuti kurambidzwa kwehurumende kwezvisakafanira zvebhangi kwakaputsa Gwero reChiitiko chaClaus. Nepo mifungo yavazhinji yakatsamira pa “Bill of Rights, Constantinect ne Justice Harlan yakaresat.
  • ROE v. [77]] — Dare rakaisa kodzero yomukadzi yokusarudza kubvisa pamuviri mukodzero yokuva woga yaidzivirirwa neCANDELO Clause yeGenetic Amendment. [[FLT:]] Rooe rakaramba richidzora mutemo kwemakore anoda kusvika pamakore makumi mashanu kusvikira Dare ratonga Dobs v.[KK]
  • Shashington v. Glucksberg (1997) — Dare rakaramba kodzero yokuzviuraya kwachiremba kwakabatanidzwa, richitanga kuedza zvakasimba nokuda kwomuitiro wakafanira unotaura kuti: kodzero yakataurwa inofanira kuva “yakavakirwa zvikuru munhau nokwetsika zverudzi urwu” uye“ yakaramba pfungwa yerusununguko rwakarairwa.
  • bergefell v. Hodges (2015) — Dare raidavira kuti kodzero yokuroora rusununguko runokosha runodzivirirwa neCHMT Claus, kutambanudza roorano kuvaenzani vemitezo yetendi imwe cheteyo munyika yose. Chisarudzo ichi chakaratidzira kuti mashoko acho anochinjika sei kunzwisiso yerusununguko.
  • [FLT][FOLT:1] brown v. Board of Education (1954) — Kunyange zvazvo iri zvikurukuru dziviriro yakaenzana, [ Brown yakasimbisawo kuti dzidzo inonyima vana dziviriro yakaenzana nomuitiro womutemo, sechishongo chetsika yaikuvadza mukana wavo wedzidzo yakanaka.

Kufamba Kwakaita

[Nyanga] Kubatanidzwa kweChinjo yeRevoifos yeChibvumirano cheNdengedzero ye 144 yaManese Classical yave iri yemazambuko panzvimbo yeBhookesi. Dare Gurusa rashandisa inenge vimbiso dzose dzezvikamu zvisere zvokutsiva kudzimwe nyika, kunze kweChipiri Amendement (yakanyoreswa mu [[FLT:]]]] MFFFF3. [FFFON]]][10]). [NHAN]

Kunonyanya Kuoneka Kwegadziriro Yaifanira Kuitwa naClaus

Bhuku rinonzi Status Procession Claus rine migumisiro yakawanda kwazvo yezuva nezuva kuvanhu vanoshanda nehurumende.

  • [ Kuedza uye Chibage Procedure: Vadziviriri vakafanirwa nokuziva pomero, kutonga, mutongi asina rusaruro nedare rinobetsera, kodzero yokupa ufakazi, uye maruramiro ezano. Pasina muitiro wakafanira, zvitendero zvinogona kuwanwa kupfurikidza nenzira dzakavanzika kana kuti dzamaune.
  • Kudzivirira Antivition Against Arbitrary Government: Hurumende hadzigoni kutora zvinhu, kubvisa marezenisi, kana kuti kuramba betsero pasina kutevera miitiro yakagadzwa. Somuenzaniso, mudzidzi atarisana nokusundwa pachikoro chavose anofanira kupiwa banza guru rokutsanangura rutivi rwavo.
  • Privitacy and Inical Autonomy: muitiro wakafanira unodzivirira zvisarudzo zvine chokuita neroorano, kubereka, kudzivisa kubata pamuviri, ukama hwemhuri, uye kurera vana. Zvisarudzo izvi zvinodzivirirwa padzongonyedzo dzemamiriro ezvinhu asina kururama.
  • property Rights: Chitsama chamashoko chinodzivisa hurumende kutora zvinhu pasina muitiro wakarurama. Ikoku kunobatanidza kwete bedzi nzvimbo inosiiwa asiwo zvimwe zvimiro zvezvinhu zvakafanana nefariro dzebhizimisi, marezenisi ebasa, uye betsero dzehurumende (panzvimbo pazvo betsero dzinorangarirwa se “mubereko wakafanira”).
  • Secodent Exproceedings: Apo masangano anotungamirira anoita zvisarudzo zvinotapura vanhu — kufanana nokubvisa marezenisi omutyairi, kuramba betsero dzourema, kana kuti kubudisa zvisati zviri zviwindi zvemiitiro yeCentury Claus anoda dziviriro shomanene, zvakadai sebanza rokupa ufakazi nechisarudzo chakarangarirwa.

Kuramba Tichikurukura uye Kuitisana Nharo Kunopfuurira

Dare rinonzi The Seed Proces Claus rinoramba riri pakati penhau dzakawanda dzinokakavadzana zvikuru mumutemo weAmerica nenzanga.

  • Kuisa mubatanidzwa: matare maduku mazhinji akarangarira kuti Chitatiso chaMamiriro aEcondal chinoshanda kundima isiri yeU.S., kubatanidza idzo dziri mukubviswa. Zvisarudzo pamusoro pokusungwa kwenguva refu pasina chisungo, maruramiro kukutonga, uye kushandiswa kwemiitiro yokubvisa imo inobatanidza miitiro mikuru yehwaro.
  • Chiratidzo chomutemo Chinjo:[[FLT: 1] Chinjo yeBail, kusazvibata kwamapurisa, uye kushandiswa kwokupfigirwa kwoga zvinomutsa itiro hanya dzakafanira. Dare Rapamusoro rakarangarira kuti vatapirwi vane muitiro wakafanira mukurwisana nebhedha rakanyanyisa uye kuti kupfigirwa kwoga kwenguva refu kungaputsa chitsama kana kuri kusingabvumirwi kana kuti kushaiwi.
  • Kurapa neVaccines: Mukati medenda reCOVID-19, vashandirwi nehurumende dzehurumende vakaita mirairo yenhomba, kuchitungamirira kugadziriro yakafanira yakavakirwa pakutaura kwokuzvitonga kwomuviri kana kuti maruramiro okuramba kurapwa. Matare akarwisana nokudzikamisa utano hwavanhu norusununguko rwomunhu oga.
  • Reconvel Rights Post Dobts :[[FLT ] Pashure peDare Gurusa rakatonga [[FLT:]] Roe v. Wade [2022], nguva yemberi yechakafanira yakava isina chokwadi. Dzimwe nyika dzinorambidza kubvisa pamuviri chose chose, apo vamwe vanotsvaka kukudzivirira. Nhau yokuti Korosa yeChiitiso chinodzivirira dzimwe kodzero dzeClauskeiace inodzivirira dzimwe maruramiro. Yakadai sekudzivirira roorano imwe cheteyo neiyi-deteex yakamutswazve.
  • Chisarudzo cheDare rapamusoro mu [[FLT:] Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runochinja, nhau dzakafanira dzinomuka pamusoro pokusvika kwehurumende kumitengo yomunhu oga, nzvimbo inonyorwa, uye kunzvera kwemitauro. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro mu Carcenter v. United States[FLT] [FLT] [3] (20208) yakaziva kuti masero enzvimbo anorekodha marekodha anorekodha ane mufungo ezvivanzi inodzivirirwa neGenetine Republickese asi neChirongwa chaClaus.

mhedziso

Nhevedzano yeChibvumirano yaVaSangano reClaus haisati iri chinodikanwa chapamutemo chapamutemo. Idzidziso mhenyu yakashanduka kubva kumutemo weChirungu wavose kuva ibwe renheyo yemitemo yeAmerica. Kupfurikidza nokuda miitiro yeruramisiro nokudzivirira rusununguko runokosha kubva pasimba rehurumende rokuda kukurira, inovimbisa kuti hurumende inoramba ine mutoro kuvanhu. Nepo miganhu chaiyo yegadziriro inowirirana negadziriro inopfuurira kugadziriswa, basa rayo guru (jeka) rinochengeta chiremera chomunhu mumwe nomumwe norusununguko mukurwisana nechiremera chinotsamira pamunhu. Sezvo nzanga yeAmerica inotarisana nedenho itsva mururamisiro youtsotsi, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye kodzero dzavagari vemo, nenzira isingapanikirwi navose icharamba iri simba guru mukugadziridza remangwana rusununguko neruramisiro pasi pomutemo.

Kuwedzera kurava, ona [ Cornell Information Institute pamuitiro wakafanira, jira reTrapy formation yeNational Center yeTractition, uye