Kunzwisisa Kuitwa Kwomutemo

Kuumbwa kwemitemo ibasa guru rehurumende pamwero uri wose. Nepo miitiro yakananga ichisiyana pakati pehurumende, nyika, uye nharaunda, miitiro yose yokuita mutemo inogoverana donzo rimwe chetero: kushandura zvinodikanwa zvavose mumitemo inodzorwa inodzora nzanga. Kunzwisisa uyu muitiro kunopa simba vagari vemo kutora rutivi mune rehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye kunobetsera vadzidzisi kudzidzisa dzidzo yevagari vemo nenzira inobudirira.

Nzira inoshandiswa pakugadzira mutemo inosanganisira matanho anokosha anoverengeka anosimbisa mutemo unenge wataurwa anoongororwa nokupiwa mashoko avose usati wava mutemo:

  • Chizvarwa nokunyora — Kuzivisa kudikanwa nokunyora rugwaro rwemitemo
  • Imba uye rederral — inogovera mari yacho nenzira yakarongwa ndokuigovera kudare
  • [[[FMT:0] Kurangarira — Kudzokororwa kwakarongwa, kunzwa, uye kugadziridzwa
  • [[[NHAU] kurukurirano yemazakwatirano nevhoti[ — kurukurirano yedare remitemo yakazara nechisarudzo
  • [[FT:0] Tsigiro inodzorwa — Zviratidzo zvikuru zvehurumende kana kuti kudzosa mari
  • [ Kuparadza nokuchengeta [ — Mutemo unovapo uye unodzorwa

Kuoma kwekuita kwacho kunoitwa nemaune — kunodzora kugadzirwa kwomutemo kuti kudzivise kukurumidza kana kuti kusarangarirwa zvakanaka kwomutemo kuti kurege kuitwa.

Gadziriro Yokugadzira Mutemo Wakabatana

Muitiro wokuita mutemo womubatanidzwa unoshanda mukati megadziriro yeBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., iro rinoisa simba remitemo muCongress. Congress isangano rebhimeyal rinoumbwa neImba yaVamiririri neDare, rimwe nerimwe rine mabasa nemiitiro zvakasiyana. Zvikwereti zvinopfuura 10 000 zvinopinzwa muChibvumirano chamakore maviri chaiwoiwo, asi chikamu chiduku bedzi — kazhinji kazhinji chisati chiri 5 muzana — chinova mutemo.

Kutanga uye Kuzodzoka

Mudare, mukuru mukuru wedare anofanira kuzivikanwa kuti azivise mutezo wacho kuti ape mutongo. Paunozongotanga, mutengi wacho unozopiwa nhamba, unodhindwa, uye unonongedzera kudare rakakodzera rakavakirwa panhau yaro nedare reparamende.

Kuongorora kweDare uye Kucherechedza

Matare ndiwo anoitirwa basa gurusa pamusoro pomutemo. dare rimwe nerimwe rine chiremera panharaunda dzakati dzemiitiro. Somuenzaniso, House Ways and Act Committee inobata mutemo wemitero, nepo Dare reSamente Foreign Relations rinotarisira zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose. Mukati mokunzvera kwedare, mitezo inotonga apo nyanzvi dzehurumende, vakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye vachengeti vemitengo vanopa ufakazi. Pashure pokutongwa, dare rinoita rusando rwokuchengeta apo mitezo inokarakadza nokuvhota mira mitero isati yasarudza kana ichashuma zvakanaka mutenzi womuimba yakazara.

Matare anogonawo kuuraya mutengo kupfurikidza nokungokundikana kuita chiito pauri — jambwa rinowira mitemo yakawanda inokarakadzwa. Iri simba rokuchengeta suo rinoita kuti migove yedare ive inopesvedzera zvikuru mumuitiro wemitemo. Nokuda kwokunzvera kune udzame pamutemo wehurumende unoshingaira, Conerfet.gov shopu yesakhi yeramende inogovera kurochara kwapanguva chaiyo kwezvikwereti zvose nezviito zvedare.

Nharo Dzakanaka Nezvirongwa Zvokuita

Kana bhoti rangoshumwa kubva kudare, rinofanira kurongerwa kurangarirwa. MuImba, Dare reMitemo rinogadza mipimo yekurukurirano kupfurikidza nokuisa mutemo unosarudza kuti gakava richagara kwenguva yakareba sei uye kuti nderipi ringagadziriswa. MuDare, gakava rinowanzova risina kuganhurirwa kutoti kukumbira kuvhota kwevatatu, uko kunoganhurira kuimwe kurukurirano kusvikira kumaawa 30.

Kunyange zvazvo vanhu vakawanda varipo uye vachivhota, nyaya dzakati — dzakadai sokusabvumirana uye kudavira — dzinoda kutorerwa mhaka huru.

Kuyanana Pakati Pemahofisi

Kana Imba neDare zvikapfuudza shanduro dzakasiyana, dare remusangano rinoumbwa nemitezo yedzimba dzose dziri mbiri rinosangana kuti riyananise misiyano. Mushumo unovapo somubatanidzwa unofanira ipapo kutenderwa nemakamuri ose ari maviri pasina kugadziriswazve. Uyu muitiro weyananiso unogona kuva unokakavadzana, zvikurukuru pamutemo mukuru wakadai sezvikwereti zvemari uye chinjo dzezvoutano.

Chiito Chapurezidhendi

Pashure pokunge makamuri ose ari maviri aita mutemo wakafanana, mari yacho inoendeswa kuPurezidhendi, uyo ane zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka:

  • Chiratidzo chemutengo [ — Chinova mutemo pakarepo kana kuti musi unoshanda wakaratidzwa
  • Mutengo [ — Purezidhendi anoudzorera kuCongress nokuramba; Congress inogona kukurira kuvhota kwavazhinjisa muimba imwe neimwe nezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu
  • Tsaona mutemo kuva mutemo pasina kusaina — Kana Purezidhendi asingaiti chiito mukati mamazuva 10 apo Congress inenge iri murusando, mutemo unova mutemo woga
  • [[FOLT:0] Pocket vento — Kana Congress ichiwirirana mukati menhambo yezuva 10, mutengo hausati uchizova mutemo

Simba reveto rinopa Purezidhendi pesvedzero huru papurogiramu dzemitemo. Maererano nemashoko anobva kuAmerican Presidentipace Project, purezidhendi chifo chaGeorge Washington akabudisa mavetoe enguva dzose anopfuura 2 500, ane inenge 7 muzana yaavo vanoshaikwa neCongress.

Kugadzira Mutemo Wehurumende

Hurumende dzinoshanda mubumbiro remitemo radzo dzimene nemitemo, izvo zvinowanzoratidzira chimiro chehurumende apo zvichibatanidza mativi akasiyana. Nyika iri yose kunze kweNebraska ine chigaro chemitemo chebimadral chinoumbwa neimba yakaderera neimba yapamusoro. Nebraska inoshandisa mutezo wehunimeral, usiri weparati. Muitiro wokuita mutemo unogoverana zvakawanda nemuitiro wehurumende asi unoratidzirawo tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika netsika dzamagamuchidzanwa ehurumende imwe neimwe.

Chiito cheBhirisimasi uye cheDare

Vaiti vemitemo vehurumende vanotanga zvikwereti mudzimba dzavo. Vhoriyamu yemitemo inosiyana zvikuru nehurumende — California inowanzoona zviuru zvemabhiri anotangwa rusando rumwe norumwe, nepo nyika duku dzingarangarira bedzi mazana mashomanene. Semugadziriro yehurumende, matare anoita basa guru mukuhwirudzura mutemo, kuchengeta matare, uye kuita rumbidzo. Nyika dzakawanda dzinoda kutaura kwemiuyo nokuda kwezvikwereti izvo zvingada kudhura zvikuru.

Nharo Dzakaoma Nedzokuchinja

Miitiro yemitemo yehurumende nokuda kwekurukurirano youriri inosiana zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika dzinotevera mitemo yakarongwa yakafanana neCongress, nepo dzimwe dzichishanda zvisina kurongwa zvikuru. Nyika zhinji dzinoda zvikwereti kuti zviravirwe pamazuva matatu akaparadzana pamberi pechikamu chokupedzisira, tsika inodzokera shure kumuitiro weparamende yeEngland. Kugadziridzwa kwemitemo kunogona kupiwa pauriri, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyika dzichiganhurira kugadziridzo kune avo vanowirirana nenhau yepepa.

Basa raGavhuna

Kana rugwaro rwapfuura namakamuri ose ari maviri, runotumirwa kumubati kuti atenderwe; vabati vose vane simba rokuisa chiratidzo kana kuraira, asi mashoko akatsaurwa anosiana;

  • Throse — Gavhuna anoramba mutengo wose
  • Mumutsetse-inhuru wiroto — magavhuna akawanda anogona kubudisa mashoko chaiwo kana kuti gadziriro mukati megweta pasina kuramba chiyero chose. Simba iri rinozivikanwa navose munyika asi haripo pamwero womubatanidzwa
  • [[FOLT:0] Pocket vento — Vamwe vatongi vanogona kuuraya mutemo kupfurikidza nokuita chiito pashure pevanobatira dare

Masangano ehurumende anogona kukunda zvikuru gibernonatorial vetoes nevhoti mbiri kana kuti nhatu-hiti, kuchitsamira pabumbiro remitemo. Conferenceal of State Legislatures inogovera mitengo yakakwana inoenzanisa miitiro yemitemo munyika dzose 50.

Kuchinja Kunoshamisa Kwehurumende

Nyika dzinoverengeka dzakagamuchira mativi echienzi anosiyanisa miitiro yadzo yokuita mutemo nomuenzaniso womubatanidzwa:

  • Initum nehesteresum — inopfuura nyika 20 inobvumira vagari vemo kukarakadza mitemo zvakananga kupfurikidza nokutanga kupfuudza mabhii, kufuratira mutezo wedare. Uyu muitiro unobatanidza kuunganidza nhamba yakatarwa yezvikumbiro uye ipapo kuisa mwero nokuda kwevhoti yavose
  • Mibatanidzwa yehwirudzuro — Dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa masangano akazvimirira, panzvimbo pevaiti vemitemo, kunyora maruwa emitemo
  • gadza gadziriro[ — Nyika zhinji dzinoda mitemo yakati namasangano kuti zvipere pashure penhambo yakatarwa kutoti kana mutezo wemitemo uchidzosazve urongwa hwehurumende, uchimanikidzira kuhwirudzurwa kwenhambo nenhambo
  • chinja mirayiro yomutemo — United States inobatani kupfurikidza neUNITED Law Commission kuumba mutemo womuenzaniso unogona kugamuchirwa zvakafanana mumativi ose, ichisimudzira kusachinjana munharaunda dzakafanana nomutemo wezvekutengeserana nomutemo wemhuri

Kugadzira Mutemo Munzvimbo Yacho

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo — kubatanidza maguta, maruwa, mataundi, uye maruwa chaiwo — dzinoita mitemo inozivikanwa seMirairo. Nepo mwero wacho uri muduku zvikuru kudarika kugadzira mutemo wehurumende kana kuti wehurumende, mutemo womunzvimbomo unotapura zvakananga upenyu hwevagari vemo zuva nezuva munharaunda dzakadai sedzimba, zvokufambisa, chengeteko yavose, uye kushandiswa kwenzvimbo. Kugadzirwa kwemitemo kwomunzvimbomo kunowanzova nyore zvikuru kuvagari vemo, nemisangano yenzanga inogovera nzira dzakananga dzokuwana nadzo mashoko.

Kufamba Kwemvura

Muitiro wokuita mitemo yomunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji unotevera iyi nhevedzano:

  • projekiti — mukuru mukuru akasarudzwa womunzvimbomo, mutezo wavashandi vehurumende, kana kuti mugari wemo anokarakadza mutemo. Nzvimbo zhinji dzinobvumira vagari kukumbira mitemo zvakananga.
  • [ Kuhwirudzura [ — vashandi veHurumende vanonzvera mutemo unokarakadzwa nokuda kwokubvuma kwapamutemo, simba remitemo, uye tsinhirano nemitemo iripo. Madhipatimendi okuronga, madhipatimendi emitemo, uye madhipatimendi ezvemari anowanzobetsera kuiyi hwirudzuro
  • Kunzwa kwechiPublic — Kutonga kwapachena kunoitirwa, zvikurukuru mukati medare reguta kana kuti musangano wenyika. Vagari vanogona kupupurira mumunhu, kupa tsinhiro dzakanyorwa, kana kuti kutora rutivi mumitezo yepaIndaneti
  • Kutanga kurava[ — Mutemo unotangwa nenzira yetsika ndokuraviwa zvinonzwika, kunyange zvazvo nzvimbo zhinji zvino dzichishatisa kurava kwakazara nokuda kwenhau dzenguva dzose
  • Kurava nokuvhota [ — Mutemo unodzoserwa nokuda kwevhoti yokupedzisira, kazhinji kazhinji pamusangano wakatevera. Mitumbi mizhinjisa yemitemo yomunzvimbomo inoda voruzhinji vakapfava nokuda kwokupfuudzwa, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nhau — dzakadai sechinjo dzinorongwa kana kuti nhau dzechisungo — dzingada kuva nohukurusa
  • mvumo yeMayora kana kuti yemukuru mukuru — Kana nzvimbo yacho ine meya kana kuti mukuru mukuru wenyika, mukuru mukuru iyeyo anowanzoratidzira kana kuti kudzosa mutemo

Mitemo Yomunzvimbomo

Mitemo yomunharaunda yacho ine misoro yakawanda ine chokuita noupenyu hwezuva nezuva.Mitemo inowanzoitwa inosanganisira:

  • Kushandisa nokushandisa nzvimbo [ — mirau inodzora zvinhu, uriri hwakakwirira, utsi, uye mhinganidzo
  • [ Utano hwePublic nekotsekano[[FT: 1] — kodi dzokuvaka, zvinonyorwa zvemoto, mitemo yechengeteko yezvokudya, uye mitemo yeruzha
  • Kugamuchira uye kubvumidza — marezenisi ebhizimisi, marezenisi edoro, uye kubvumidza zvinodikanwa zvokuvaka nezvinoitika
  • Traffic nepark — ganhuriro dzekumhanya, ganhuriro dzokupaka, uye kuiswa kwezviratidzo zvomumugwagwa
  • [ mirau yetsika — kutarisirwa kweZuva, kuchengetedza mvura, uye kudzorwa kweshatiso yomunzvimbomo
  • [[[FRAT:0] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [[[[N.I]

Kukosha Kwokutonga Kwenharaunda

Hurumende yomunzvimbomo inowanzonzi mwero wehurumende iri pedyosa navanhu, uye nokuda kwechikonzero chakanaka. Mitemo yomunzvimbomo inogona kugadzirirwa kusvitsa zvinodikanwa chaizvo nezvinodikanwa zvenzanga imwe neimwe. Mutemo wokuronga unoshanda zvakanaka munharaunda yomumaruwa ungava usina kukodzera chose nokuda kwenharaunda yeguta rakakura, uye kugadzirwa kwomutemo kwomunzvimbomo kunobvumira muganhu mumwe nomumwe kumitemo inowirirana nemigariro yayo yechienzi.

Kugadzira mutemo kwomunzvimbomo kunogoverawo mikana inokosha yokudzidza vadzidzi. Misangano mizhinji yehurumende yomunzvimbomo yakazarukira vanhu uye inodirana paIndaneti, ichiita kuti zvive nyore kuti makirasi achengete muitiro wemitemo inoshanda. Gadziriro dzedzidzo dzeCBICO dzinobatanidzwa nehurumende yomunzvimbomo dzinobetsera vadzidzi kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inotapura sei migariro yavo vamene uye kuti vanogona sei kutora rutivi mukuumba mitemo iyoyo. USA.gov rall yehurumende yomunzvimbomo inogovera mibato yokuwana nokuonana navakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo uye kusangana.

Kubatsira Kunoita Vagari Vemo Kuita Mutemo

Kutora rutivi muvagari vomunyika kunokosha kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inoshanda, uye kune mikana yakawanda yokuti vanhu nemasangano vapesvedzere kuita mutemo pamwero uri wose wehurumende.

Kutora Rutivi Chakananga Mitoo

Vagari vemo vanogona kuita zvakananga muitiro wemitemo nenzira dzinoverengeka:

  • Kusangana navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa — Kunyora, kudana, kana kuti kutumira tsamba kuti varatidze tsigiro kana kuti chishoro kuzvinyorwa zvakati
  • Kuedza pakutonga — Kupa chipupuriro chinotaurwa kana kuti chakanyorwa mukati mekutonga kwedare uye misangano yavose
  • Kupa tsinhiro munhambo dzavose — masangano akawanda ehurumende anogamuchira tsinhiro dzavose pamirau inokarakadzwa isati yapedzwa
  • Kuvhota musarudzo — Vatongi vanopa murairo zvinoiswa pakutanga zvetsika yomunhu ndiwo mutoo wapakuvamba zvikurusa wokutora rutivi
  • Kubatira pamapuranga namabasa — Hurumende dzakawanda dzomunzvimbomo nehurumende dzine mabhodhi okuzvipira ehurumende anopa zano pamusoro penhau dzemiitiro dzinovambira pakuronga kusvikira kumapaki kusvikira kukuchengetedzwa kwenhau

Kudzidzisa Kwakarongwa

Vagari vemo vazhinji vanopesvedzera kuita mutemo kupfurikidza namapoka akarongwa ezvoufundisi, masangano enyanzvi, uye masangano anonzvera mutemo, anodzidzisa mitezo yavo pamusoro pezvikwereti zvinomirira kufa, uye anounganidza midzi yetsigiro kana kuti chishoro. Kudzora kunoda kunzwisisa kuti muitiro wemitemo unoshanda sei uye kuvakwa kwoukama navagadziri vakuru vezvisarudzo. Nepo kutsigira pamwero yose yehurumende kuchifanira kuziviswa uye kudikanwa kwetsika, kunoramba kuri mutoo wapamutemo uye unoshandiswa zvikuru nokuda kwemapoka kumirira fariro dzawo mumuitiro.

Kushandisa Ruzivo Kutsaudzira Mitemo

Ruzivo rwazvino uno rwakaita kuti zvive nyore zvikuru kuti vagari vemo varonge mitemo uye vatore rutivi mumuitiro womutemo. Mawebsite emitemo ehurumende anogovera mapepa anosechwa anoshanda ezvikwereti, marusando zvedare, uye mapepa okuvhota. Vakawanda vanopa makombiyuta okungwarira eemail ayo anozivisa apo mabhiri chaiwo anoziviswa kana kuti akarongwa nokuda kwokunzwa. Kutanga kwehurumende kwakatungamirira kukuumbwa kwemaapps emotokari na APIs anoita kuti mibatanidzwa yemitemo yemitemo iwadhiropu yapamutemo iwande kuvavatsi navanzveri. Platformations dzakaita kuti dziwanike vagadziri navatsvakurudzi. PLTs . OpenterFFF:1] uye-palm counterlations references refeal refectivessssssssssssssss dzinobvumira vagaricativeripuase, kuona kuti vamiriridziridziri vate, vamiriridziridziri vavo,

mhedziso

Muitiro wokuita mutemo pamwero yomubatanidzwa, yehurumende, uye yomunzvimbomo wakarongedzerwa kuva wamaune, anojeka, uye anogamuchira kuda kwavanhu. Nepo miitiro yakananga ichisiyana mumativi ose, nheyo huru dzehwirudzuro yedare, kurukurirano, kuvhota, uye tendero yavakuru vakuru dzinoramba dziripo. Kunzwisisa iyi miitiro inokosha nokuda kwokuvimbisana kwehurumende kunobudirira uye nokuda kwokudzidzisa vadzidzi kuti hurumende yavo inoshanda sei.

Vadzidzisi vanobatsira vadzidzisi kuti vazive kuti kubvumiranisa mitemo nemitemo kunokosha, uye kuti vazive kuti mitemo haisi mitemo inotevedzerwa asi kuti vanhu vakaumbwa nevezvematongerwo enyika.

Ungave uri mudzidzi anodzidza pamusoro pehurumende kwenguva yokutanga, mudzidzisi achitsvaka nzira dzokudzidzisa nadzo vanhu vomunyika, kana kuti mugari wemo anotsvaka kuita kuti inzwi rako rinzwiwe, achinzwisisa kuti mitemo inosikwa sei iri nhano yokutanga kukutora rutivi kune revo muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Muitiro wacho ungava wakaoma zvikuru, asi uchiri mutoo unobudirira zvikurusa watinawo wokushandura nawo mipimo yavose kuva mitemo inotungamirira upenyu hwedu pamwe chete.