Chimiro chehurumende yeUnited States igadziriro yamaune uye yakasanogadziridzwa yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa kuiswa kwesimba muchinhu chipi nechipi. Sezvinorondedzerwa muBumbiro remitemo, simba rakakamurwa pakati pamapazu matatu akaenzana: Mutemo, Chirevo, uye Chirevo. Uku kuparadzana kwemasimba, kwakatangira mumipimo yeNyereso nezvinyorwa zveMontesquieu, kwakanga kuri kuita kwakananga kuvarwi vehurumende yeBritain. Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vakatsvaka kugadzira hurumende ingagona kushanda zvinobudirira apo inochengeta rusununguko rwomunhu. Kunzwisisa mitoro, mitoro, uye kupfuudzira kwebazu rimwe nerimwe hakusati kuri bedzi chidzidzo chehurumende; zivo inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kutora rutivi rune rehurumende inosarudzwa. Vadzidzi navadzidzi vanonzwisisa, vanonzwisisa kuva varadziridzi vounzi, kugadziridza kukwanisa kunzvera zviitiko zvavo, kunzvera zviitiko, kurangarira zviitiko zvavo, uye kuzvidavirira muhurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Bazu Romutemo: Injini Yokuita Mitemo

Gwende reMitemo, rakaumbwa muChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo, iwirirano yakananga zvikurusa pakati pavanhu nehurumende yavo. Basa raro guru nderokuita mitemo yenyika. Zvisinei, basa raro rinotambanuka kupfuura mutemo wakapfava; ibazu reCongress, rakapiwa basa nemirariro, utariri, uye simba rechikwama. Chivako chebazu rino, chakakamurwa kuva makamuri maviri, chakanga chiri kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pakati penyika huru neduku, chinozivikanwa seKubvumirana Kukuru.

Dare Guru Guru Rematare

Imba Yavamiriri

Kazhinji kazhinji inonzi "imba yepasi," Imba yaVamiririri yakagadzirwa kuva nzvimbo iri pedyosa navanhu. Vamiriri vanobatira zvisakiso zvamakore maviri uye vanosarudzwa zvakavakirwa pavagari vemo vehurumende, mumwe nomumwe achimirira ruwa rwakati rwemitemo. Nemhaka yemashoko avo mapfupi, vamiririri vanogamuchira zvikuru kuitiro hanya dzapakarepo dzavo. Imba ine masimba akananga: inovamba zvikwereti zvose zvemari (mutero nokushandisa) uye ine simba rimwe rokusatendera vakuru vakuru vehurumende vomubatanidzwa. Nemitezo 435 yevhotera, iboka guru uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji rinodzora zvikamu zvavo zvemitemo kupfurikidza neDare.

Dare

Dare, mukupesana, i "imba inofambiswa napamberi" uye yakagadzirirwa kuva inopa ganhuriro zvikuru neyakatsiga. Nyika imwe neimwe, pasinei zvapo navagari vemo, inotumira vaSenator vaviri, avo vanobatira mashoko amakore matanhatu. Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti nyika duku dzine inzwi rakaenzana muhurumende yehurumende. Vatongi vadzori nemirairo mirefu inobvumira vaSanita kutora mativi ose, nguva refu-refu. Dare rinova namasimba akasiana: rinopa zano nebvumirano pakugadzwa kwapurezidhendi (g., mabhii, vatongi vehurumende, vamirimo, vatongi, vamiriri vemibatanidzwa) uye rinofanira kubatirawo savatongi mumiedzo. procester, anowedzera kurangarirazve, sechibvumirano.

Mibato yeKiyi yadzidzwa

  • Muitiro womutemo: Murau unofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana usati wagona kutumirwa kuPurezidhendi. Inotanga sepfungwa, inotangwa nenhengo, inogoverwa kudare rokupa nokunzwa, ipapo inokakavadzana nokuvhota panzvimbo yakazara. Kana ipfuurirwa, inoenda kune imwe kamuri, apo muitiro wakafanana unoitika. Kupesana kunopedzwa mudare redare resonga, uye muromo wokupedzisira unoenda kuna Purezidhendi.
  • Kupasa nokuedza:[[FLT: 1] Congress inotarira bazu guru kupfurikidza nokutongwa kwedare, kunzvera, uye zvikumbiro zvemagwaro. Uku kutarisira kunovimbisa kuti mitemo inoitwa seyakarongwa uye kuti dare rinoramba rine mutoro. Mienzaniso isingacherechedzwi inobatanidza kufeyafeta kweWatergate, Iran-Contate, uye mibvunzo yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi muzviito zvehurumende.
  • Simba rePumheswo: Hapana mari inogona kupedzwa nehurumende pasina mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress. Iri simba pamusoro pokuronga mari yehurumende rinopa Congress simba rinokosha pamusoro pezvoukuru hweBazu reBazu. Muitiro wemari yegore negore, kunyange zvazvo kazhinji kazhinji uchikakavara, ndiwo mutoo mukuru umo Congress anotungamirira nawo muitiro wenyika.
  • Mitezo yeChibvumirano neyamaKostatitue inoshanda sebatano pakati pevagari vemo vamwe navamwe nehurumende huru yehurumende. Inobetsera mativi ane nhau dzine chokuita neRusununguko rwenzanga, betsero dzavarwi, uye nhau dzokubuda, kuita kuti bazu remitemo risvike uye ribvume pamwero womunhu oga.

Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pomuitiro wewiscrogist pa Corer. gov website.

Bazu Rine Chiremera: Mumanikidzi uye Mutungamiriri

Bazu roMutungamiriri, rinorondedzerwa muChikamu II cheBumbiro reMitemo, rine mutoro wokusimbisa mitemo inopiwa neCongress. Purezidhendi anobatira vose vari vaviri somusoro wehurumende uye mukuru mukuru wehurumende, anoshandisa nhevedzano yamasimba anotambanukira kutopfuura kuchengetwa kwomutemo. Bazu razvino uno isangano guru rokutarisira, rinobatanidza vashandi vanopfuura mamirioni mana, kubatanidza vashandi vehondo, uye kutarisira mabasa ezuva nezuva ehurumende yehurumende.

Purezidhendi naMutungamiriri weHurumende

Purezidhendi anosarudzwa makore mana ari ose kupfurikidza neElectoral College, gadziriro inogadzirirwa kudzikamisa vhoti rakakurumbira nomufananidzo wenyika. Mutungamiriri weSanihe anosarudzwa patikiti rimwe chetero uye anobatira saPurezidhendi weDare, achivhota zvisungo zvinoparadza. Mutungamiriri weSaka roUrezidhendi anorambawo akagadzirira kutora nzvimbo yePurezidhendi kana pakaitika rufu rwaPurezidhendi, kurega basa, kana kuti kuisa mupeta.

Mibato yeKiyi yadzidzwa

  • Kumanikidzirwa kweMitemo: Purezidhendi anovimbisa kuti mitemo yehurumende ino "itwa nokutendeka" ikoku kunobatanidza kutungamirira gadziriro huru yehurumende, kubatanidza masangano akafanana neBato reRuramisiro, Department of Homeland Security, uye Environmental Protection Agency, kushandisa nokumanikidzira mitemo.
  • Muteveri woMutezo woMutezo woMutezo wePurofesa : Muvaki mukuru wemiitiro yokumwe yokuAmerica. Purezidhendi anotaurirana zvibvumirano (zvinoda Dare kusimbiswa), anogadza nhume, uye anomirira nyika mumisangano yemibatanidzwa. Zvibvumirano zvine chiremera, nepo zvisingadi tendero yeDare, zvinoitawo basa rinokosha muukama hwamarudzi ose.
  • Murairo woungwaru: Somutungamiriri-mutungamiriri wamauto akashongedzerwa, Purezidhendi ane chiremera chokutungamirira mabasa ehondo, mauto anoiswa muhondo, uye anopindura tyisidziro dzorudzi. Nepo Congress bedzi ichigona kuzivisa hondo, Mapurezidhendi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anoshandisa uto rehondo pasina ziviso yapamutemo, nhau yekurukurirano yebumbiro remitemo inopfuurira.
  • Simba rokugadza: Purezidhendi anogadza zviuru zvavakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza mitezo yeCabinet, vatongi vehurumende (kubatanidza vatongi veDare Rapamusorosoro), uye nhume. Uku kugadza, kunoda kusimbiswa kweDare, kuumba nhungamiro yetsika nedare kwemakumi amakore.
  • Mirairo inorevesa nePardons: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kupa mirairo yehurumende kutungamirira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende pasina mutemo mutsva. Iyi mirairo inofanira kuvakirwa pamutemo uripo kana kuti chiremera chebumbiro remitemo chaPurezidhendi. Simba rinokanganwira rinobvumira Purezidhendi kupa ruramiso nokuda kwemhosva dzomubatanidzwa, chishandiso chine simba nokuda kweruramisiro nengoni.

Kabhinati uye Utongi Hwehurumende Hunotonga Vanhu

Dare rinoumbwa naVice Purezidhendi navakuru vakuru 15 vemadhipatimendi makuru, vakadai seHurumende, Defense, Treaty, uye University and Human Services. Iyi mireza (kana kuti Athorney General yeRuramisiro) inogadzwa naPrezidhendi ndokusimbiswa neDare. Hurumende inobatanidza mazana amasangano namasangano anoita mabasa akati, kubva pakutungamirira misika yemari (SEC) kuenda kukunzvera nzvimbo (NASA). Iyi hurumende inowanzova chipfuro chokutsoropodza, bva inokosha nokuda kwokushandisa mitemo yazvino uno unooma.

Nokuda kwokutarisisa kwakadzama sangano rebazu ravakuru vakuru, shanyira peji rehurumende reWhite House.

Bazu Rokutonga: Mutsigiri Nomutongi

Bhazi Rokutonga, rakaumbwa muChikamu III cheBumbiro reMitemo, idemokramende duku yezvitatu, asi harisati riri basa guru. Basa raro guru kutsanangura mitemo ndokuivimbisa kuti inoshandiswa nenzira isingachinjiki uye isingasarumbidzwi. Dare Guru rinomira pavukuru hwejaji rehurumende, nesimba rokuongorora, richiigonesa kupedza mitemo nezviito zvechiremera zvinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Iri simba harina kunyorwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo asi rakasimbiswa nenhau yemabumbiro remitemo [[FT: 0]] Mathrybury. Madison [FL: 1] (1183]

Kuvakwa Kwematare Ehurumende

Gadziriro yedare rehurumende iboka ravafundisi rine mapoka matatu:

  • Dare rePricial: Kune matare 94 eruwa munyika yose, achibatira sematare okutonga enhau dzenhau zhinjisa dzehurumende, kubatanidza nhau dzoutsotsi nedzehurumende. Majeri navatongi vanoshanda pano kupedza nharo.
  • Dare reKukwirira: matare 13 ezvikumbiro anonzwa zvikumbiro zvinobva kumatare oruwa mukati moudzori hwawo hwenzvimbo. Haaiti kutonga kutsva; panzvimbo pezvo, nzvimbo dzamatare anohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvezvikanganiso zvapamutemo. Idzi matare kazhinji kazhinji ishoko rokupedzisira pamhaka dzakawanda dzomubatanidzwa, sezvo Dare Rapamusorosoro rinonzwa chikamu chiduku bedzi.
  • Dare rapamusoro-soro: Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa munyika, rinoumbwa neRumbidzo pfumbamwe (kubatanidza ruramisiro imwe). Dare rine chiremera chapakuvamba mumhaka shomanene dzisingawanzoitiki (g., gakava pakati pemitezo) uye chiremera pamusoro pemimwe mitongo yose yehurumende nehurumende inobatanidza pamutemo. Dare rinosarudza nhau kupfurikidza ne yapamberi yechipfupi, richida kuti zvinenge zvina ruramisiro zvibvumirane kubvumirana kuti zvinzwe nhau.

Mibato yeKiyi yadzidzwa

  • [[FLT: 0] Jodicial Review: Simba rokuzivisa mutemo kana kuti chiito chebasa risingatsiviwi. Iyi ndiyo nzvero yapadare yamasimba makuru pane mamwe mapazu. Mienzaniso inobatanidza [[[FLT:]] Brown v. Komiti yeDzidzo [54], iyo yakarovanya dzinza muzvikoro, uye [[FLT: 4.] Roe v. [[FLT:]][5] [77]]), iyo yakaziva pamutemo kubvisa pamuviri.
  • Sta translatey transfer: Matare anodudzira revo yemirau inopiwa neCongress. Kana mutauro womutemo usiri kujeka, matare anotarira kuvavariro dzemitemo, muenzaniso, uye zvimwe midziyo kusarudza kuti mutemo unoshanda sei kumaidi chaiwo.
  • Tsogolo: matare eFederal anopedza gakava pakati pehurumende, pakati pehurumende nehurumende, uye pakati pavanhu vanobva kunyika dzakasiyana. Dzinobatawo nhau dzinobatanidza mutemo wehurumende, kubhuroka kwoushanyi, uye mutemo wematoisi.
  • Kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzavanhu vamwe navamwe: Bhishopi yekodzero dzavanhu nedzimwe gadziridzo dzebumbiro remitemo inovimbisa rusununguko runokosha. matare anobatira sedziviriro mukurwisana nehurumende inonyengedzwa, anodzivirira maruramiro akadai sokutaura kwakasununguka, rusununguko rworudzidziso, muitiro wakafanira, uye dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo.

Terendora nhau yeDare Gurusa nezvisarudzo panzvimbo ye yedare reShountain Supreme .

Makemikari Nedzikamo: Muitiro Wokudzorana

Unyanzvi hweBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States hahusi mukukamuranisa simba chete asi mukupa bazu rimwe nerimwe mutoo wokudzivisa nawo kudzongonyedzwa navamwe. Gadzi rino rechekero nedzikamo rinodzivisa bazu ripi neripi kudzora hurumende. Ndaza inotevera nemienzaniso zvinoratidzira nhevedzano:

Mienzaniso Yokuongorora uye Yedzikamo Inoshanda

  • Nzvero dzeChibvumirano pa Huru hweChirevo:[[FT:1]
    • GURERT inogona kukunda purezidhendi nevoruzhinji vari mumakamuri ose ari maviri.
    • Dare rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi uye rinokodzera zvibvumirano.
    • Congress inodzora kupa mari kwehurumende (simba rechikwama chacho).
    • Congress inogona kubvisa Purezidhendi wacho.
    • Dare repamutemo rinogona kuumba madhipatimendi nemasangano ehurumende.
  • [ Kushanda Kunzvera Pamutemo:[[FT:1]
    • Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kupfuudza mari yechikwereti neCongress.
    • Purezidhendi anogona kudana kuti Congress kuti purogiramu chaiyo.
    • Mutungamiriri weSanihesi anoshanda saPurezidhendi weDare uye anogona kuvhota kuti zvisave nyore.
  • [[NHAU] .[NU] Judicial Cheki paMutemo napabumbiro remitemo:[[FT:1]
    • Dare rapamusoro rinogona kuzivisa mitemo isingawirirani nemitemo (hwirudzuro yemitemo).
    • Vatongi vehurumende, vakambosimbiswa, vanobatira kugadza kwoupenyu hwose, vachivadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.
    • Matare anogona kutonga kuti zviito zvokutungamirira zvinopfuura chiremera chebumbiro remitemo.
  • . . . . . . . . .
    • Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vomubatanidzwa, nesimbiso yeDare.
    • Pakatangwa Dare Repamusorosoro (kunyange zvazvo rakamiswa pa969.)
    • Dare reHurumende rinogona kuronga kuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo kuti ripfuure zvisarudzo zveDare Repamusorosoro.
    • Dare repamutemo rinogona kubvisa vatongi vehurumende.

Iyi mitongo haisati iri yefungidziro chete. Zviitiko zvenhau zvinobatanidza Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt's yakakundikana kuedza ku "pack" Dare Rapamusorosoro muna 1937 pashure pokunge raparadza mapurogiramu eNew Deact. Purezidhendi Richard Nixon's muna 1974 akaratidzira simba routariri hwemitemo nedzingabvira kupiwa chiremera. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro reDare mu Transment of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California[[FLT] [200] [20]) akanzverazve murairo wokutungamirira vatamikishoni vehurumende, nepose yashandisazve simba rarokugadzirwa nechikwama chechikwama charo.

Kupedzisa: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwokunzwisisa Mapazi

Mapazu matatu ehurumende yeUnited States haasi matsigiri akasiana asi anotsamirana pagadziriro imwe, yakadzikama. Mapazu eGalislative Branch anoita mitemo, Bazu Rinodzora rinoaita kuti atsive, uye Bazu reRejaji rinoadudzira. Gadzi recherekedzo nedzikamo rinova nechokwadi chokuti simba rine simba, rinokwikwikwidzwa, uye pakupedzisira rinozvidavirira kuvanhu. Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi, vanonzwisisa masimba aya ari madikanwa kuti anzwisise sei mutemo unoumbwa, kuti kodzero dzinodzivirirwa sei, uye kuti kuchinja kunoitika sei. Munhambo inowedzera yokuchinja kwezvamatongerwe enyika nechiito chikuru, zivo yegadziriro yemitemo inosimba rinopa simba kubetsera vagari vemo, kuraira kuzvidavirira nenzira inovaka, uye kudzivirira nheyo dzoruzhinji padzinoumbwa nenyika. Kufunda mapazuru, tinodzidza kusadzidza kuti hurumende inoshanda sei, asi tinokwanisa kuita sei zvose.