Kutanga: Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Hurumende yeUnited States inoshanda mugadziriro yamasimba akaparadzana, yakakamurwa kuva mapazi matatu akasiana: mitemo, mutungamiriri, uye mutongi. Iri sangano, rakatangwa neBumbiro reMitemo, rinodzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi kuwana chiremera chisingadzorwi. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinoita basa rakasiyana nerinokosha mukuita pamutemo, kubva pakunyora nokutsinhirana mutemo wokusimbisa nokutsanangura. Kunzwisisa kuti mabasa aya anokosha kutsanangura kuti mitemo inoumbwa sei, inodenhwa, uye inoshandiswa. Vagadziri vebumbiro reBumbiro remitemo vaigadzira gadziriro yokuti chinzvimbo chive chinhu chamaune, chichava chibvumirano, chibvumirano, uye chinowanzokwikwikwidzana. Nyaya inonzvera kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rinobetsera sei kuita, kuumba, kuumba, kuumba, uye kutsigira mitemo inodzora nyika.

Bazu Romutemo: Muiti Womutemo Mukuru

Bazu remitemo, rakaumbwa neUnited States Congress, idare guru rokuita mitemo rehurumende yehurumende. Sezvinorondedzerwa muChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo, Congress ine simba rokuita fomu, kurukurirano, kurukurirano, uye kupfuudza mutemo. Isangano rebhiyameral, rakaumbwa nemakamuri maviri: Imba yeVamiririri neDare. Kamunhu rimwe nerimwe rine masimba akasiana nemiitiro yemitemo. Dare rinewo chiremera chikuru chokutarisira pabazu revakuru, richivimbisa kuti mitemo inoteverwa sezvinorongwa.

Imba Yavamiriri

Imba yavamiriri ikamuri hombe, nemitezo yokuvhota 435 inogoverwa pakati penyika dzakavakirwa pachiverengero chavagari vemo. Vamiriri vanobatira mashoko amakore maviri, kuchivaita kuti vazvidavirire zvakananga kudzimba dzavo dzomunzvimbomo. Imba ine mabasa akasiana anoverengeka emitemo:

  • Zvikwereti zvose zvokusimudzira mari zvinofanira kuvamba muImba, sebumbiro remitemo. Ikoku kunopa imba udzori hukuru pamutero nendyiko.
  • Chiteshi:[ Imba ine simba rimwe chete rokudzosa vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza purezidhendi, mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, uye vatongi. Kupa mhaka imhosva yapamutemo yezvakaipa, yakafanana nemhosva.
  • Kuratidzirwa kwechiverengero chavagari vemo: Nemhaka yokuti zvigaro zvakavakirwa pachiverengero chavagari vemo, Imba yakarongedzerwa kuratidza kuda kworuzhinji. Nyika huru dzine pesvedzero huru zvikuru mukamuri rino.
  • System yeCommittee: Imba inoshandisa gadziriro yedare yakasimba (muremo, Nzira neMutoo, Mirairo, Zvikarakadzo) kunzvera mutemo muudzame. Zvikwereti zvizhinji zvinofa mudare, zvichiita kuti ava vachengeti vemitumbi vane simba.

Dare

Dare inzvimbo duku, ine 100, vaviri vanobva munyika imwe neimwe, pasinei zvapo nechiverengero chavagari vemo. Masangano anobatira zvitsama zvamakore matanhatu, netatu yeDare rinokwidzwa nokuda kwokusanangurwa makore maviri ari ose. Ichi chivako chinogovera kupfuurira uye murangariro murefu zvikuru. Masimba akasiana eDare anobatanidza:

  • Kubatanidza nebvumirano: Dare rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi, kubatanidza mitezo yedare, vatongi vehurumende, nhume, uye vatongi veDare rapamusorosoro. Inobatanidzawo zvibvumirano nevoruzhinji.
  • [ Tsamba yeMatendero: Pashure peImba inoshora mukuru mukuru, Dare rinotonga. Vhoti mbiri netatu dzinodikanwa kutongera nokubvisa mukuru mukuru.
  • : Vatongi vanogona kupinda munharo dzisina kuganhurirwa kuti vanonoke kana kuti vadzikire vhoti pamitemo. Nepo nhubuster yakachinjwa munguva (imo, mutemo unoda mavhota 60 okugumisa kurukurirano), inoramba iri chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwevoruzhinji.
  • Hurumende inomirira: Hurumende iri yose ine simba rokuvhota rakaenzana muDare, ichidzivirira fariro dzenyika dzine vanhu vashomanene.

Gadziriro Yomutemo: Kubva Pabhiri Kuenda Kumutemo

Kupa mitemo muCongress kunotevera muitiro une udzame, wakawanda:

  1. Kuwedzera: Mutezo unogona kutangwa nenhengo ipi neipi yeDare mukamuri rimwe nerimwe (kunze kwemapepa emari emari, anotanga muImba). Mutengo unogoverwa nhamba uye unonongedzerwa kudare rakafanira.
  2. [[FOT:0] Committee Action: Dare rinohwirudzura, rinonyora, uye rinogona kupedza chikwereti. Varoja vangabata kutongwa ndokuunganidza chipupuriro chenyanzvi. Dare ipapo rinovhota kana richifanira kushuma mutero wacho mukamuri rakazara.
  3. Nharo dzemagakava ne Vote: Nharo dzakazara dzenhau yacho, dzinorangarira kugadziriswa, uye mavhoti. MuImba, gakava rinowanzoganhurirwa nemirau; muDare, gakava risina kuganhurirwa rinogona kuitika kutoti kukumbira kurova.
  4. [ Mamwe Mabasa eDare: Mutemo unofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana. Kazhinji kazhinji, dare redare remitezo yemisangano yedzimba dzose dziri mbiri rinoyananisa misiyano.
  5. Presidential Action: Mutongo wokupedzisira unotumirwa kupurezidhendi, uyo anogona kusaina mumutemo, kuurega kuva mutemo pasina kusaina pashure pamazuva gumi (panenge paine Congress iri murusando). Kana Congress yakabatana mukati menhambo iyoyo yezuva gumi, muromo hausati uchizova mutemo (papoctet to).
  6. Kuedza kusaziva: Congress kunogona kukurira dare rapurezidhendi nevhoti yezvitatu zviviri mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kusingawanzowaniki.

Nokuda kwoudzame hwakawanda pamuitiro wewiscrogia, shanyira mukuru mukuru .gov reconficulture police point.

Bazu Rine Chiremera: Kuchengeta uye Kupinza Mutemo

Bazu guru, rinotungamirirwa napurezidhendi, rine mutoro wokusimbisa mitemo inoitwa neCongress. Nepo purezidhendi asina chiremera chebumbiro remitemo chokuita mutemo zvakananga, bazu rinotungamirira rinoshandisa pesvedzero huru pamusoro pokuita mitemo kupfurikidza nemiitiro inoverengeka. purezidhendi anewo simba rokuumba mashandisirwe emitemo.

Simba reVeto

Chikamu I, Chikamu 7, chinoda kuti mutemo uri wose unopfuudzwa neCongress upiwe purezidhendi. purezidhendi ane mazuva gumi (kupfuudza maSvondo) okusarudza:

  • [ Chiratidzo mumutemo.
  • [ Kudzosera ku $ ndokuidzorera kuCongress nezvirambidzo. Ipapo Congress ingaedza kudzora.
  • Usaita chiito[ – kana Congress iri murusando, muganhu unova mutemo pashure pamazuva gumi pasina siginicha yapurezidhendi. Kana Congress ichivimbisa mukati menhambo iyoyo, gweta harisati riri mutemo (pocketveto).

Vti chishandiso chine simba chokuita purofiti. Kutyisidzirawo zvako kweveto kunogona kumanikidza Congress kugadziridza mutemo kuti usvitse zvinodikanwa zvapurezidhendi. Purezidhendi haana mutsetse-tem vento (mano okunyora mativi chaiwo egweta), kunze kwezvikwereti pasi pomutemo wa1996 uyo gare gare wakaziviswa kuti hauna kutongwa neDare Rapamusoro mu CTN v. City of New York.

Nhevedzo Dzine Varairidzi Nemirairidzo

Purezidhendi anogona kupa mirairo yavakuru vakuru kuti vatungamirire masangano ehurumende navakuru vakuru mukuita kwavo mutemo uripo. Nepo mirairo yavatungamiriri isiri mutemo, ivo vanotakura simba romutemo nokuda kwebazu rinotonga. Vanofanira kupiwa simba muchiremera chapurezidhendi chebumbiro remitemo kana kuti pamutemo uye vanofanira kudzokororwa nedare. Mirairo yechiremera yave ichishandiswa kushandisa mitemo pamusoro pokuchinja vanhu, murairo wemhoteredzo, chengeteko yenyika, uye maruramiro evagari vemo. Somuenzaniso, murayiro mukuru wehurumende waTruman unodzora Truman unoregeredzesa mirayiridzo yehondo naPrezidhente Biden pachinjo yemamiriro okunze enzvimbo inoshatiswa zvinoshandiswa zvikuru.

Mitemo yeAgenda Nepesvedzero

Purezidhendi anowanzotaura zvirongwa zvemitemo muState of the Union, achikarakadza zvikwereti chaizvo nezvirongwa. Bazu guru rinogona kunyora mabhiri ndokushanda navatsigiri vamasangano kuti vazvizivise. Purezidhendi anoshandisawo chikarakadzo chemari, masangano ehurumende, uye kuronga kwavose kuumba kurukurirano yemitemo. Website yeWhite House [ inochengeta zvikarakadzo zvazvino uye zviito zvoukuru.

Mutungamiriri weHurumende neDare

Mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi anobatira saPurezidhendi weDare, achivhota zvivhoti zvechisungo. . . . inobatanidza misoro yemadhipatimendi makuru (musamusa, State, Defense, Treasure)._Madhivi anobatira purezidhendi uye anoita basa guru mukushandisa mitemo. Mabharani edare rinopupurira pamberi peCongress, mutsigiri wemari yemadhipatimendindi, uye anogovera unyanzvi mukati momuitiro wemitemo.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira uye Kuhwirudzura Mutemo

Bazu rokutonga, rinoumbwa neDare Rapamusorosoro nematare ehurumende akaderera, rinodudzira mitemo uye rinovimbisa kuti inowirirana neBumbiro reMitemo. Vatongi havatangi mutemo asi vane pesvedzero huru kupfurikidza nesimba rehwirudzuro yedare. matare eFrederal anosarudza nhau negakava, achishandisa mitemo negadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo kumaidi chaiwo.

Kuvakwa Kwematare Ehurumende

Chigadzikiso chedare rehurumende chinobatanidza mwero mitatu:

  • Matare eruwa:[ matare edare anonzwa mhaka zhinjisa dzehurumende. Kune maruwa 94.
  • Kokoroti dzeKukwirira: Vanonziwo matare ematunhu, vanohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvakabva kumatare oruwa. Kune matunhu 13 (12 enharaunda neimwe Federal Ttunhu).
  • Dare reMitemo: Dare rapamusorosoro, rinoumbwa nematare mapfumbamwe. Rinonzwa zvikurukuru kukwirira kunobva kumatare edunhu kana kuti matare makurusa apo mubvunzo womubatanidzwa unobatanidzwa. Dare rinosarudza kuti imhakai yokunzwa (kuparamisa certiorari).

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Kuhwirudzura dare isimba rokuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvokutonga zvisina kuwirirana nemitemo. Iri chiremera chakatangwa muchiratidzo Marbury v. Madison, umo Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akanyora kuti "ndiro purovhinzi nebasa redare rokutonga kutaura kuti mutemo uri sei. Kubvira panguva iyeyo, Dare Rapamusoro rakabvisa pamutemo wakawanda nemirau yapamutemo. Apo Dare rinoputsa mutemo, rinoparadzwa, uye bazu remitemo rinofanira kubvisa mutemo kana kuti kuronga kudzora mutemo.

Kuhwirudzura dare kunoshanda kuzvose zviri zviviri zviito zvomutemo nezviito zvokutungamirira. Somuenzaniso, mu Project Comment Comment=Ver & Tube Co. v. Sayeyer (1952), Dare rakarova murairo waPurezidhendi Truman wokudzora kubata zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea, achitonga kuti purezidhendi akanga apfuura chiremera chake chebumbiro remitemo.

Kududzira Mitemo

Kunyange apo mitemo inenge iri pamutemo, matare anofanira kududzira revo yawo. Kupesana pamusoro pomutauro wemitemo kunogona kuraira matare kunzvera vavariro dzemitemo, nhau dzemitemo, uye zvinyorwa zvokuvaka. Uku kududzira kunogadza mipimo inotungamirira kutevedzerwa kwomunguva yemberi nokuteerera. Dare rinogona kupindura kududzira mutemo kupfurikidza nokunatsa chinangwa chawo, nenzira inobudirira kushandura kurava kwedare (hakusi chisarudzo mumhaka iyoyo).

Basa Redare Repamusorosoro Mukunyora Mitemo

Nepo isati iri muiti wemitemo mupfungwa yamagamuchidzanwa, Dare Rapamusoro rinoumba muitiro wavose kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvaro pakodzero dzavagari vemo, simba rehurumende, kutaura kwakasununguka, uye dzimwe nharaunda. Zvisarudzo zveDare kazhinji kazhinji zvinosunda Congress kuita kana kuti kuhwirudzura mirau. Somuenzaniso, pashure pokunge Dare rarovanya mativi eKodzero mu Shelby County[F:1] [FLT] [2017], Congress Congress asi haina kupfumisa mutemo mutsva wokudzorera muganhuro wePrecure. Dare rinogonawo kuita mipimo mitsva yemitemo inoshanda nenzira inobudirira [[FLD2] [FFF:] [FLT]]

Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pomuitiro wokutonga pa website yeDare repamutemo.

Makero Nedzikamo: Kuganhurira Kunoita Mapazu Mumwe Nomumwe

Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine masimba akananga anoribvumira kumanikidza vamwe, achidzivisa bazi rimwe chete kuti risadzore. Pasi apa pane mienzaniso inokosha yemashandiro anoita mapazi acho pakuitwa kwemitemo nokuchengetwa.

Kuongorora Mutungamiriri Wechechi

  • O kushata kweVito: Dare rinogona kuputsa purezidhendi nenzvimbo huru yetatu mbiri mumakamuri ose ari maviri.
  • [[[FLT: 0] Kudzidzisa: Imba inogona kushora purezidhendi; Dare rinogona kuisa mhaka ndokubvisa.
  • Simba rokusimbisa: Dare rinofanira kusimbisa vamiriri vakuru vebazu navatongi.
  • Simba rePfuma:[[FLT: 1] Congress inodzora kupiwa mari kwamasangano ose anotungamirira namapurogiramu. Inogona kuramba kuisa mari yakafanira nokuda kwezviito zvapurezidhendi.
  • [ Kutungamirira kwokusarevesa: Matare anogona kunzvera zviito zvehurumende, magwaro echiputu, uye kumanikidza chipupuriro.

Purezidhendi Anoongorora Dare

  • Veto Simba: purezidhendi anogona kuramba mutemo unopfuudzwa neDare.
  • Mirayiro Inoshanda: purezidhendi anogona kutungamirira kuti mitemo inomanikidzirwa sei, pane dzimwe nguva munzira dzinowirirana nenharidzano dzayo dzemiitiro.
  • [[FLT: 0] Simba Rokugadza: purezidhendi anogadza vatongi navakuru vakuru, achipesvedzera utungamiriri hwedare nesangano.
  • Simba rePradon: Purezidhendi anogona kupa kukanganwira mhaka dzomubatanidzwa, uko kunogona kuganhurira mano eCongress okumanikidzira mitemo youtsotsi mukurwisana navanhu vamwe navamwe.

Kuongorora Kutonga Padare naPurezidhendi

  • [[FUNDO: 0] Judicial Review: Matare anogona kuputsa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvokutungamirira zvinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo.
  • [ Kupindwa kweMitemo: Matare anorondedzera revo yemirau, achipesvedzera kushandiswa kwayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Nguva yoUpenyu:[[FLT: 1] Vatongi veFederal vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu (pamberi pomufambiro wakanaka), kuvadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuvabvumira kunzvera mamwe mapazu vari voga.

Macheki Pajeri

  • Control yeJuristion: Congress inogona kuchinja chiremera cheDare rapamusorosoro (nemiganhu yebumbiro remitemo) ndokusarudza chirongwa chematare akaderera.
  • [ Kunyoresa nokubvisa: Vatongi vanogona kutsoropodzwa neImba ndokubviswa neDare nokuda kwemhaka dzakakwirira nezvikanganiso.
  • Consitugation: Kana Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa richidudzira Bumbiro reMitemo munzira iyo Congress haibvumirani nayo, Congress inogona kukarakadza chinjo yebumbiro remitemo kuti ishandure dudziro. Ikoku kunoda matatu maviri edzimba dzose dziri mbiri nokunatsa kwezvitatu zvehurumende.
  • Kuranga nokusimbisa: Mutungamiriri anoisa vatongi, uye Dare rinovasimbisa. Ikoku kunopa pesvedzero yamapazu ezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pekuumbwa kwedare.

Nokuda kwendaza yakakwana yecheki nechiyero, ona USA.gov renzwisiso yamapazu ehurumende.

Mienzaniso Yenyika Chaiyoiyo Yokuita Mitemo Yokupindirana

Kutarisira Kusingatani Kushatiswa

Kupfuura kweAffordble Care Act (ACA) muna 2010 kunoratidzira kutambanudzwa kwakaoma pakati pamapazu. Congress yakanyoresa ndokupa mutemo pashure pekurukurirano huru, purezidhendi akaisaina, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatsigira yakawanda yayo mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (20202) apo aideredzawo kukura kweMedicaid. Zviito zvevakuru vakuru nebhajeti remari rehurumende zvakachinja ACA, zvichiratidzira kuti interbranch Confix Resolution inopfuurira.

Kushandiswa Kwokutama

Mapurezidhendi akashandisa zvirairidzo zvavakuru vakuru kuumba kuchengetwa kwekupinda munyika, zvakadai seDenerred Action for Childhood Agewals (DACA). Congress yakaedza kupfuudza chinjo yokubuda kwavose asi yakakundikana zvikuru. Dare Gurusa, mu Supreme Interfect of Homeland Security v. Regents dzeUniversity of California[[FLT] [FLT] [20]), rakatonga kuti kuedza kwekugumisa kugumisa DACA kwakanga kwakanganisa, kutumira nhau kudzokera kubazu roukuru.

Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwokunzwisisa

Muitiro wokuita mitemo muUnited States wakaoma noune, kubatanidza mapazi ose matatu ehurumende mukurukurirano inopfuurira. Masangano emitemo ebazu emitemo, mitemo yavakuru vakuru nepesvedzero, uye mutongi zvinovimbisa kuti mitemo irambe iri mumiganhu yemitemo. Iyi gadziriro yakaparadzana, yakabatanidzwa nokunzvera nokudzikamisa, inodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga oga oga uye inodzivisa udzvinyiriri. Vadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vezuva nezuva, vanonzwisisa aya mabasa anosimudzira kutora rutivi kwokuziva basa muhurumende. Kupfurikidza nokubatanidzwa nomuitiro womutemo, kuvhota, uye kugara vachiziva pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvedare, vanhu vamwe navamwe vanogona kuita kuti mitemo yavo ive inotonga rudzi. Vagadziri vemiitiro inoparira kubatanidzwa kwechiito chavanhu. Vagadziri vebasa vanoda kubatanidzwa munzanga yose kuti basa rive ribudirire kuva vagari vemunyika inovakwane.