Kuparadzana Kwesimba: Fandesheni Yehurumende Yechido Chose yeAmerica

Hurumende yeUnited States inoshanda panheyo inoisiyanisa nedzimwe gadziriro dzakawanda dzokutonga munyika yose: kuparadzana kwemasimba. Iri purogiramu, rakasimbiswa muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., rinokamura chiremera chehurumende pakati pamapazu matatu akasiyana: Mapazu Makuru, Gurukuro, uye Gadziriro. Donzo guru reiyi boka nderokudzivisa kuiswa kwesimba muchinhu chimwe nechimwe, dziviriro yaMadzibaba Vanowanwa vanonzi vanokosha mukudzivirira rusununguko. Kupfurikidza nokugovera mabasa akasiyana - siyana kumapazu akasiana uye kuparira miitiro nokuda kwemamwe, gadziriro inoparira rwisano inoita kurangarira, kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, uye kuzvidavirira. Kunzwisisa ukoshi hwechienzi hwebazu rimwe nerimwe nerimwe uye kuwirirana sei kuri madikanwa kunzwisisa kuti mabasa echiAmerica anorevoruzhinji.

Mavambo Enhau Negadziriro yeBumbiro reMitemo

Mavakirwo ehurumende yeU.S. haana kubuda muchinhu chisingakoshi. Vavambi, zvikurukuru James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, naJohn Jay, vakarondedzera zvakanakira masimba akaparadzana mu Féderalist Papers[. Madison akapikisana muFederalist No. 51 kuti "chibvumirano chinofanira kuitwa kuti chikurire kuzvikudza. Sangano racho rakaitwa sedaviso yamaune kukukundikana kunooneka kweMitengo yeConfederation, iyo yakaita hurumende yakaneta, uye vatangi veRefesterisss voustrvey iyo yakanga yaveidzwa kuva noudzvinyiriri. Naizvozvo Hurumende inoumba hurumende yakaganhurirwa, inowana masimba, nebazu rimwe nerimwe rinongogamuchira chinyorwa chaidzoro zvikuru nokuda kwegadziriro yamazana maviri eAmerica.

Bazu Romutemo: Inzwi Ravanhu

Bhizi reGarative Bhizi, rakatangwa muChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo, rinopomerwa basa guru rokuita mitemo. Bazu rakagadzirirwa kuva pedyosa navanhu, nemitezo yaro inosarudzwa zvakananga navagari vemo. Garameral yeCongress, yakaumbwa neImba yeVamiririri neDare, rakanga riri kubvumirana pachinhu chimwe pakati penyika huru neduku, asi rinobatirawo donzo rakadzama: kuraira mutemo kupfuura nomumatunhu maviri akasiyana - siyana nenzvimbo dzakafanana uye urefumedzwa unovimbisa kuti mitemo igamuchire kurangarirwa kwakakwana pamberi pokugadzwa.

Imba Yevamiririri: Dare Ravanhu

Imba yavamiririri, nemitezo yayo 435 inogoverwa navanhu, yakarongedzerwa kuva inogamuchira kuda kwokukurumidza kwavanhu. Vamiriri vanobatira mashoko amakore maviri, kureva kuti vanotarisana nokusarudzwa nguva dzose uye vanofanira kuramba vachiwirirana nezvinoshuviwa namaruwa avo. Imba ine simba rakakwana rokutanga mabhirikiti, kuratidzira nheyo yokuti mutero unofanira kutangira nemuviri unozvidavirira zvikurusa kuva anoshuviwa navanobhadhara mari. Mukuwedzera, Imba ine simba rimwe chete rokusarudzwa, inobvumira kuunza pomero kuvakuru vakuru vehurumende, kubatanidza Purezidhendi, nokuda kwe "Tabrigi, Chioko, kana kuti mamwe maBrimo akakwirira naMakororodhasi." Chivako chedzimba zveimba chinoita mutumbi uyo kazhinji unova neanogamuchira zvikuru, unobatira somubati wezvokutungamirira wehurumende.

Dare: Muviri Unozvidemba

Dare rakagadzirwa sechinhu chinopesana zvikuru nechisingachinjiki kuImba. Nyika imwe neimwe, pasinei zvapo nechiverengero chavagari vemo, inotumira vamiririri vaviri kuti vabatire zvibvumirano zvegore matanhatu, netatu bedzi yedare nokuda kwechisarudzo panguva ipi neipi. Iri dare rakaitirwa kuita kuti Dare risave rakatapurwa zvikuru kupfupi nokuregeredzwa kwefariro dzavanhu vose uye ranangidzirwa zvikuru pafariro dzamarudzi. Masimba eGeta rakasiana anobatanidza kusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi, savatongi veCompriciten, vatongi vehurumende, vatongi vedare rapamusoro, uye zvibvumirano zvemibatanidzwa neBazi reGuvi. Dare rinobatirawo sedare rekusateshi nokuda kwemitezo, rinoda kuvhotera uye kubvisa dare rapamutemo. Ukoshina kwebasa redare rehurumende rinodzoro, uye kusimbisa kubvumira kuro kwamarudzi ose.

Gadziriro Yomutemo Iri Kuitwa

Nzira inoshandiswa neCongress inoratidza kuoma kwegadziriro. Mumutemo unofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana usati wapiwa kuna Purezidhendi. Mukamuri rimwe nerimwe, mutemu unohwirudzurwa dare, kurukurirano youriri, uye kuvhota. Matare eDare anoyananisa misiyano pakati peshanduro dzeImba neDare. Iyi nzira, nepo inowanzotsoropodzwa nokuda kwokunonoka, inodzorwa neyiyiyi inoita kuti itedzere, ifumuranise zvikanganiso, uye idzivisa mutemo unodzokororwa nokukurumidza. Gara remitemo rinotenderwa rinowedzerwa nedare, kunzvera, uye mibato inobvumira kuti Dare ritaririre kuparadzwa neBazuro reBazu Rinoro.

Bazu Rine Chiremera: Kumanikidza Nokutarisira

Chikamu II chesimba rebumbiro remitemo muMutungamiriri weUnited States. Bazu reGumi reSangano rinopa misengwa yokusimbisa nokushandisa mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress. Nepo Purezidhendi ari munhu anooneka zvikurusa, bazu razvino uno rinoshanda zvikuru rinoumbwa naPrezidhendi Mutungamiriri wePucirente, Kabhinete, madhipatimendi akawanda ehurumende namasangano, uye mamiriyoni avashandi vehurumende navehondo. Ukuru hwesimba rehurumende hwakawedzera zvikuru munhau yeAmerica, zvichisundwa nokuoma kukura kwokutonga rudzi rukuru uye kuita chimwe chinhu kuzviitiko zvenyika yose.

Purezidhendi: Mutungamiriri uye Mutungamiriri Wehurumende

Purezidhendi anobatira vose vari vaviri vakuru vehurumende uye mukuru wehurumende, kubatanidza mabasa etsika nemabasa. Masimba ebumbiro remitemo anobatanidza kubatira soMutungamiriri Mukuru wemauto ane zvombo, kupa kanganwiro nokuda kwemhosva dzehurumende, kuwiriranisa zvibvumirano (netendero yedare), kugadza vakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inourawa nenzira yakatendeka. Simba reveto nderimwe rematurusi emitemo anokosha zvikurusa aPrezidhendi, rinobvumira Mukuru mukuru wehurumende kuramba zvikwereti zvinopfuudzwa neCongress kutongeries kana zvibvumirano zviviri mumatura ose ari maviri. Kupfuura aya masimba epamutemo, Purezidhendi anopesvedzera zvirongwa zvenyika yose kupfurikidza neHurumende kupfurikidza neHurumende yeUni, mirayiridzo yavose, mirayiridzo yavose, namano okufunga vanhu vose. Mutungamiriri wehurumende wehurumende munyika yose zvikurukuru anokosha sezviito zvomubatanidzwa munyika yose zvamagaro.

Mutungamiriri Mukuru Mukuru neKirten

Mutungamiriri weSangano reSanihenzi Se Security ane mabasa maviri makuru ebumbiro remitemo: kutsiva Purezidhendi kana kuri madikanwa uye kubatira saPrezidhendi weDare. Nepo Mutungamiriri weSani angavhota muDare, basa racho rakachinja zvikuru munguva. VaPrezidhendi vazvino uno vanowanzobatira sevakuru vakuru vakuru, vanotora dare rakananga, uye vanomirira tarisiro pazvose zvinoitika zvemhuri nenzeve kunze kwenyika. Kabhinatsi, inoumbwa nevakuru vemadhipatimendindi makuru avakuru vehurumende yakadai seDefense, State, Trectory, uye Justice, inoita basa rinokosha mukushandisa muhurumende huru yehurumende. Vanyo veBBhengi vakagadzwa naProfesa uye vanosimbiswa neDare, uye vanotarisira mabasa ezuva renyika dzavo, kugovera Purezidhenti namano ebasa.

Mirayiro Yavatungamiriri neHurumende Inotungamirira

Purezidhendi anogona kubudisa mirairo yevakuru vakuru yokutungamirira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende. Iyi mirairo ine simba romutemo asi inoitwa nedare uye inogona kuchinjwa napurezidhendi vanotevera kana kuti kutsiviwa nemitemo yedare. Kukura kwehurumende, inoumba masangano akadai seNdengedzo yeProvity Agency neFederal Communications Commissions. Masangano aya, akaumbwa neCongress, promulgatet miration ine simba romutemo. Iyi miraudzo inomutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pokuzvidavirira uye dzikamo yesimba, sezvo masangano anobatanidza kuzviisa pasi pemitemo, kudzora, uye mabasa okutonga munzvimbo dzawo.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira uye Kutarisirwa kweBumbiro reMitemo

Chikamu III chinosimbisa Bazu reDare reChiratidzo, chinogovera simba rokutonga muDare Gurusa nematare ehurumende akaderera. Basa guru redare nderokududzira mitemo, kuivimbisa kuti inoshandiswa zvakanaka uye nguva dzose. Zvisinei, simba guru rebazu idzoro redare redare: chiremera chokuzivisa mitemo nemabasa ehurumende zvisina kutongwa. Iri simba, rakagadzwa mudare rapamusoro Marbury v. Mathry b., harina kududzwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo asi razova ibwe rekona rehurumende yeAmerica. judicari rinoshanda somuchengeti mukuru weBumbiro remitemo, rinodzivirira maruramiro emunhu oga oga oga uye kuchengeta miganhu pakati pamapazu ehurumende.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa: Dare Rokupedzisira

Dare rapamusoro rinoumbwa navatongi vapfumbamwe vanobatira kugadza kwoupenyu hwose, chisarudzo chokuvaka chakagadzirirwa kuvadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuva nechokwadi chokuzvimirira kworutongeso. Chigadziko cheDare zvikurukuru chinodzokororwa, kureva kuti chinoratidzira zvisarudzo zvakabva kumatare akaderera. Vatongi vanoshandisa chisarudzo chine revo mukusarudza mhaka dzipi, zvikurukuru kunanga panhau dzoukoshi hwebumbiro remitemo kana kuti apo matare akaderera akasvika zvisarudzo zvinorwisana. Zvisarudzo zveDare zvinova muenzaniso unobatira, zvichiumba nzvimbo yemitemo yezvizvarwa. Simba redare rinogonesa Dare kupfupikisa mutemo kupfuudzirwa naPutwe waPutari, kana kuti kudzosa mabasa okutungamirira anopfuudzira chiremera. Iri rinoita kuti kunzvera kune simba pamamwe mapazu maviri.

Matare Echibharo

Pasi peDare rapamusoro pane Dare reZvipinduro neDare reRuwa. Matare 94 oruwa anobatira sematare okutonga egadziriro yehurumende, achiteerera mhaka dzose dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi pasi pomutemo wehurumende. Dare 13 rezvikumbiro rinonzwa zvikumbiro zvakabva kuDare reDzikwata ndokuhwirudzura zvisarudzo zvemasangano ehurumende. Aya matare akaderera anobata nyaya dzakawanda dzehurumende, kududzira mitemo, kupedza matare, uye kuvandudzi dzinoita matare aya nomutemo unovambirwa nedare redare reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reHurumende, uye varongi vanoshanda mumiteveridzi vehurumende havagoni kudzorwa kupfuura, sezvo vachishandisa mutemo wehurumende munzanga dziri mhiri kwenyika yose munyika yose uye kazhinji nenhau dzezvidzidzo zvenhau dzomutemo.

Kududzira Kutonga uye Kushanduka - shanduka Kwebumbiro Remitemo

Basa redare redare mukududzira Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa mutoo wekugadziridza rugwaro kuti rwuchinjike kumamiriro ezvinhu pasina kuchinja kwapamutemo. Zvisarudzo pamusoro penhau dzinovambira pakodzero dzevanhu kusvikira kukutengeserana, matare akaumba revo yegadziriro dzemitemo. Uzivi hwedare hwakasiyana, hwakadai semavambo, unyoro, uye kurarama kwebumbiro remitemo, zvinoratidzira nharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro penzira iyo vatongi vanofanira kutsanangura nayo Bumbiro remitemo. Pasinei zvapo nomufambiro wokududzira, kuzvimirira kweva judia nesimba rahwo kutaura kuti mutemo unoita kuti ive rutivi runokosha rwegadziriro yeAmerica yehurumende. Branthi reReviation inoshanda somugadziri wezvokupedzisira werevo yemitemo, achivimbisa kuti mamwe mapazu ashande mukati muganhu wavo wakanyorwa.

Gadziriro Yemakeja Nedzikamo

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kungava kusina kukwana pasina gadziriro yechekero nedzikamo izvo zvinobvumira bazi rimwe nerimwe kuganhurira zviito zvemamwe. Gadzidzi rinovimbisa kuti simba harina kungokamurwa bedzi asiwo rinodzora pamwe chete. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine zvose zviri zviviri masimba anodzivirira neanodenha mamwe, achigadzira pesvedzero dzinosimudzira batira pamwe uye dzinodzivisa kunyengera.

Kunzvera Kwomutemo Padare Nemajeri

Congress ine simba guru paBazu reGumbi rinotungamirirwa neBazu. Rinodzora bhajeti rehurumende, kureva kuti Purezidhendi haagoni kupedza mari pasina kurongwa kwesangano. Congress inogona kukurira purezidhendirial vhatoes nembiri ne 3. Dare rinosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi ndokuita kuti zvibvumirano zvive zvapamutemo. Dare rinogona kubvisa ndokubvisa Purezidhendi navakuru vakuru vehurumende. Rinogonawo kugadzira ndokubvisa madhipatimendi avakuru vakuru namasangano. Kupesana nejudicaliary, Congress ane simba rokusarudza chirongwa nechiremera chematare ehurumende yapasi pevhu, kukarakadza kugadziriswa kwemitemo kugona kubvisa pamutemo kukanganisa pamutemo, uye kubvisa vatongi vehurumende.

Mukuru Mukuru Anoongorora Mutemo uye Muzinda Wacho

Purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress, achimanikidzira kudzorwa. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kudana Congress kuti ive purogiramu chaiyo. Somukuru mukuru wehurumende, Purezidhendi anodzora mauto. Simba raPrezidhendi rokupa mirayiridzo yehurumende rinobvumira kuita masangano pasina mvumo yemitemo yapakarepo. Simba rinokanganwira rinopa nzvero padare rejaji, richibvumira Purezidhendi kupa vanhu vane mhaka dzehurumende. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anopesvedzerawo vatongi vedare reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano reNyika reSangano reSangano reNyika Dzose kuti vagadzise vagadzire vasairwe.

Kutonga Kunonzvera Mutemo Noukuru

Simba redare redare redare rokuongorora icherekedzo inokosha zvikurusa. Matare anogona kuzivisa mitemo inopiwa neDare ndokusainwa naPurezidhendi kuva isina wirirano, achiaita asina maturo. matare anogonawo kurova zviito zvokutonga zvinopfuura chiremera chebumbiro remitemo kana kuti chemitemo. Kupfurikidza nokududzira mirau, matare anogona kuumba mashandire anoita mitemo. Chinodikanwa chokuti mhaka dzinofanira kupa matare chaiwoiwo "kanzuru kana kuti gakava" kudzivisa matare kubvisa mirangariro yemitemo, asi apo bedzi mhaka inenge iri pamberi pawo zvakarurama, matare ane shoko rokupedzisira pachisarudzo chayo chemitemo, mutevedzero womutemo kana kuti kurangarirazve.

Zvinhu Zvikuru Zvinoshandiswa Pakupindira

Gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo dzinoparira kusawirirana kunopfuurira uye kurukurirano pakati pamapazu. Somuenzaniso, apo Purezidhendi anoisa mutemo, Congress anofanira kusarudza kana aizokunda wirirano. Apo matare anorova mutemo, Congress anogona kupindura kupfurikidza nokupfuudza shanduro yakadzokororwa iyo inokurukura zvinotaura pamutemo. Apo Dare rinoramba kusimbisa mutezo wapurezidhendi, Purezidhendi anofanira kuisa mberi mutevedzeri. Idzi, nepo pane dzimwe nguva dzinogadzira divi remichero, dzinoratidzira gadziriro yetsika: kumanikidza, kuvaka, kubvumira, uye kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kubva mukudzora vamwe.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Zvokuparadzana Kwesimba

Gadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo dzinotarisana nedenho dzinoverengeka dzenguva ino. Mirairo inotungamirirwa nemabasa echiremera zvinogona pane dzimwe nguva kuvanza musiyano pakati pokusimbisa mitemo nokuita itsva. Kukura kwehurumende inomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pemibato yechiremera chomutemo kumasangano makuru. Kubatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunogona kuwedzera rwisano pakati pebhuranch, kuchitungamirira kukuderedza kutsigira mari, kugadza, uye miganhu yemitemo. Kushandiswa kwechichichichichichichichichichichichimbichimbi muDare remitemo kwakachinja simba remitemo netsigiro yedare. Pasinei zvapo neizvi zvinetso, chirongwa chinokosha chamasimba akaparadzaniswa chinoramba chakasimba asina kushatiswa, uye mapazi anopfuurira kukwikwidzana nezviremera zvawo.

Nokuda kwokunzvera kukuru paBumbiro reMitemo, shanyira peji yeMari reNyika paBumbiro reMitemo. Nokuda kwamashoko pamusoro peGenesi razvino uno, kubatanidza mibato yemitemo namabhurari ari mitezo, Konsor. gov pawebsite chibudiso chine chiremera. Website yeDare rapamusoro rinopa kuwanwa [[FLT:] mifungo, uye mashoko, uye.

Kukudzwa Kwesimba Rakaparadzaniswa Nokuda Kwavagari Vapasi

Kunzwisisa ukoshi hwebazu rimwe nerimwe kunopfuura kurovedzwa kwedzidzo nokuda kwavadzidzi vehurumende. Iyi zivo inopa simba vagari vemo kuti vabatane nehurumende yavo nenzira ine revo. Kuziva kuti Imba inotanga zvikwereti zvemitero kunobetsera vagari vemo kutungamirira itiro hanya dzavo kuvamiririri vakakodzera. Kunzwisisa kuti Purezidhendi anogadza vatongi vanojekesa revo yesarudzo yapurezidhendi. Kuziva basa reDare Gurusa mukududzira kodzero dzekodzero dzevanhu kunozivisa kurukurirano yavose pamusoro pezvibvumikiso zvedare. Kuparadza masimba hakusi hachisi chinhu chenhauwo chenhau, asi muitiro mupenyu uyo zvivako zvinodzora uye zvinodzivirira rusununguko urwo vanhu veAmerica vanofarikanya.

Vagari vanogona kutora rutivi mutsika yacho kupfurikidza nokuvhotera vamiriri vavo navatsinhanisi, vachikurukura navakuru vakuru vavo vakasarudzwa pamusoro pomutemo, vachitevera zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro, uye vachizvidavirira kupfurikidza nokunzverwa kwavose. Gadziriro yacho inoshanda zvakanakisisa apo ruzhinji runonzwisisa kuti rinoshanda sei uye rurayira kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe riite basa raro rebumbiro remitemo.

mhedziso

Mapazu eMitemo, Enoungira, uye Reaudition rimwe nerimwe rinobatira mabasa akasiyana- siyana uye asingatsiviki mugadziriro yehurumende yeAmerica. Bhazi reGaji rinoumba mitemo, rinomirira fariro dzakasiana-- siyana dzavanhu veAmerica nokushandisa udzori hwemari yenyika. Bazu reBazu reBazu rinodzora mitemo, rinotungamirira hurumende yenyika nokutungamirira muitiro wokumwe munhungamiro yaPrezidhendi. Bazu reRecuta rinodudzira mitemo, rinovimbisa kuti inoshandiswa zvakanaka uye maererano neBumbiro remitemo. Ganhuriro neganhuriro zvinobatanidza aya mapazi pamwe chete mugadziriro yokudzora, kudzivirira simba rimwe nerimwe rakanyanyisa. Iri bazu, rakagadzirwa mazana maviri amakore akapfuura, rinopfuurira kugovera nheyo nokuda kwehurumende yeAmerica, kudzivirira maruramiro nerusununguko rwavagari vehurumende.