Kunzwisisa Gadziriro Yezvinhu Nedzikamo

United States Constitution inosimbisa hurumende yamasimba akaparadzana, inokamuranisa chiremera pakati pemapazu emitemo, ehurumende, uye edare. Iyi gadziriro yakagadzirirwa namaune kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuunganidza udzori hwakanyanyisa. VaFathers, zvikurukuru James Madison in Federalist No. 51, vakataura kuti “kuwana kunofanira kuitwa kuti kukurira zvishuvo.” Bazu rimwe nerimwe harina mabasa aro amene akasiana bedzi asiwo nzira dzokudzivisa nadzo kudzorwa nedzimwe nyika. Iyi tsika yemiedzo nedzinoganhuriro haisati iri nhevedzano yemitemo inowirirana; idiro idzo huru yakachinja kupfurikidza nenhau, zvisarudzo zvedare, uye muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunzwisisa kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rinogona sei kuganhurira simba ravamwe rinofanira kunzwisisa kudzoredzero yehurumende yeAmerica.

Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa masimba chaiwo kubazi rimwe nerimwe, asi rinopawo zviremera zvinowirirana izvo zvinobatira pamwe napurezidhendi, somuenzaniso, bazi remitemo rinoita mitemo, asi mutungamiriri anogona kuvadzosa, uye mutongi anogona kuvaparadza sevasina murairo. Nenzira inopesana, bazi remitemo rinogona kuisa muganhu ndokubvisa vatongi napurezidhendi, rinosimbisa vadzori vedare, uye rinodzora kupiwa mari kwamasangano ehurumende. Idzi nzvero hadzina kungofungwawo hadzo; dzinogona kushandiswa nguva dzose munzira yokutonga. Pasi apa pane nzvero ine udzame yenzira iyo bazu rimwe nerimwe rinogona kuganhurira nayo simba ravamwe, nemienzarwo yenhau uye yezvinobatira zvapanguva ino.

Mutemo Webazu: Dare Senzvero PaGuru Nejeri

Masimba aya anobva muChikamu I cheBumbiro Romutemo uye akaitwa kuti agadziriswe nokutevedzera uye nokushandisa.

Kutarisira Nokuongorora

Congress ine chiremera chakafara chokunzvera mibato yebazu guru. Iri basa rinokosha nokuda kwokuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inoparadzwa nokutendeka uye kuti masangano anoshanda mukati memirairo yavo. Matare eCongregational anogona kuisa magwaro epona, kudana zvapupu, uye kuva nokutonga kwavose. Somuenzaniso, [[FLT]] Sate Watergate Committee [ [[FLT]] [[FLT]] mu 1970] kushatiswa kwesimba muGurukudzo yeNixon, kuchitungamirira kukurega. Misangano misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi yakanzvera nhau dzinovambira mukushanda kwoungwa norutsigiro. Muzvidzo zvinogonawo kumanikidza mutungamiriri kururamisa uye kutungamirira kudzorongengengenge adzo.

Kuvavarira Nokuparadzana

Imba yaVamiririri ine simba rimwe chete rokubvisa (kubvisa pomero kuvakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza purezidhendi, mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, uye vatongi vehurumende. Ipapo Dare rinotonga uye rinogona kubvisa mukuru mukuru kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri. Iyi ndiimwe yechenjedzo ine simba zvikurusa nemhaka yokuti inogona kubvisa zvakananga shoko rapurezidhendi kana kuti kubvisa mutongi pabhenji. Munhau, vapurezidhendi Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, naDonald Trump vakapinzwa mhaka neImba, kunyange zvazvo pasina munhu akapomerwa mhaka ndokubviswa neDare. Zvisinei, tyisidziro yekusateerwa inogona kudzivisa mufambiro wakashata wakakomba. Gaswo rehurumende rakabviswa nokuda kwechioko uye mutengo. Vatongi vamabhishori, vanoratidzira kuti babazu redare harisati riri mutezo.

Zano Nekubvuma: Kusimbiswa Kwemikana Yokuroorana

Dare rinofanira kusimbisa vazhinji vemibatanidzwa yapurezidhendi, kubatanidza mitezo yedare, vamiririri, vatongi vehurumende, uye vatongi veDare rapamusorosoro. Iri simba rinobvumira bazu rewiscional kuumba mapazu ehurumende neatongi kupfurikidza nokutendera kana kuti kuvhara vanhu. Kusimbisa hondo kwazova kwakakurumbira zvikuru, zvikurukuru nokuda kweDare guru. Kuramba kweDare kuchengeta kunzwa nokuda [FL: 0] Merrick Garland muna 2016 uye kusimbiswa kwapanoteverwa kwaNeil Gor Moveth, Brett Kavaugh, uye Amy Contey Barrett kuenzanisira sei kugona kuchinja chiyero chetsikano yechizvarwa chajudia. Nhenga yebazuwosero inogona kurambawose kuti ive purezidhendi mukuru webazu akwane.

Simba Rezvidyiro

Chikamu I chinopa simba rakakwana kumari yakakodzera. Hapana mari inogona kushandiswa nebazi guru pasina kudzorwa. Iri “simba rechikwama” ichekedzo inokosha: Congress inogona kuganhura kana kuti kubvisa mapurogiramu aisingadi, kuisa migariro pakushandisa, uye kuramba kubhadharwa kwemari nokuda kwezvirongwa zvapurezidhendi. Somuenzaniso, Congress yakashandisa vatasvi vemitengo kuti vadzivise kushandiswa kwemari nokuda kwemiitiro yakati yehondo kana kuti kumisa kutedzerwa kwemirano yemirayiro yehurumende. Chityisidziro chekudzo yokuvhara mugwagwa wehurumende, sezvinooneka muna 1995-96 ne201818, chinoratidzira mari yezvirongwa zvedare rinodzorwa pamukuru wevakuru.

Kupiwa Mutemo Nezvisarudzo Zvokusadiwa

Kunyange zvazvo Dare guru rakasarudza chibvumirano chimwe chehurumende mu INS v. Chadha [19983], Congress ichiri kushandisa mamwe matanho akadai se Congational Review Act [CRA] zvisarudzo zvokuchinja mirau yehurumende. Munsi meCRA, Congress inogona kupfuudza chisarudzo chakabatana chokusatendera mutemo mutsva; kana yakasainwa napurezidhendi (kana kuti neboka), mutemo unoshatisa. Iyi Dare rinopa nzira yokuzvidzora pasangano ravakuru pasina kudarika mutemo.

Bazi Rine Chinzvimbo Chapamusoro: Purezidhendi Anonzvera Padare Nemuzinda

Purezidhendi, somukuru webazi guru, ane zvishandiso zvinoverengeka zvebumbiro remitemo uye zvinoshanda zvokuganhurira masimba eCongress nedare remitemo.

Simba Reveto

Purezidhendi anogona kudzosa mutongo upi noupi unopfuudzwa neCongress. Aveto anodzivisa mutemo kuva mutemo kutoti Congress ichiukunda nevoruzhinji vaviri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Chirevo icherekedzo chakananga pabasa rokuita mutemo webazu rewisc remitemo. Mapurezidhendi kubva kuna George Washington kusvikira kuzvino ashandisa mutemo wazvino wave uchivadziko kana kuti kusava pamutemo. Somuenzaniso, Presidenti Franklin D. Rooselt yakaita mitero inopfuura 600 yezvikwereti, nepo purezidhendi wemisi ichangobva kupfuura vakashandisa kumira mitongo kana kuti chinjo. Chityisidziro cheProtototototo. Chitsoro chamato chamato.

Nhevedzo Yavatarisiri Neziviso

Purezidhendi anogona kubudisa mirairo yechiremera kutungamirira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende. Iyi mirairo ine simba romutemo asi inogona kudzorwa neDare uye inogona kubviswa nomutemo. Mirayiro yechiremera inobvumira purezidhendi kuita chiito pasina nhambo apo Congress inovharwa kana kuti apo chiito chokukurumidza chinodikanwa. Mienzaniso inobatanidza [[FLT: 0] Paramente Abraham Empication [[FLT3] Proclation [[[FLP]] [[FLT: 1]] [1863], iyo yakazivisa varanda mukupandukira kuti muvapanduki vanoti, uye [[FLT] Harry:] Harry Truman [regman] anodzosa pamutemo chiuto [12] (198]). (198], mirayiro yomukuru mukuru wehurumende yakarova Dare gurusa rePunions) (1863) muHondo zvehondo) muHondo zvehondo.[5]

Kugadzwa Nokubviswa Kwevakuru Vakuru

Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vehurumende, nhume, uye vakuru vakuru vakuru, asi uku kugadza kunoda kusimbiswa kweDare. Zvisinei, purezidhendi anogonawo kubvisa vakuru vakuru vakawanda vebazu pasina bvumirano (kunze kwavakuru vakuru vesangano vanozvimirira vanogona bedzi kubviswa nokuda kwechisakiso). Iri simba rinobvisa rinovimbisa kuti bazu guru rakavimbika kumiitiro yapurezidhendi uye rinogona kushandiswa kumanikidza kuzvidavirira. Mukuwedzera, purezidhendi anogona kuita kugadza nhambo apo Dare redare rinenge riripo, achidzivisa muitiro wokusimbisa kwechinguvana. (56) Sangano iri rakaganhurirwa neDare Rapamusoro-soro mu NLB [v]. Noel Canning [FLFLD] [12:1]

Kudana Zvikamu Zvinokosha zveDare

Chikamu II, Chikamu 3 chinobvumira purezidhendi kuronga dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress panhambo dzinoshamisa. Kunyange zvazvo simba iri risingawanzoshandiswa nhasi, rinogonesa purezidhendi kumanikidza Congress kuti apedze njodzi yenyika kana kuti kuputsa dare rinoisa mutemo. Purezidhendi Thomas Jefferson akadana purogiramu chaiyo muna 1803 kuti arangarire Louisiana Purchase, uye Purezidhendi Franklin D. Rooselt akadana rusando chairwo muna 1933 kuti ataure noKuderera Kunyanya Kwoupfumi. Mapuresiti azvino uno dzimwe nguva anoshandisa tyisidziro yerusando chaiyo kuti apedze Dare rinokosha kuti aite pamutemo.

Mitemo Yokumwe Nesimba Rebvumirano

Purezidhendi mukuru mukuru mutauriri wehurumende nemutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo. Nepo Dare richifanira kuita zvibvumirano zvokutendera kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri, purezidhendi anogona kupinda muzvibvumirano zvamaongororo namarudzi okumwe pasina kutenderwa. Zvibvumirano zvakadaro zvine simba romutemo uye zvinoshandiswa kazhinji kazhinji kutungamirira mutemo wokumwe. Purezidhendi anewo simba rokuziva hurumende dzokumwe uye kutaurirana zvibvumirano zvingasada kubvumiranwa nedare. Zvisinei, Congress inogona kuganhurira masimba aya kupfurikidza nokuisa mitemo inoganhurira kushandiswa kweuto rehondo kana kuti kupfurikidza nokuramba kuisa mari yezvirongwa zvehondo zvamarudzi ose. Chirango cheHondo cheHondo cheHondo zveHondo zvehondo che19737, chinoiswa pamusoro poMutungamiriri weNixon Nixon’s toto, anoda kuti purezidhendi weHurumende apo anoita mauto ehondo anenge anenge apedzedzese muganhu wehondo.

Kuongorora Kutonga: Mutungamiriri Somutongi uye Anomanikidza

Bazu guru rinomanikidzira kuita zvisarudzo zvedare, asi rinewo rusununguko rwakati munzira yazvinoita nayo. Purezidhendi anogona kukumbira Department of Justice kudenha chisarudzo chedare, kana kuti purezidhendi anogona kuramba kudzivirira mutemo mudare, achisimbisa kuti hausati uri pamutemo. Mukuru mukuru anogonawo kuparira kukanganwirwa mhaka dzedare, idzo dzinogona kutapura miuyo yedare. Mukuwedzera, purezidhendi anogona kuisa ganhuriro, uko kunogona kubvisa nenzira inobudirira mitemo yakati kana mukuru mukuru akasarudza kusatonga kuputsa mutemo (a) nzvero pamano ebazu echibvumirano chemitemo yokuisa kuda kwayo.

Bazu Rokutonga: Matare Senzvero Pamutemo Noukuru

Bazu rokutonga, rinotungamirirwa neDare Rapamusoro namatare ehurumende akaderera, rinodudzira Bumbiro reMitemo nomutemo wehurumende.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Nzvero ine simba zvikurusa matare anayo ichiremera chokuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvokutungamirira zvisina kurongwa. Iri simba harina kududzwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo asi rakatangwa neDare Gurusa mu[[FLT]][1]]. Mathbory v.[[FLT][12] [183] [183] [1] [[FLT] [1] [1] [1] [[3]] [[5]. Hungwe dzinonyora kuti “ichidisisa purofiti yebato rezvo kuzivisa kuti mutemo. Kubva panguva iyeyo, Dare guru rarova rarovanya mazana ehurumende nerevositi.] Apo Hurumende inodzo dzinodzosera muMurango inodzodzonga pamutemo. [FLT]

Kududzirwa Kwemitemo

Matare anowanzodudzira mirau isina kujeka kana kuti isina kujeka, uye dudziro dzawo dzinogona kuumba miuyo. Mutemo unogona kukurira dudziro yokutonga kupfurikidza nokupasa mutemo mutsva, asi muitiro wacho unonetesa uye unoda tendero yapurezidhendi kana kuti vhuti. Zvisinei, kududzira kwamatare kunogona kumira kwamakore, kuchipesvedzera kuti mitemo inoshandiswa sei. Somuenzaniso, kududzira kukuru kweChemhesting Court Claus mu [FLD [F:0]]. Filburn (1942) akapa Congress recureator recureator, asi nhau dzapa gare gare [FLD] United States. Loct3] (1955]) simba iri rinoshandura basa ramano asingaoneki nemhaka yechiremera nesimba.

Kusarudza Nguva Youpenyu Nokuzvimirira

Vatongi veFederal, kubatanidza vatongi veDare Gurusa, vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu “mumufambiro wakanaka.” Uku kuzvimirira kunovadzivisa padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika kubva kumamwe mapazu. Kusafanana napurezidhendi nemitezo yeCongress, vatongi havana kutarisana nokusarudzwa uye havagoni kubviswa zviri nyore (noga kupfurikidza nokusatevedzerwa). Ikoku kunovabvumira kuita zvisarudzo zvisingafarirwi zvinodzivirira maruramiro avanhu vamwe navamwe kana kuti ganhuriro yesimba rehurumende. Somuenzaniso, chisarudzo cheDare pakutaura kwakasununguka, rusununguko rworudzidziso, uye muitiro woutsotsi kazhinji kazhinji unodzivisa chibvumirano negadziriro youkuru.

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Matare ndiwo madzoro okupedzisira ekodzero dzebumbiro-mitemo. Apo bazu remitemo kana kuti ravakuru vakuru rinoputsa kodzero dzinodzivirirwa neBill of Rights kana kuti gadziriso dzinotevera, matare anogona kupindira. Nhau dzakadai Gideon v. Wainwr [1963] [kururamika], [kururamira kurudyi kukupa zano], v. [[FLT] [FLT]] [[FLT] [3]] [773]) [kodzero dzechimbichikaro, chifo chekudzo), uye [FLT] Ogefells brom. [5] [5] [8] (kosexternex] roorano [mapatsiko anoratidzira sei mamwe mapazuro emapazu echikabhiza okusarira.] Bheti reriti kana kuti ashanduke bhiroridzo kudzo inodzodzodzodzodzodzosa.

Kuhwirudzurwa Kwezviito Nemirau Yakarongwa

Kupfurikidza nedare, matare anohwirudzura pamutemo wezviito zvokutungamirira, kubatanidza mirau yamasangano. Administrative Procedure Act (APA) inobvumira vanhu namasangano kudenha mitemo yesangano seyokuzvidira, yokusafunga, kana kuti chiremera chakakwirira. Dare rinogona kuisa parutivi mitemo isiri pamutemo, kuganhurira kumirando yehurumende, uye kurayira masangano kuti atevere miitiro yapamutemo. Somuenzaniso, mu [[FLT: 0] West Virginia v. EPA [2022], Dare rapamusoro reEPA rakaganhurira chiremera chokugadza mipimo yokubudisa zvinhu pasi peChea Air Act, richiita kuti mibvunzo mikuru ide kubvumira kutevererwa kwapamutemo. Iyi isimbirira kuti bazuru rebazi risapfuura simba raro rinopiwa neDare rePromende.

Kuchinja - chinja Zvinhu Nesimba Rekeki

Mubasa, cheki nedzikamo hazvisizvo zvinoparadzaniswa. Mapazu kazhinji kazhinji anowirirana nenzira dzakaoma. Somuenzaniso, apo Congress inopa mutemo uyo purezidhendi anoda kuti uite, angaupa. Kana Congress ikakunda dare, mutemo ungangoramba uchidenhwa mudare. Nhevedzo yeDare repamusoro parinoputsa mutemo, Chibvumirano chinogona kuita chiito nokureverera mutemo kuti chiwirirane nemitemo kana kuti chisarudze kugadziriswa. Muitiro wekuongorora uye kudzika kwakadzikama ikurukurirano inopfuurira, nebazu rimwe nerimwe nokukwidza nokukwidza kuti richengetedze chiremera charo.

Mienzaniso yenhau inoratidzira iyi rondedzero. Mukati meNew Deal, Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt yakakarakadza “dare-rinopasa” rongedzero yokuwedzera ruramisiro kuDare Gurusa pashure pokunge raparadza purogiramu dzake dzinoverengeka. Mumhinduro, Dare rakaramba gadziriro, asi Dare rakavamba kutsigira mutemo weNew Deal. [a muenzaniso wakatanhamara wedzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yokupesvedzera mufambiro wedare. Nenzira yakafanana, Watergate yakaratidza kuti mubatanidzwa wokunzvera, kutonga kwedare, uye murangariro wavose wakamanikidzira purezidhendi kurega. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, chisarudzo cheDare gurusa mu [FLT: 0] . [Nhengeta reRegentsworvey yeHometical Security yeH yeYuniversitemu yeCalifornia yeCalifornia[FFFF1] [F1] [20]) chirongwa chokutonga cheDCA] chitsamisitiro chamatongo, chikafurira kugumisa chirongwa cheDCA, asi chakakundikana kupfupikisa, chigamu chitsa. Chigamu chitsa. Chi

Gadziriro inotsamirawo pakudisa kwebazu rimwe nerimwe kuita maunero aro. Dare risingashandi rinogona kubvumira mukuru mukuru kukudza simba rake kupfurikidza nemirairo yavakuru vakuru uye zviito zvokutungamirira. purezidhendi ane masimba anogona kuedza ganhuriro dzechiremera, kusunda matare kupindira. judicary amene amene anodzorwa nokunzvera: Chibvumirano chinogona kuchinja chiremera cheDare rapamusoro (pasi pechikamu cheChikamu III), uye purezidhendi anogona kuisa ruramisiro itsva apo zviito zvinoshaikwa. Nokudaro, dzikano yesimba inochinjika munhambo yenguva, asi dziviriro dzinosara.

Kupedzisa: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwekuongorora uye Kudzikamisa Zvinhu

Mano ebazu rimwe nerimwe rehurumende okuganhurira simba redzimwe hadzisi pfungwawo zvayo yedzidzo; inzira mhenyu, yokufema iyo yakadzivirira hurumende yeAmerica yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kwamazana maviri amakore. Vavambi vakanzwisisa kuti simba rakanangidzirwa rinotungamirira kuudzvinyiriri, naizvozvo vakasika gadziriro umo chinzvimbo chaizokurira simba. Bazu remitemo rinonzvera mukuru mukuru kupfurikidza noutarisiri, kusafunda, simba rechikwama, uye kusimbiswa kwezvirongwa. Mukuru mukuru wehurumende anonzvera mugaro kupfurikidza neveto, mirairo yavakuru vakuru, uye dare. Bazu rinotonga rinonzvera zvose zviri zviviri kupfurikidza nehwirudzura, kutsanangura kwomutemo, uye dziviriro yekodzero dzavanhu.

Iyi nzvero haisati ichibudirira nguva dzose; inogona kutungamirira kurwisano yapakarepo neyavara. Bva kuti kusakwanisa kunoitika kwemuitiro .Inovimbisa kuti chinjo huru dzinoda bvumirano yakafara. Sezvo [[FLT: 0] James Madison akanyora muFederalist No. 51, “Vavariro yenguva dzose ndeyokukamura nokuronga mahofisi akati wandei mu mutoo wakadaro zvokuti imwe neimwe ingava nzvero pane imwe. Nheswo yapa. Nhetembo iyi inodikanwa nokuda kwavadzidzi, vadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vanoda kuita zvine revo nehurumende yavo. Sisitemu inopfuurira kushandura seyazvinosara nhasi se 1787. Nokuda kwokurangarirazve, [FLT: FF] pamasimba anoparadzanisa, [FFF],[4]